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Ver. 25.03
Mar. 6th, 2025

134.0000 Family Orchidaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 64 (1789), nom. cons.
over 800 genera, more than 30.000 spp. worldwide, mostly tropical
Species listed in database: 30538; hybrids: 1461
= Apostasiaceae Lindl.; Nix. Pl. 22 (1833), nom. cons.
= Cypripediaceae Lindl.; Nix. Pl. 22 (1833)
= Limodoraceae Horan.; Char. Ess. Fam. 44 (1847)
= Liparidaceae Vines; Stud. Text-book Bot. 2: 567 (1895)
= Neottiaceae Horan.; Prim. Lin. Syst. Nat. 50 (1834)
= Neuwiediaceae R.Dahlgren ex Reveal & Hoogland; Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia, Sér. 4, 13: 91 (1991)
= Ophrydaceae Vines; Stud. Text-book Bot. 2: 566 (1895)
= Pycnanthaceae Ravenna; Onira 12(6): 29 (2011)
= Vanillaceae Lindl.; Key Bot. 73 (1835)
134.4328 Genus Gymnadenia R.Br.; Hort. Kew., ed. 2 [W.T.Aiton] 5: 191 (1813), s. str.
Distribution: Europe, northern Asia, China. See remarks under Nigritella. The genus is treated here in a strict sense, excluding Nigritella. There is disagreement over the treatment of the various microtaxa described especially in the Alps. They are mostly genetically not justified and at most varieties.
Species listed in database: 9; hybrids: 1
species :
Gymnadenia bicornis Tang & K.Y.Lang; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(4): 126 (1978)
Distribution: E- to SE-Tibet
36 TIB
species :
Gymnadenia borealis (Druce) R.M.Bateman, Pridgeon & M.W.Chase; Lindleyana 12: 130 (1997)
Distribution: England (SW- & N-England, Wales, Scotland, Orkney Isl., Shetland Isl.); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); N-Portugal; Spain (Galicia)
10 GRB IRE 12 POR SPA
Remarks: confirmed as valid species by Bateman et al. 2022
Synonyms: hidden
= Gymnadenia conopsea f. lapponica J.E.Zetterst.; Sver. Fl. 632 (1901)
= Gymnadenia conopsea subsp. borealis (Druce) F.Rose; Watsonia 18(3): 319 (1991)
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. borealis (Druce) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. insulicola Heslop-Harrison f.; Proc. Univ. Durham Philos. Soc. 10: 260 (1941)
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. lapponica (J.E.Zetterst.) J.E.Zetterst.; Exsicc. (Herb. Norm.) 1908: no. 5177 (1908)
= Habenaria gymnadenia var. borealis Druce; Rep. Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 5: 172 (1918)
species :
Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R.Br.; Hort. Kew., ed. 2 [W.T.Aiton] 5: 191 (1813)
Name: Große Händelwurz (DE), Chalk Fragrant-orchid (EN)
Distribution: England (England, Wales, SW-Scotland); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, +Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg [I], Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein [I], Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; Andorra; France; Italy; +Sicily; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; Greece (mountains of N- & C-Greece, Mt. Chelmos, Mt. Killini); Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; ?Moldova; Ukraine; Crimea; European Russia (N-European Russia, C-European Russia, W-European Russia, E-European Russia); Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, W-Siberia, Yakutia); Russian Far East (Amur, Khabarovsk, Kuril Isl., Primorye, Sakhalin); Kazakhstan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus] (Abkhazia, Racha-Lechkhumi, Shiga Kartli, Kartli, Mtiuleti, Kakheti, Trialeti); Armenia; Azerbaijan (incl. Talysh); N-Turkey; NW-Iran; China (SE-Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi, N- & W-Sichuan, NW-Yunnan); SE-Tibet (Zayü Xian); Mongolia; North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu)
10 DEN FIN GRB IRE NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 ADO FRA POR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SIC SLV SMA SRB 14 BLR EST KRY LAT LIT RUS UKR 30 SIB 31 RFE 32 KAZ 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 IRN TUR 36 CHI TIB 37 MON 38 JAP KOR NKO
Remarks: a highly variable species with many forms and varieties (also seasonal varieties), but genetics do not justify separation of more species than G. densiflora and G. borealis.
Synonyms: hidden
= Gymnadenia conopea (L.) Pérard; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 17: 368 (1870), orth. var.
= Gymnadenia conopsea lusus albiflora (Zapal.) Zimm.; Form. Orchid. Deutschl. 64 (1912)
= Gymnadenia conopsea lusus leucantha (Schur) Soó; Arch. Bot. (Leipzig) 23: 98 (1928)
= Gymnadenia conopsea proles pseudoconopsea (Gren.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 13: 99 (1912)
= Gymnadenia conopsea race pseudoconopea Rouy; 100 (1912)
= Gymnadenia conopsea f. alba (M.Schulze) A.Siegel; 24 (1923)
= Gymnadenia conopsea f. albiflora Hadac; 137 (1960)
= Gymnadenia conopsea f. albiflora Moldenke; Lloydia 13: 222 (1950)
= Gymnadenia conopsea f. albiflora Y.N.Lee; Fl. Korea [Lee], ed. 4: 1167 (2002), nom. illeg.
= Gymnadenia conopsea f. crenulata (Beck) M.Goldschm.; 286 (1908)
= Gymnadenia conopsea f. crenulata (Beck) Soó; Arch. Bot. (Leipzig) 23: 98 (1928), isonym
= Gymnadenia conopsea f. elatior Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Galic. Crit. 1: 217 (1906)
= Gymnadenia conopsea f. gracilis Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Galic. Crit. 1: 217 (1906)
= Gymnadenia conopsea f. monticola Schur; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 20: 368 (1870)
= Gymnadenia conopsea f. niphobia Engenst.; Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 18: 110 (1912)
= Gymnadenia conopsea f. praecox (Schönh.) Soó; Arch. Bot. (Leipzig) 23: 97 (1928)
= Gymnadenia conopsea f. quinquecrenata Krösche in Seeland; 65 (1929)
= Gymnadenia conopsea f. subdensiflora C.G.Westerl.; Bot. Not. 1906: 34 (1906)
= Gymnadenia conopsea f. sublobata Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Galic. Crit. 1: 218 (1906)
= Gymnadenia conopsea f. transsilvanica Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Gymnadenia conopsea f. trifida (Zapal.) Soó; Arch. Bot. (Leipzig) 23: 98 (1928)
= Gymnadenia conopsea f. unicuspis C.G.Westerl.; Bot. Not. 1906: 34 (1906)
= Gymnadenia conopsea f. viridiflora L.Keller & H.Fleischm.in L.Keller; 458 (1908)
= Gymnadenia conopsea subsp. angustifolia (Asch. & Graebn.) W.Zimmerm.; Form. Orchid. Deutschl. 64 (1912)
= Gymnadenia conopsea subsp. peloria (Foucault ex Poir.) K.Richt.; Pl. Eur. 1: 279 (1890)
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. alba Ducommun; 723 (1869)
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. alba Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 205 (1821 publ. 1822)
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. albiflora Bolle; 27 (1865)
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. albiflora Schur; 90 (1852), nom. inval.
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. albiflora Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Galic. Crit. 1: 217 (1906)
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. angustifolia Asch. & Graebn.; Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. [Ascherson & Graebner] 3: 814 (1906)
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. caucasica Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 16: 278 (1919)
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. clavata Rchb.f.; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 13-14: 115 (1851)
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. crenulata Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich 1: 210 (1890)
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. ecalcarata Rchb.f.; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 13-14: 115 (1851)
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. flavida Kurt.Wagner; Mitt. Arbeitskreises Heimische Orchideen 11: 49 (1982), no type.
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. inodora (Fr.) Arcang.; 652 (1882), nom. inval.
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. inodora Fr. ex Rchb.f.; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 13-14: 114 (1851)
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. latifolia Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 16: 279 (1919)
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. leucantha Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 644 (1866)
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. platyphylla Rchb.f.; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 13-14: 114 (1851)
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. praecox Schönh.; Taschenb. Fl. Thüringen 432 (1850)
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. purpurea Ducommun; 723 (1869)
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. sibirica (Turcz. ex Lindl.) Rchb.f.; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 13/14: 145, tab. 73, fig. II (1851)
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. spiralis Hesl.-Harr.; 89 (1917)
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. trifida Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Galic. Crit. 1: 217 (1906)
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. ussuriensis Regel; Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 4(4): 141 (1861)
= Gymnadenia ibukiensis Makino; Somoku Dzusetsu, ed. 3, 4(18): t. 52 (1912), japonice. (1215)
= Gymnadenia pseudoconopsea (P.E.Parm.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 13: 99 (1912)
= Gymnadenia saraviana Kreutz & P.Steinfeld; Ber. Arbeitskr. Heimische Orchideen 41(1) 18 (2024)
= Gymnadenia sibirica Turcz. ex Lindl.; Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 277 (1835)
= Gymnadenia taquetii Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 16: 281 (1919)
= Gymnadenia wahlenbergii Afzel. ex Rchb.f.; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 13-14: 114 (1851), pro syn.
= Gymnadenia ×montana Anghelescu, L.Balogh, Mih.Balogh & Kigyossy; Sci. Papers, Ser. B Hort. 68(2): 637 (2024), nom. inval.
= Habenaria conopsea (L.) Benth.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 18: 354 (1881), nom. illeg.
= Habenaria conopsea (L.) Druce; 296 (1886), isonym
= Habenaria gymnadenia Druce; Fl. Berkshire 479 (1897)
= Habenaria gymnadenia var. spiralis Druce; 170 (1918)
= Orchis conopea Gras; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 9: 334 (1862)
= Orchis conopea var. albiflora Tinant; Fl. Luxemb. 442 (1836)
= Orchis conopea var. major Tinant; Fl. Luxemb. 442 (1836)
= Orchis conopsea L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 942 (1753)
= Orchis peloria Foucard ex Poir.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.], Suppl. 4: 179 (1816)
= Orchis pseudoconopea Gren.; Fl. Jurass. [Grenier] 2: 751 (1869)
= Orchis pseudoconopsea P.E.Parm.; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Autun 7: 343 (1894)
= Orchis setacea Gilib.; Exerc. Phyt. 2: 482 (1792), opus utique oppr.
= Orchis suaveolens Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 7 (1796)
= Platanthera conopsea (L.) Schltr. ex Matsum.; Index Pl. Jap. [Matsumura] 2(1): 258 (1905)
= Satyrium conopseum (L.) Wahlenb.; Fl. Suec. [Wahlenberg], ed. 2: 579 (1826)
variant :
var. aestivalis W.Foelsche; Joannea Bot. 18: 217 (2022)
Distribution: Austria
11 AUT
variant :
var. alpina Rchb.f.; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 13-14: 115 (1851), et ex Beck, Fl. Nieder-Österreich 210 (1893)
Distribution: S-Germany; Austria; etc.
11 AUT GER
Remarks: sometimes considered to be a valid species, in which case the name G. ornithis would take priority
Synonyms: hidden
= Gymnadenia alpina (Turcz. ex Rchb.f.) Czerep.; Sosud. Rast. S.S.S.R. 310 (1981)
= Gymnadenia conopsea proles alpina (Turcz. ex Rchb.f.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 13: 100 (1912)
= Gymnadenia conopsea race alpina (Turcz. ex Rchb.f.) Asch. & Graebn.; Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. [Ascherson & Graebner] 3(5): 816 (1907)
= Gymnadenia conopsea f. ornithis (Jacq.) Neuman; Sver. Fl. 632 (1901)
= Gymnadenia conopsea f. schurii Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Gymnadenia conopsea f. transsilvanica (Schur) Soó; 34 (1927)
= Gymnadenia conopsea subsp. alpina (Turcz. ex Rchb.f.) Janch. ex Soó; Ann. Univ. Sci. Budapest. Rolando Eotvos, Sect. Biol. 11: 60 (1969)
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. alpina Schur; 90 (1852), nom. inval.
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. alpina Turcz.; 179 (1854), nom. illeg.
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. alpina Turcz. ex Rchb.f.; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 13/14: tab. 73 (1851)
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. ornithis (Jacq.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 695 (1882)
= Gymnadenia ornithis (Jacq.) Rich.; Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. 4: 57 (1818)
= Gymnadenia transsilvanica Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 644 (1866)
= Gymnadenia vernalis Dworschak; Jahresber. Naturwiss. Vereins Wuppertal 55: 31 (2002)
= Orchis ornithis Jacq.; Fl. Austriac. [Jacquin] 2: 23 (1774)
variant :
var. euroalpina W.Foelsche; Joannea Bot. 18: 215 (2022)
Distribution: Germany (Bayern); France (SE-France, SW-France: Pyrenees); N-Spain; Switzerland; N-Italy; Austria; Romania
11 AUT GER SWI 12 FRA SPA 13 ITA ROM
Remarks: probably only an alpine ecotype but certainly not a full species
Synonyms: hidden
= Gymnadenia euroalpina (W.Foelsche) Kreutz; Guide Orchids Europe N. Afr. Middle E. 278 (2024)
= Gymnadenia euroalpina var. condensata Kreutz & Tenschert; Guide Orchids Europe N. Afr. Middle E. 279 (2024)
variant :
var. graminea (Dworschak) Kreutz; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 32(2): 156 (2016)
Distribution: Netherlands; Belgium; Germany (Bayern); Switzerland; Austria; Czech Republic
11 AUT BGM CZE GER NET SWI
Synonyms: hidden
= Gymnadenia graminea Dworschak; Jahresber. Naturwiss. Vereins Wuppertal 55: 42 (2002)
= Gymnadenia angustifolia (Ilse) M.Schulze; Gymnadenia conopea: [2], nom. inval. (1894), nom. illeg.
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. angustifolia Ilse; Fl. Mittelthüringen 272 (1866), nom. illeg.
variant :
var. serotina Schönh.; Taschenb. Fl. Thüringen 432 (1850)
Distribution: Belgium; Germany (Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Thüringen, Bayern); Switzerland; Austria
11 AUT BGM GER SWI
Remarks: only a late-flowering form but likely not a full species. Kreutz (2024) applies the name comigera Rchb. to this taxon, which is currently used for an intergeneric hybrid.
Synonyms: hidden
= Gymnadenia conopsea subsp. serotina (Schönh.) Dworschak; Jahresber. Naturwiss. Vereins Wuppertal 55: 39 (2002)
= Gymnadenia conopsea f. serotina (Schönh.) Soó; Arch. Bot. (Leipzig) 23: 97 (1928)
species :
Gymnadenia crassinervis Finet; Rev. Gén. Bot. 13: 514 (1902)
Distribution: China (W-Sichuan, NW-Yunnan); E- & S-Tibet
36 CHI TIB
Synonyms: hidden
= Gymnadenia crassinervis var. elatior Tang & F.T.Wang; Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. 7: 131 (1936)
= Herminium chiwui Tang & F.T.Wang; Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. 10: 33 (1940)
species :
Gymnadenia densiflora (Wahlenb.) A.Dietr.; Allg. Gartenzeitung [Otto & Dietrich] 7: 170 (1839)
subspecies :
subsp. densiflora
Name: Dichtblütige Händelwurz (DE), Marsh Fragrant-orchid (EN)
Distribution: England (England, Wales, Scotland, Outer Hebrides, Orkney Isl., Isles of Scilly); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, ?Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, +Schleswig-Holstein, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; SE-France; Austria; N-Italy; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Bulgaria; Greece (N-Greece); Estonia; European Russia; Siberia (W-Siberia); etc.
10 GRB IRE 11 AUT CZE GER POL SLO SWI 12 FRA 13 BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA 14 EST RUS 30 SIB
Remarks: genetically distinct from G. conopsea. Like G. conopsea, the species contains many infraspecific forms and varieties, but genetics do not justify separation as full species.
Synonyms: hidden
= Gymnadenia anisoloba Peterm.; Deut. Fl. [Karsten], ed. 2: 548 (1895)
= Gymnadenia conopsea proles densiflora (Wahlenb.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 13: 99 (1912)
= Gymnadenia conopsea f. densiflora (Wahlenb.) Neuman; Sver. Fl. 632 (1901)
= Gymnadenia conopsea f. elongata Hudziok; 707 (1963)
= Gymnadenia conopsea subsp. densiflora (Wahlenb.) E.G.Camus; Iconogr. Orchid. Europe 383 (1928), isonym
= Gymnadenia conopsea subsp. densiflora (Wahlenb.) Gand.; Nov. Consp. Fl. Eur. 463 (1910), isonym
= Gymnadenia conopsea subsp. densiflora (Wahlenb.) K.Richt.; Pl. Eur. 1: 279 (1890)
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. bieczensis Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Galic. Crit. 1: 218 (1906)
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. densiflora (Wahlenb.) Aver.; Turczaninowia 3(1): 47 (2000), isonym
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. densiflora (Wahlenb.) Hartm.; Handb. Skand. Fl. 328 (1820)
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. densiflora (Wahlenb.) Lindl.; Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 276 (1835), isonym
= Gymnadenia densiflora var. candida G.Foelsche & W.Foelsche; J. Eur. Orch. 31(4): 804 (1999)
= Habenaria gymnadenia var. densiflora (Wahlenb.) Druce; Rep. Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 5: 170 (1918)
= Orchis conopsea var. densiflora Wahlenb.; Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 27: 68 (1806)
= Orchis densiflora (Wahlenb.) Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 2: 505 (1807)
= Satyrium conopseum var. densiflorum (Wahlenb.) Wahlenb.; Fl. Suec. [Wahlenberg] 2: 558 (1826)
variant :
var. montana (Bisse) Kreutz; Guide Orchids Europe N. Afr. Middle E. 282 (2024)
Distribution: Germany (Thüringen, Sachsen-Anhalt); Czech Republic
11 CZE GER
Synonyms: hidden
= Gymnadenia conopsea subsp. montana Bisse; Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 67: 187 (1963)
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. montana (Bisse) Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 16 (3-4): 367 (1970 publ. 1971)
variant :
var. neglecta (Vöth) Kreutz; Guide Orchids Europe N. Afr. Middle E. 281 (2024)
Distribution: Austria (Niederösterreich)
11 AUT
Synonyms: hidden
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. neglecta Vöth; J. Eur. Orch. 38(3): 599 (2006)
variant :
var. splendida (Dworschak) comb.ined.
Distribution: Germany (Bayern); Austria
11 AUT GER
Synonyms: hidden
= Gymnadenia splendida Dworschak; Jahresber. Naturwiss. Vereins Wuppertal 55: 35 (2002)
variant :
var. odorata (Dworschak) comb.ined.
Distribution: Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Rheinland-Pfalz, Bayern); Austria
11 AUT BGM GER LUX
Synonyms: hidden
= Gymnadenia splendida var. odorata (Dworschak) W.Foelsche; Joannea Bot. 18: 215 (2022)
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. odorata (Dworschak) Kreutz; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 32(2): 156 (2016)
= Gymnadenia splendida subsp. odorata Dworschak; Jahresber. Naturwiss. Vereins Wuppertal 55: 37 (2002)
subspecies :
subsp. friesica (Schltr.) R.M.Bateman & Denholm; Syst. Biodivers. 19(6): 592 (2021)
Distribution: England (England); Netherlands; Belgium; Germany (Niedersachsen)
10 GRB 11 BGM GER NET
Remarks: somewhat intermediate between G. borealis and G. densiflora, possibly of hybridogenous origin
Synonyms: hidden
= Gymnadenia conopsea f. friesica (Schltr.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Sonderbeih. A: 13: 275 (1933)
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. friesica Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 23: 279 (1919)
= Gymnadenia densiflora var. friesica (Schltr.) L.Lewis; J. Eur. Orch. 47(2-4): 297 (2015)
species :
Gymnadenia emeiensis K.Y.Lang; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20(2): 182 (1982)
Distribution: China (SW-Sichuan)
36 CHI
species :
Gymnadenia frivaldii Hampe ex Griseb.; Spic. Fl. Rumel. 2: 363 (1844)
Name: Balkan-Händelwurz, Frivalds Händelwurz (DE)
Distribution: Bosnia & Hercegovina; Serbia; Kosovo; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; N-Greece (rare Pindos, Mt. Varnounda, Mt. Voras, Rodopi, Mt. Falakron)
13 ALB BIH BUL GRC KOS ROM SRB
Synonyms: hidden
= Gymnadenia frivaldii f. richteri (I.Györffy) Jáv.; Magyar Fl. 205 (1924)
= Gymnadenia friwaldii Rchb.; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 13: t. 424 (1851) [orth. var.]
= Gymnadenia friwaldskyana (Fuss) Hampe ex K.Richt.; Pl. Eur. 1: 280 (1890)
= Gymnadenia richteri I.Györffy; Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 2: 239 (1904)
= Leucorchis frivaldii (Hampe ex Griseb.) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 16: 289 (1919)
= Leucorchis friwaldskyana (Hampe) Fuss; Fl. Transsilv. 625 (1866)
= Leucorchis friwaldskyana f. richteri (I.Györffy) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Pseudorchis frivaldii (Hampe ex Griseb.) P.F.Hunt; Orchid Rev. 79: 141 (1971)
= Pseudorchis frivaldii (Hampe ex Griseb.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Muz., Odd. Prír. 140 (3-4): 127 (1972), isonym
species :
Gymnadenia odoratissima (L.) Rich.; Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. 4: 57 (1818)
Name: Duft-Händelwurz, Wohlriechende Händelwurz (DE)
Distribution: S-Sweden; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein [I], +Saarland, +Sachsen, +Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; N-Spain; France; N-Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Romania; NE-Greece (Mt. Falakron); Estonia; Lithuania; +Belarus; ?Moldova; Ukraine; European Russia (C-European Russia)
10 SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX POL SLO SWI 12 FRA SPA 13 BIH CRO GRC ITA ROM SLV 14 BLR EST LIT RUS UKR
Synonyms: hidden
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. bicolor Hesl.-Harr.; 89 (1917)
= Gymnadenia heteroglossa (Rchb.f.) E.G.Camus; Monogr. Orchid. 336 (1908)
= Gymnadenia odoratissima lusus alba Zimm.; Form. Orchid. Deutschl. 66 (1912)
= Gymnadenia odoratissima f. borealis (Rchb.f.) Soó; Arch. Bot. (Leipzig) 23: 96 (1928)
= Gymnadenia odoratissima f. carpathica (Simonk.) Soó; Arch. Bot. (Leipzig) 23: 96 (1928)
= Gymnadenia odoratissima f. stenostachya (Schltr.) Soó; Arch. Bot. (Leipzig) 23: 96 (1928)
= Gymnadenia odoratissima subsp. suaveolens (Vill.) Gand.; Nov. Consp. Fl. Eur. 463 (1910)
= Gymnadenia odoratissima var. borealis Rchb.f.; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 13-14: 112 (1851)
= Gymnadenia odoratissima var. carpathica Simonk.; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 502 (1886)
= Gymnadenia odoratissima var. ecalcarata Rchb.f.; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 13-14: 112 (1851)
= Gymnadenia odoratissima var. heteroglossa Rchb.f.; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 13-14: 112 (1851)
= Gymnadenia odoratissima var. idea Goiran; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 15: 26 (1883)
= Gymnadenia odoratissima var. macrocheilea Westerl.; Bot. Not. 1863: 147 (1863)
= Gymnadenia odoratissima var. stenostachya Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 16: 277 (1919)
= Gymnadenia odoratissima var. suaveolens (Rchb.f.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 695 (1882)
= Gymnadenia rhodopea Formánek; Verh. Naturf. Vereins Brünn 36: 42 (1897)
= Gymnadenia suaveolens Rchb.f.; Bonplandia (Hannover) 4: 321 (1856)
= Habenaria gymnadenia var. bicolor Druce; 171 (1918)
= Habenaria odoratissima (L.) Franch.; Fl. Loir-et-Cher 578 (1885)
= Orchis conopsea subsp. odoratissima (L.) Bonnier & Layens; Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France 311 (1894)
= Orchis erubescens Zucc.; Syll. Pl. Nov. (Ratisb.) 5: 10 (1824) ex Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 277 (1835)
= Orchis odoratissima L.; Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 2: 1243 (1759)
= Satyrium odoratissimum (L.) Wahlenb.; Fl. Suec. [Wahlenberg], ed. 2: 578 (1826)
variant :
var. idae Goiran; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 15: 26 (1883)
Distribution: Germany (Bayern); Switzerland; Austria; SE-France; N-Italy (Dolomites)
11 AUT GER SWI 12 FRA 13 ITA
Remarks: alpine ecotype
variant :
var. longicalcarata (C.E.Hermos. & Sabando) Kreutz; Guide Orchids Europe N. Afr. Middle E. 290 (2024)
Distribution: N-Spain
12 SPA
Synonyms: hidden
= Gymnadenia odoratissima subsp. longicalcarata C.E.Hermos. & Sabando; Estud. Mus. Cienc. Nat. Álava 10-11: 123 (1995 publ. 1996)
variant :
var. pyrenaica (Philippe) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 81(4): 397 (2000), et 85: 251 (2004)
Distribution: NE-Spain; SW-France (Pyrénées)
12 FRA SPA
Synonyms: hidden
= Gymnadenia conopsea proles pyrenaica (Philippe) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 13: 100 (1912)
= Gymnadenia conopsea subsp. pyrenaica (Philippe) Gand.; Nov. Consp. Fl. Eur. 463 (1910), isonym
= Gymnadenia conopsea subsp. pyrenaica (Philippe) Giraudias; Bull. Soc. Études Sci. Angers 58 (1890)
= Gymnadenia conopsea subsp. pyrenaica (Philippe) K.Richt.; Pl. Eur. 1: 279 (1890)
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. pyrenaica (Philippe) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 695 (1882)
= Gymnadenia odoratissima subsp. pyrenaica (Philippe) Moreno Mor., Rodr.Berd. & Carlón; Naturalia Cantabricae 8(Especial): 94 (2020)
= Gymnadenia pyrenaica (Philippe) Giraudias; J. Bot. [Morot] 6: 479 (1892)
= Orchis pyrenaica Philippe; Fl. Pyren. [Philippe] 2: 354 (1859) ex Giraudias, Bull. Soc. Etud. Sci. Angers (1890) 115
species :
Gymnadenia orchidis Lindl.; Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 278 (1835)
Distribution: China (SE-Gansu, W-Hubei, S-Qinghai, S-Shaanxi, W-Sichuan, NW-Yunnan); SE-Tibet; N-Pakistan (Hazara); Nepal; Bhutan; India (Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Myanmar (Kachin)
36 CHI TIB 40 BHU IND NEP PAK 41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. yunnanensis Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 4: 105 (1919)
= Gymnadenia cylindrostachya Wall.; Numer. List 241, no. 7056 (1832), nomen
= Gymnadenia cylindrostachya Wall. ex Lindl.; Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 278 (1835)
= Gymnadenia delavayi Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 16: 282 (1919)
= Gymnadenia habenarioides (King & Pantl.) Verm.; Jahresber. Naturwiss. Vereins Wuppertal 25: 33 (1972)
= Gymnadenia himalayica Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 16: 283 (1919)
= Gymnadenia microgymnadenia (Kraenzl.) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 16: 282 (1919)
= Gymnadenia nivea Lindl.; Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 280 (1835), nom. illeg.
= Gymnadenia orchidis (Lindl.) Lindl.; Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 278 (1835)
= Gymnadenia orchidis var. pantlingii Renz; Edinburgh J. Bot. 58(1): 112 (2001)
= Gymnadenia ornithia Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 3: 693 (1826)
= Gymnadenia souliei Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 16: 284 (1919)
= Gymnadenia violacea Lindl.; Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 278 (1835)
= Habenaria microgymnadenia Kraenzl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36: Beibl. 82: 23 (1905)
= Habenaria orchidis (Lindl.) Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 6: 142 (1890)
= Habenaria stoliczkae Kraenzl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 16: 215 (1892)
= Orchis cylindrostachya (Lindl.) Kraenzl.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 5: 197 (1908)
= Orchis habenarioides King & Pantl.; Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 8: 302, t. 401 (1898), nom. illeg.
= Peristylus orchidis (Lindl.) Kraenzl.; Orchid. Gen. Sp. 1: 515 (1898)
= Platanthera orchidis Lindl. ex Wall.; Numer. List. 240, no. 7039 (1832), nomen
species :
Gymnadenia ×intermedia Peterm.; Flora Bienitz 30 (1841)
Distribution: Germany; Czech Republic; Slovakia; SE-France; Bosnia & Hercegovina; European Russia; etc.
11 CZE GER SLO 12 FRA 13 BIH 14 RUS
Remarks: Gymnadenia conopsea x Gymnadenia odoratissima
Synonyms: hidden
= Gymnadenia conopsea subsp. intermedia (Peterm.) K.Richt.; Pl. Eur. 1: 279 (1890)
= Gymnadenia conopsea var. intermedia (Peterm.) Nyman; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 13-14: 115 (1851)
= Gymnadenia ×gracillima Schur; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 21: 44 (1871)
= Gymnadenia ×hybrida Rouy; 101 (1912), nom. illeg.
= Gymnadenia ×hybrida Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 644 (1866), nom. illeg.
= Gymnadenia ×intermedia nothosubsp. proxima C.E.Hermos.; Estud. Mus. Cienc. Nat. Álava 13: 143 (1998)
= Gymnadenia ×pseudoconopsea (Gren.) Gren. ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 695 (1882)
= Gymnadenia ×sabandoi C.E.Hermos.; Estud. Mus. Cienc. Nat. Álava 15: 195 (2000)
= Gymnadenia ×zardinii Pamp.; Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 23: 14 (1947)
= Orchis ×pseudoconopsea Gren.; Fl. Ch. Jurass. 751 (1869)
= Orchis ×pseudoconopsea Parm.; Bull. Ser. hist. nat. Autun 7: 343 (1894), nom. illeg.
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.03 (March 6th, 2025)

Covering 356,112 accepted species,
8,776 hybrids, 48,085 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,002,454 synonyms,
in total 1,415,427* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life