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Ver. 25.01
Jan. 2nd, 2024

441.0000 Family Campanulaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. 163 (1789), nom. cons.
85 genera, ca. 2450 spp.
Species listed in database: 2463; hybrids: 24
= Cyananthaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 384 (1858)
= Cyphiaceae A.DC.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 7(2): 497 (1839)
= Cyphocarpaceae (Miers) Reveal & Hoogland; Phytologia 79: 74 (1996)
= Dortmannaceae Rupr.; Fl. Ingr. 649 (1856)
= Jasionaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 28, 30 (1829)
= Lobeliaceae Juss.; A. J. A. Bonplond, Descr. Pl. Malmaison 19, t. 7 (1813), nom. cons.
= Nemacladaceae Nutt.; Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. s. 8: 254 (1842)
441.2413 Genus Legousia Durande; Fl. Bourgogne 1: 37 (1782)
group 04-2 sensu Xu & Hong 2020
Species listed in database: 6
= Apenula Neck.; Elem. 1: 234 (1790)
= Campylocera Nutt.; Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. s. 8: 257 (1843)
= Dysmicodon Nutt.; Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. s. 8: 255 (1843)
= Specularia Heist. ex Fabr.; Enum. Meth. Pl. Hort. Helmst., ed. 2, 225 (1763)
= Speculum-veneris Gérard ex Meisn.; Gen. Conm. 364 (1840?)
= Pentagonia Möhring ex Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 381 (1891), nom. illeg.
species :
Legousia falcata (Ten.) Fritsch ex Janch.; Mitt. Naturwiss. Vereins Univ. Wien, n. s., 5: 100 (1907)
Name: Sichelfrüchtiger Frauenspiegel (DE); Sickle-fruited Venus´-looking-glass (EN); Campanita de oz (ES)
Distribution: Germany [I]; Spain; Baleares; France; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Croatia; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Greece (scattered lowlands, Andros, Naxos, Skiros, Sporades, Samothraki, Thasos, Kerkyra, Ionian Isl.); Crete; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Madeira (Madeira Isl.); Canary Isl. (Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, Hierro, La Palma); Turkmenistan; ?Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Chios, Samos, Kos, Tilos, Karpathos, Rhodos); Turkey (N-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq); Iran (Iranian Aserbaijan, W-Iran); Cyprus (C-Mountains, N-Cyprus, W-Cyprus); Lebanon (C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria, C-Syrian Desert, Jbel Druze, W-Syrian Mountains); Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel); Jordania (W-Jordania)
11 ger 12 BAL COR FRA SAR SPA 13 ALB CRO GRC ITA KOS KRI MNT NMA SIC SRB 20 ALG LBY MOR TUN 21 CNY MDR 32 TKM 33 ARM GEO 34 CYP EAI IRN IRQ ISR JOR LEB SYR TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Campanula falcata (Ten.) Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 5: 154 (1819)
= Campanula syriaca Willd. ex Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 5: 133 (1819)
= Pentagonia falcata (Ten.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 381 (1891)
= Prismatocarpus falcatus Ten.; Cat. Pl. Hort. Neapol. App. 1: 36 (1815)
= Specularia falcata (Ten.) A.DC.; Monogr. Campan. 345 (1830)
= Specularia falcata var. pusilla Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 960 (1875)
= Triodanis falcata (Ten.) McVaugh; Wrightia 1: 28 (1945)
species :
Legousia hybrida (L.) Delarbre; Fl. Auvergne ed. 2: 47 (1800)
Name: Kleiner Frauenspiegel, Kleinblütiger Frauenspiegel (DE); Campanita bastarda (ES)
Distribution: England; Netherlands; Belgium; Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, +Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern [I], Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, +Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen [I], Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Portugal; Spain; Baleares; France; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Malta; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; European Turkey; Greece (mainland except Northeast, Thasos, Samothraki, Kefalonia, Kiklades); Crete (incl. Gavdos); Ukraine; Crimea; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Azores (Terceira); Madeira (Madeira Isl.); Canary Isl. (Lanzarote, Gran Canaria, Tenerife); Northern Caucasus; Azerbaijan; Turkmenistan; East Aegaean Isl. (Samos, Kalimnos, Kasos, Karpathos); Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, SE-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia); Iran (N-Iran); Cyprus (C-Mountains, S-Cyprus, W-Cyprus); Israel (N-Israel)
10 GRB 11 BGM GER NET SWI 12 BAL COR FRA POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH CRO GRC ITA KOS KRI MLT MNT NMA ROM SIC SLV SMA SRB TUE 14 KRY UKR 20 ALG LBY MOR TUN 21 AZO CNY MDR 32 TKM 33 AZE NCS 34 CYP EAI IRN ISR TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Campanula hybrida L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 168 (1753)
= Campanula spuria Pall. ex Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 5: 154 (1819)
= Legousia balearica Sennen; Bol. Soc. Iber. Ci. Nat. 28: 171 (1929 publ. 1930)
= Legousia conferta (Moench) Samp.; Herb. Portug. 127 (1913), nom. illeg.
= Legousia parviflora Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 410 (1821), nom. illeg.
= Legousia skvortsovii Proskur.; Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prír., Otd. Biol., n. s. 85(4): 95 (1980)
= Pentagonia hybrida (L.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 381 (1891)
= Prismatocarpus confertus Moench; Methodus [Moench] 496 (1794), nom. illeg.
= Prismatocarpus hybridus (L.) L´Hér.; Sert. Angl. 3 (1789)
= Prismatocarpus speculum var. hybridus (L.) Moritzi; 129 (1832)
= Specularia calycina Lojac.; Fl. Sicul. 2(1): 229 (1903)
= Specularia conferta (Moench) E.H.L.Krause; Deutschl. Fl. [Sturm], ed. 2, 12: 271 (1904), nom. illeg.
= Specularia hybrida (L.) A.DC.; Monogr. Campan. 348 (1830)
= Specularia hybrida var. subfalcata H.Lindb.; Öfvers. Finska Vetensk.-Soc. Förh. 48(13): 105 (1906)
= Specularia parviflora (Gray) St.-Lag.; Étude Fl., éd. 8 [A.Cariot], 2: 551 (1889), nom. illeg.
= Specularia parviflora f. balearica Knoche; Fl. Baléar. 2: 442 (1922)
= Specularia parviflora subsp. balearica (Sennen ex Knoche) Pau; Bol. Soc. Iber. Ci. Nat. 28: 171 (1929)
= Specularia speculum subsp. hybrida (L.) Bertsch & F.Bertsch; 258 (1933)
species :
Legousia julianii (Batt.) Briq.; Candollea 4: 332 (1931)
Distribution: Algeria
20 ALG
Synonyms: hidden
= Specularia julianii Batt.; Fl. Algérie Tunisie 222 (1905)
species :
Legousia scabra (Lowe) Gamisans; Cat. Pl. Vasc. Corse 100 (1985)
Distribution: Portugal; Spain; Andorra; France; Corsica; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Azores; Cyprus; etc.
12 ADO COR FRA POR SPA 20 ALG MOR TUN 21 AZO 34 CYP
Synonyms: hidden
= Legousia castellana (Lange) Samp.; Herb. Portug. 127 (1913)
= Legousia castellana var. grandiflora (Lange) Maire; Cat. Pl. Maroc 4: 1139 (1941)
= Legousia castellana var. longisepala Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 22: 55 (1931)
= Legousia castellana var. maroccana (Pau & Font Quer) Maire; Cat. Pl. Maroc 3: 736 (1934)
= Legousia falcata subsp. castellana (Lange) Jauzein; Fl. Champs Cult. 863 (1995)
= Legousia falcata var. scabra (Lowe) Jahand. & Maire; Cat. Pl. Maroc 3: 735 (1934)
= Legousia falcata var. scabra (Lowe) Meikle; Fl. Cyprus, 2:, 1055, 1897 (1985)
= Legousia pecten-veneris var maroccana Pau & Font Quer
= Legousia scabra var. grandiflora (Willk.) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Fl. Països Catalans 3: 666 (1995)
= Legousia speculum-veneris var. maroccana Pau & Font Quer; Iter Marocc. 1927 no. 639, in sched. (1928)
= Prismatocarpus scaber Lowe; Trans. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 6: 538 (1838)
= Specularia castellana Lange; Index Sem. (C, Hauniensi) 1854: 25 (1854)
= Specularia castellana subsp. longilobata Quézel; Lejeunia 15: 31 (1951)
= Specularia castellana var. grandiflora Willk.; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 2: 297 (1868)
= Specularia castellana var. maroccana (Pau & Font Quer) Quézel
= Specularia falcata f. scabra (Lowe) H.Lindb.; Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn., Ser. B, Opera Biol. 1(2): 150 (1932)
= Specularia falcata subsp. castellana (Lange) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 483 (1879)
= Specularia falcata var. scabra (Lowe) A.DC.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 7: 490 (1839)
= Specularia speculum-veneris subsp. castellana (Lange) Bonnier & Layens; Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France 197 (1894)
species :
Legousia snogerupii Biel & Kit Tan; Phytotaxa 201(1): 64 (2015)
Distribution: Greece (Kiklades: Amorgos, Levitha, Astipalea, Sirina)
13 GRC
species :
Legousia speculum-veneris (L.) Chaix; Villars, Hist. Pl. Dauphiné [Villars] 1: 338 (1786)
subspecies :
subsp. speculum-veneris
Name: Gewöhnlicher Frauenspiegel, Echter Frauenspiegel (DE); Common Venus´-looking-glass (EN)
Distribution: Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg [I], Berlin [I], Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hessen [I], +Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein [I], Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, +Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Hungary; Portugal; NE-Spain; France; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (widespread mainland, Andros, Kithira, Kerkyra, Ionian Isl., Thasos, Samothraki); Crete; Algeria [I]; Egypt (Nile Delta); ?Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; East Aegaean Isl. (Chios, Samos, Rhodos); Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq); Iran (W-Iran); Cyprus (C-Mountains, E-Cyprus, N-Cyprus, S-Cyprus, W-Cyprus); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria, NW-Syria, W-Syrian Mountains); Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel); Jordania (W-Jordania); Saudi Arabia (Hejaz, Asir); Nepal [I]; USA [I] (California [I], Pennsylvania [I])
11 AUT BGM GER HUN LIE LUX NET SWI 12 COR FRA POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS KRI MNT NMA ROM SIC SLV SMA SRB TUE 20 alg EGY 33 GEO 34 CYP EAI IRN IRQ ISR JOR LEB SYR TUR 35 SAU 40 nep 75 usa 76 usa
Synonyms: hidden
= Campanula arvensis Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 1: 193 (1805)
= Campanula cordata Vis.; Stirp. Dalm. 5 (1826)
= Campanula hirta (Ten.) Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 5: 153 (1819)
= Campanula pulchella Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 127 (1796), nom. illeg.
= Campanula speculum-veneris L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 168 (1753)
= Campanula trigona Ehrenb.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 959 (1875)
= Githopsis latifolia Eastw.; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 20: 154 (1931)
= Legousia arvensis Durande; Fl. Bourgogne 1: 37
= Legousia durandei Delarbre; Fl. Auvergne, ed. 2: 45 (1800), nom. superfl.
= Legousia speculum Fisch. ex A.DC.; Monogr. Campan. 347 (1830)
= Legousia speculum-veneris f. calycina (A.DC.) Hayek; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(2): 551 (1930)
= Legousia speculum-veneris f. polypiflora (Davidov) Hayek; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(2): 551 (1930)
= Legousia speculum-veneris f. stricta (Griseb.) Hayek; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(2): 551 (1930)
= Prismatocarpus cordatus (Vis.) Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 858 (1831)
= Prismatocarpus hirtus Ten.; Fl. Napol. 1(Prodr.): xvi (1811)
= Prismatocarpus speculum var. hispidus J.J.Schmitz & Regel; 239 (1841)
= Prismatocarpus speculum var. pubescens Pohl; Tent. Fl. Bohem. 1: 208 (1809)
= Prismatocarpus speculum-veneris (L.) L´Hér.; Sert. Angl. 3 (1789)
= Prismatocarpus speculum-veneris var. hirtus (Ten.) K.Koch; Linnaea 19: 30 (1846)
= Rapunculus speculum (L´Hér.) E.H.L.Krause; 277 (1904)
= Specularia arvensis Montandon; F. Friche-Joset, Syn. Fl. Jura, ed. 2: 156 (1868)
= Specularia cordata (Vis.) Heynh.; Nomencl. Bot. Hort. 689 (1841)
= Specularia hirta (Ten.) Gand.; Fl. Cret. 69 (1916)
= Specularia polypiflora Davidov; Trav. Soc. Bulg. Sci. Nat. 8: 92 (1915)
= Specularia speculum A.DC.; 346 (1830), nom. inval.
= Specularia speculum-veneris (L.) A.DC.; Monogr. Campan. 346 (1830)
= Specularia speculum-veneris f. procumbens Voss; Vilm. Ill. Blumengärtn., ed. 3 [Sieber & Voss], 1: 563 (1894)
= Specularia speculum-veneris subsp. hirta (Ten.) Arcang.; Comp. Fl. Ital. [Arcangeli] 450 (1882)
= Specularia speculum-veneris subvar. pubescens (A.DC.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 10: 57 (1908)
= Specularia speculum-veneris var. calycina A.DC.; Monogr. Campan. 347 (1830)
= Specularia speculum-veneris var. cordata (Vis.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 483 (1879)
= Specularia speculum-veneris var. hirta (Ten.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 483 (1879)
= Specularia speculum-veneris var. libanotica A.DC.; Monogr. Campan. 347 (1830)
= Specularia speculum-veneris var. procumbens (Voss) Anon.; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 69: 254 (1897)
= Specularia speculum-veneris var. pubescens A.DC.; Monogr. Campan. 347 (1830)
= Specularia speculum-veneris var. racemosa Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 959 (1875)
= Specularia speculum-veneris var. stricta Griseb.; Spic. Fl. Rumel. 2: 279 (1846)
= Specularia vulgaris Kitt.; Taschenb. Fl. Deutschl., ed. 2: 483 (1843), nom. illeg.
subspecies :
subsp. pentagonia (L.) Wahlsteen; Willdenowia 49(1): 31 (2019)
Name: Fünfkanten-Frauenspiegel (DE); Large Venus´-looking-glass (EN)
Distribution: Germany [I]; France [I]; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (Limnos, Kiklades: Amorgos, Astipalea, Sirina); Crete; Georgia [Caucasus]; East Aegaean Isl. (widespread, incl. Rhodos); Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia: Mesopotamian Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq); Iran (W-Iran); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon); Syria (Jazira, NW-Syria, Jbel Druze, W-Syrian Mountains); Israel (Rift Valley, N-Israel); Jordania (S-Jordania, W-Jordania)
11 ger 12 fra 13 BUL GRC KRI TUE 33 GEO 34 EAI IRN IRQ ISR JOR LEB SYR TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Campanula coa (A.DC.) D.Dietr.; Syn. Pl. [Dietrich] 1: 758 (1839)
= Campanula pentagonia L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 169 (1753)
= Legousia pentagonia (L.) Thell.; Vierteljahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zürich 46: 465 (1908)
= Pentagonia coa (A.DC.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 381 (1891)
= Prismatocarpus pentagonius (L.) L´Hér.; Sert. Angl. 3 (1789)
= Specularia coa A.DC.; Monogr. Campan. 350 (1830)
= Specularia pentagonia (L.) A.DC.; Monogr. Campan. 344 (1830)
= Specularia pentagonia var. coa (A.DC.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 483 (1879)
= Specularia pentagonia var. pubescens A.DC.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 7: 489 (1839)
= Specularia speculum-veneris subsp. pentagonia (L.) Douin; Bonnier, Fl. Ill. France 7: 38 (1924)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.01 (January 2nd, 2025)

Covering 355,836 accepted species,
8,748 hybrids, 47,863 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,001,920 synonyms,
in total 1,418,260* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life