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Ver. 25.03
Mar. 6th, 2025

184.0000 Family Ranunculaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 231 (1789), nom. cons.
52 genera, ca. 3700 spp.
Species listed in database: 3818; hybrids: 107
= Aconitaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 216 (1820)
= Actaeaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 1(16-53): 2, 140 (1823)
= Anemonaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 264, 275 (1818)
= Aquilegiaceae Lilja; Skånes Fl., ed. 2: 375, 861, 979 (1870)
= Calthaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 92 (1820)
= Cimicifugaceae Bromhead; Mag. Nat. Hist., n. s. 4: 336, 338 (1840)
= Clematidaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 134 (1820)
= Delphiniaceae Brenner; Florist. Handb. 52 (1886)
= Glaucidiaceae M.Tamura; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 85: 40 (1972)
= Helleboraceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 264, 274 (1818)
= Hydrastidaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 318 (1820)
= Nigellaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 76 (1858)
= Thalictraceae Raf.; Anal. Nat. 176 (1815)
= Xanthorhizaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 1(16-53): 2, 145 (1823)
184.5304 Genus Knowltonia Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 372 (1796)
Distribution: Southern Hemisphere
Species listed in database: 24
= Anamenia Vent.; Jard. Malmaison 1: 22 (1803)
= Barneoudia Gay; Historia fisica y politica de Chile, Botanica 1: 29 (1844)
= Capethia Britton; Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 6: 216 (1892)
= Christophoriana Burm. ex Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 1 (1891)
= Oreithales Schltdl.; Linnaea 27: 559 (1856)
= Thebesia Neck.; Elem. Bot. [Necker] 2: 313 (1790)
species :
Knowltonia anemonoides H.Rasm.; Opera Bot. 53: 18 (1979)
subspecies :
subsp. anemonoides
Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Adonis capensis Thunb.; Prodr. Pl. Cap. 1: 94 (1794) non L.
= Anemone anemonoides (H.Rasm.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt; Bothalia 39(2): 218 (2009)
subspecies :
subsp. tenuis H.Rasm.; Opera Bot. 53: 20 (1979)
Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Anemone anemonoides subsp. tenuis (H.Rasm.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt; Bothalia 39(2): 218 (2009)
species :
Knowltonia assisbrasiliana (Kuhlm. & Porto) Christenh. & Byng; Global Fl. 4: 75 (2018)
Distribution: SE-Brazil (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro)
84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Anemone assisbrasiliana Kuhlm. & Porto; Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 6: 114 (1933)
species :
Knowltonia balliana (Britton) Christenh. & Byng; Global Fl. 4: 75 (2018)
Distribution: Argentina (Catamarca, Jujuy, La Rioja, Mendoza, Salta, San Juan, Tucuman); Chile (Coquimbo, Metropolitana de Santiago)
85 ARG CLE
Synonyms: hidden
= Barneoudia balliana Britton; Mem. New York Acad. Sci. 6: 236 (1892)
= Anemone balliana (Britton) Hoot; Syst. Bot. 37(1): 149 (2012)
species :
Knowltonia bracteata Harv. ex Zahlbr.; Ann. Naturhist. Hofmus. Wien 18: 380 (1903), descr.
Distribution: South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, E-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Anemone bracteata (Harv. ex Zahlbr.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt; Bothalia 39(2): 218 (2009)
= Knowltonia bracteata Harv.; Gen. S. Afr. Pl., ed. 2: 2 (1868), nomen
= Knowltonia rigida var. simplicifolia Harv.
species :
Knowltonia brevistylis Szyszyl.; Polypet. Thalam. Rehmann. (1887) 7
Distribution: South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, E-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Anemone brevistylis (Szyszyl.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt; Bothalia 39(2): 218 (2009)
species :
Knowltonia afra (Harv.) Christenh. & Byng; Global Fl. 4: 75 (2018) ex Mosyakin & de Lange, Ukrayins´k. Bot. Zhurn. 75(6): 513 (2019)
Distribution: South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, E-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Anemone alchemillifolia E.Mey. ex Pritz.; Linnaea 15: 614 (1842)
= Anemone afra (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Harv.; Gen. S. Afr. Pl. 9 (1838)
= Pulsatilla afra Eckl. & Zeyh.; Enum. Pl. Afric. Austral. [Ecklon & Zeyher] 1: 1 (1834-35)
species :
Knowltonia capensis (L.) Huth; Abh. und Vortr. Gesamtgeb. Naturw. 3: 69 (1890)
Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Adonis capensis L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 548 (1753)
= Adonis coriacea (Vent.) Poir.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.], Suppl. 1. 146 (1810)
= Adonis gracilis (Vent.) Poir.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.], Suppl. 1. 147 (1810)
= Adonis hirsuta (Vent. ex Cav.) Poir.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.], Suppl. 1: 147 (1810)
= Anamenia capensis (L.) Hoffmanns.; Verz. Pfl.-Kult. 204 (1824)
= Anamenia coriacea Vent.; Jard. Malmaison 1: 22 (1803)
= Anamenia gracilis Vent.; Jard. Malmaison 1: 22 (1803)
= Anamenia hirsuta Vent. ex Cav.; Anales Ci. Nat. 6: 344 (1803)
= Anemone knowltonia Burtt Davy; Ann. Transvaal Mus. 3: 121 (1912)
= Christophoriana capensis (L.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1 (1891)
= Christophoriana gracilis (Vent.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1 (1891)
= Christophoriana hirsuta (Vent. ex Cav.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 1 (1891)
= Knowltonia capitis-bonae-spei Turcz.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou (1854) II. 274 (bis)
= Knowltonia daucifolia Eckl. & Zeyh.; Enum. Pl. Afric. Austral. [Ecklon & Zeyher] 2: 2 (1836)
= Knowltonia glabricarpellata Huth; Bull. Herb. Boissier 4: 423 (1896)
= Knowltonia gracilis (Vent.) DC.; Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 1: 219 (1817)
= Knowltonia hirsuta (Vent. ex Cav.) DC.; Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 1: 220 (1817)
= Knowltonia rigida Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 372 (1796), nom. illeg.
species :
Knowltonia chilensis (Gay) Christenh. & Byng; Global Fl. 4: 75 (2018)
Distribution: Argentina (San Juan); Chile (Coquimbo, Valparaíso, Metropolitana de Santiago)
85 ARG CLE
Synonyms: hidden
= Anemone barneoudia Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 1 (1898)
= Anemone chilensis (Gay) Kurtz; Bol. Acad. Nac. Ci. Republ. Argent. 9: 369 (1886)
= Anemone chilensis (Gay) Reiche; nom. illeg., non Spreng. ex Eichler
= Anemone domeykoana (Leyb.) F.Meigen; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 17: 235 (1893)
= Anemone gayana R.Wagner; Ann. Naturhist. Hofmus. Wien 17: 287 (1902), in adnot.
= Barneoudia chilensis Gay; Fl. Chil. [Gay] 1: 29, t. 1 (1845)
= Barneoudia cyanoleuca Leyb.; (1858)
= Barneoudia domeykoana Leyb.; Anales Univ. Chile 1858: 159 (1858), et in Flora 42: 242 (1859)
species :
Knowltonia cordata H.Rasm.; Opera Bot. 53: 21 (1979)
Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Anemone cordata (H.Rasm.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt; Bothalia 39(2): 218 (2009)
species :
Knowltonia crassifolia (Hook.) Christenh. & Byng; Global Fl. 4: 75 (2018)
Distribution: Australia (W-Tasmania)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Anemone crassifolia Hook.; Icon. Pl., t. 257 (1840)
species :
Knowltonia fanninii (Harv. & Hook.f.) Christenh. & Byng; Global Fl. 4: 75 (2018)
Distribution: South Africa (Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, E-Cape Prov.); Lesotho
27 LES SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Anemone fanninii Harv. ex Hook.f.; Bot. Mag., t. 6958 (1887), descr.
= Anemone fanninii Harv.; Gen. S. Afr. Pl. ed. 2, 2, nomen (1868)
species :
Knowltonia filia (L.f.) Durand & Schinz; Consp. Fl. Afr. [Durand & Schinz] 1(2): 12 (1898)
subspecies :
subsp. filia
Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Adonis aethiopica Thunb.; Prodr. Pl. Cap. 1: 94 (1794)
= Adonis daucifolia Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 1(1): 46 (1783)
= Adonis filia L.f.; Suppl. Pl. [Linnaeus f.] 271 (1782)
= Anamenia daucifolia (Lam.) Vent. ex Cav.; Anales Ci. Nat. 6: 344 (1803)
= Anemone filia (L.f.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt; Bothalia 39(2): 218 (2009)
= Christophoriana daucifolia (Lam.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1 (1891)
= Knowltonia daucifolia (Lam.) DC.; Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 1: 220 (1817)
subspecies :
subsp. scaposa H.Rasm.; Opera Bot. 53: 25 (1979)
Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Anemone filia subsp. scaposa (H.Rasm.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt; Bothalia 39(2): 218 (2009)
species :
Knowltonia helleborifolia (DC.) Christenh. & Byng; Global Fl. 4: 75 (2018)
Distribution: Peru
83 PER
Synonyms: hidden
= Anemone aequinoctialis Poepp.; Fragm. Syn. Pl. 27 (1833)
= Anemone helleborifolia DC.; Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 1: 211 (1817)
= Anemone peruviana Britton; Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 6: 227 (1891)
= Anemonidium helleborifolium (DC.) Starod.; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 74(9): 1345 (1989)
= Anemonidium peruvianum (Britton) Starod.; Vetrenitsy: Sist. Evol. 118 (1991)
= Knowltonia peruviana (Britton) Christenh. & Byng; Global Fl. 4: 75 (2018)
species :
Knowltonia hepaticifolia (Hook.f.) Christenh. & Byng; Global Fl. 4: 75 (2018)
Name: Flor de la estrella [Chile]
Distribution: Chile (Los Rios, Los Lagos)
85 CLE
Synonyms: hidden
= Anemonidium hepaticifolium (Hook.) Starod.; Vetrenitsy: Sist. Evol. 118 (1991)
= Anemone hepaticifolia Hook.; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 1: t. 1 (1836)
species :
Knowltonia hootae Christenh. & Byng; Global Fl. 4: 75 (2018), nom. nov.
Distribution: Chile (Metropolitana de Santiago, O´Higgins, Maule)
85 CLE
Synonyms: hidden
= Anemonidium rigidum (Barnéoud ex Gay) Starod.; Vetrenitsy: Sist. Evol. 118 (1991)
= Anemone rigida Barnéoud ex Gay; Fl. Chil. [Gay] 1: 25 (1845)
species :
Knowltonia integrifolia (DC.) Christenh. & Byng; Global Fl. 4: 75 (2018)
Name: Cineraria del Peru
Distribution: Ecuador; Peru; Bolivia (Cochabamba, La Paz)
83 BOL ECU PER
Synonyms: hidden
= Anemone integrifolia (DC.) Humb. ex Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 2: 660 (1825)
= Anemone integrifolia Kunth ex DC.; Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 1: 217 (1817)
= Capethia integrifolia (DC.) Britton; Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 6: 234 (1891)
= Capethia weddellii Britton; Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 6: 235 (1892)
= Hamadryas andicola Hook.; Icon. Pl. 2: t. 137 (1837)
= Hepatica integrifolia Kunth ex DC.; Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 1: 217 (1817)
= Oreithales integrifolia (Kunth ex DC.) Schltdl.; Linnaea 27: 559 (1856)
species :
Knowltonia major (Phil.) Christenh. & Byng; Global Fl. 4: 75 (2018)
Distribution: Argentina (Mendoza); Chile (Coquimbo, Valparaíso, Metropolitana de Santiago, O´Higgins)
85 ARG CLE
Synonyms: hidden
= Anemone major (Phil.) F.Meigen; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 17: 235 (1893), et 18: 455 (1894)
= Barneoudia chilensis var. major (Phil.) Kurtz; Bol. Acad. Nac. Ci. Republ. Argent. 13: 200 (1893)
= Barneoudia major Phil.; Linnaea 28: 609 (1856)
= Barneoudia maxima Leyb.; (1858)
variant :
var. patagonica (Skottsb.) comb.ined.
Distribution: Argentina (Chubut, Neuquen, Rio Negro)
85 ARG
Synonyms: hidden
= Barneoudia major var. patagonica (Skottsb.) Lourteig; Darwiniana 9: 591 (1951)
= Barneoudia chilensis var. patagonica Skottsb.; Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl. 56(5): 219 (1916)
species :
Knowltonia mexicana (Kunth) Christenh. & Byng; Global Fl. 4: 75 (2018)
Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Veracruz); Guatemala
79 MEX 80 GUA
Synonyms: hidden
= Anemone hemsleyi Britton; Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 6: 231 (1891)
= Anemone mexicana Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 5: 33 (1821)
= Anemonidium mexicanum (Kunth) Starod.; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 74(9): 1345 (1989)
species :
Knowltonia moorei (Espinosa) Christenh. & Byng; Global Fl. 4: 75 (2018)
Name: Pata de león [Chile]
Distribution: Chile (Maule)
85 CLE
Synonyms: hidden
= Anemone moorei Espinosa; Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago de Chile 18: 26 (1940), et Bol. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Chile 18: 26 (1941)
species :
Knowltonia sellowii (Pritz.) Christenh. & Byng; Global Fl. 4: 75 (2018)
Distribution: SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro); S-Brazil (Santa Catarina)
84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Anemone sellowii Pritz.; Linnaea 15: 667 (1841)
= Anemone colossea Beck; Itin. Princ. S. Coburgi 2: 1 (1888)
species :
Knowltonia tenuifolia (L.f.) Mosyakin; Ukrayins´k. Bot. Zhurn. 75(3): 232 (2018)
Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Anemone arborea Loisel.; Herb. Gén. Amat. 8: t. 557 (1827)
= Anemone capensis Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 1: 164 (1783)
= Anemone capensis var. tenuifolia Harv.
= Anemone tenuifolia (L.f.) DC.; Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 1: 196 (1817)
= Knowltonia pulsatilloides Christenh. & Byng; Global Fl. 4: 75 (2018), nom. nov. superfl.
= Pulsatilla africana Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 2: 664 (1825)
= Pulsatilla capensis (Lam.) Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 379 (1840)
= Pulsatilla tenuifolia (L.f.) Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 2: 664 (1825)
= Pulsatilloides capensis (L.) Starod.; Vetrenitsy: Sist. Evol. 124 (1991)
species :
Knowltonia transvaalensis Szyszyl.; Polypet. Thalam. Rehmann. (1887) 7
Distribution: Tanzania; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; South Africa (Limpopo, Mpulamanga, KwaZulu-Natal); Eswatini [Swaziland]
25 TAN 26 MLW MOZ ZIM 27 SAF SWZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Anemone canescens (Szyszyl.) Burtt Davy; Ann. Transvaal Mus. 3: 121 (1912)
= Anemone transvaalensis Burtt Davy; Ann. Transvaal Mus. 3: 121 (1912)
= Knowltonia canescens Szyszyl.; Polypet. Thalam. Rehmann. 8 (1888)
= Knowltonia multiflora Burtt Davy; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1921: 343 (1921)
variant :
var. filifolia H.Rasm.; Opera Bot. 53: 38 (1979)
Distribution: South Africa (Mpulamanga)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Anemone transvaalensis var. filifolia (H.Rasm.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt; Bothalia 39(2): 218 (2009)
variant :
var. pottiana (Burtt Davy) H.Rasm.; Opera Bot. 53: 39 (1979)
Distribution: South Africa (Mpulamanga)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Anemone transvaalensis var. pottiana (Burtt Davy) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt; Bothalia 39(2): 218 (2009)
= Knowltonia canescens var. pottiana Burtt Davy; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1921: 343 (1921)
species :
Knowltonia vesicatoria (L.f.) Sims; Bot. Mag., t. 775 (1804)
subspecies :
subsp. vesicatoria
Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Adonis laserpitiifolia Poir.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.], Suppl. 1. 147 (1810)
= Adonis vesicatoria L.f.; Suppl. Pl. [Linnaeus f.] 272 (1782)
= Anamenia laserpitiifolia Vent. ex Cav.; Anales Ci. Nat. 6: 344 (1803)
= Anamenia vesicatoria (L.f.) Dum.Cours.; Bot. Cult. 4: 438 (1802)
= Anemone vesicatoria (L.f.) Prantl; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] III, 2: 62 (1891)
= Christophoriana vesicatoria (L.f.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 1 (1891)
subspecies :
subsp. grossa H.Rasm.; Opera Bot. 53: 30 (1979)
Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Anemone vesicatoria subsp. grossa (H.Rasm.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt; Bothalia 39(2): 218 (2009)
subspecies :
subsp. humilis H.Rasm.; Opera Bot. 53: 29 (1979)
Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Anemone vesicatoria subsp. humilis (H.Rasm.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt; Bothalia 39(2): 218 (2009)
species :
Knowltonia whyteana (Baker f.) Engl.; Veg. Erde [Engler & Drude] 9 (Pflanzenw. Afr.) 3(1): 170 (1915)
Distribution: Tanzania; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique
25 TAN 26 MLW MOZ ZIM
Synonyms: hidden
= Anemone peneensis Baker f. [J.Linn.Soc., Bot.40: 16 (1911)]
= Anemone whyteana Baker f. [Trans.Linn.Soc.London, Bot.4: 4 (1894)]
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.03 (March 6th, 2025)

Covering 356,112 accepted species,
8,776 hybrids, 48,085 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,002,454 synonyms,
in total 1,415,427* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life