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Ver. 25.03
Mar. 6th, 2025

134.0000 Family Orchidaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 64 (1789), nom. cons.
over 800 genera, more than 30.000 spp. worldwide, mostly tropical
Species listed in database: 30538; hybrids: 1461
= Apostasiaceae Lindl.; Nix. Pl. 22 (1833), nom. cons.
= Cypripediaceae Lindl.; Nix. Pl. 22 (1833)
= Limodoraceae Horan.; Char. Ess. Fam. 44 (1847)
= Liparidaceae Vines; Stud. Text-book Bot. 2: 567 (1895)
= Neottiaceae Horan.; Prim. Lin. Syst. Nat. 50 (1834)
= Neuwiediaceae R.Dahlgren ex Reveal & Hoogland; Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia, Sér. 4, 13: 91 (1991)
= Ophrydaceae Vines; Stud. Text-book Bot. 2: 566 (1895)
= Pycnanthaceae Ravenna; Onira 12(6): 29 (2011)
= Vanillaceae Lindl.; Key Bot. 73 (1835)
134.5104 Genus Epipactis Zinn; Cat. Pl. Hort. Gott. 85 (1757), nom. cons.
Distribution: mostly Europe (many autogamous microtaxa), European Russia, temp. Northern Hemisphere, few Arabia and tropical Africa (3), Indochina, 1 North America to Central America. According to recent molecular analyses (Sramkó et al. 2019) the genus contains far too many described microtaxa especially in Europe which cannot be upheld - they are only varieties at most. On the other hand, E. helleborine (s. l.) is a highly polyphyletic taxon. The various microspecies are treated here at the rank of variety, because subspecies would be the wrong rank.
Species listed in database: 34; hybrids: 27
= Amesia A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.; Bot. Gaz. 56: 472 (1913)
= Arthrochilium (Irmisch) Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich 1: 212 (1890)
= Calliphyllon Bubani; Fl. Pyren. [Bubani] 4: 56 (1901)
= Helleborine Mill.; Gard. Dict. Abr., ed. 4: s. p. (1754)
= Limodorum Ludw. ex Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 672 (1891), nom. illeg.
= Limonias Ehrh.; Beitr. Naturk. [Ehrhart] 4: 147 (1789)
= Parapactis W.Zimm.; Mitt. Bad. Landesvereins Naturk. 1: 232 (1922)
species :
Epipactis africana Rendle; J. Bot. 33: 252 (1895)
Distribution: W-Cameroon; E-D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; Burundi; S-Ethiopia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Malawi; N-Mozambique
23 BUR CMN RWA ZAI 24 ETH 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 MLW MOZ
Remarks: sect. Cymbochilium
Synonyms: hidden
= Amesia africana (Rendle) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.; Bot. Gaz. 56: 472 (1913)
= Arthrochilium africanum (Rendle) Szlach.; Orchidee (Hamburg) 54(5): 588 (18 Dec. 2003)
= Epipactis excelsa Kraenzl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 43: 332 (1909)
= Helleborine africana (Rendle) Druce; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 546 (1909)
= Serapias africana (Rendle) A.A.Eaton; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 21: 66 (1908)
species :
Epipactis alata Aver. & Efimov; Rheedea 16(1): 4 (2006) (as "alatus")
Distribution: China (SE-Yunnan); Vietnam
36 CHI 41 VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Arthrochilium alatum (Aver. & Efimov) Efimov; Komarovia 5(1): 32 (2007)
species :
Epipactis albensis H.Nováková & Rydlo; Preslia 50(2): 162 (1978)
Name: Elbe-Ständelwurz (DE)
Distribution: E-Germany (Brandenburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Sachsen); SW-Poland; E-Austria; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; SW-Romania; Italy (N- & S-Italy)
11 AUT CZE GER HUN POL SLO 13 ITA ROM
Remarks: valid autogamous species fide Sramkó et al. 2019. The various microspecies spun off are at most varieties
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis helleborine f. gracilis (Dageförde ex Hegi) Pauca & Morariu; Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Roman. (Fl. Republ. Socialist. Romania) 12: 761 (1972)
= Epipactis latifolia f. gracilis Dageförde ex Hegi; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 1 2: 376 (1909)
= Epipactis nordeniorum Robatsch; Mitt. Abt. Bot. Landesmus. Joanneum Graz 20: 32 (1991)
= Helleborine latifolia f. gracilis (Dageforde ex Hegi) Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 189 (1923 publ. 1924)
variant :
var. ariosica (V.A.Romano, S.Hertel & Presser) comb.ined.
Distribution: Italy (Basilicata: Mte. Arioso)
13 ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis ariosica V.A.Romano, S.Hertel & Presser; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 38(1): 148 (2021)
variant :
var. collaris (S.Hertel) comb.ined.
Distribution: S-Italy (Basilicata, Potenza, Salerno, Avellino, Foggia)
13 ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis collaris S.Hertel; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 32(2): 100 (2016)
variant :
var. fibri (Scappat. & Robatsch) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 78(3): 246 (1997)
Distribution: SE-France (lower Rhone Valley between Lyon and Orange)
12 FRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis fibri Scappat. & Robatsch; Orchidophile (Paris) 116: 87 (1995)
= Epipactis albensis subsp. fibri (Scappat. & Robatsch) Kreutz; Eurorchis 17: 105 (2005)
variant :
var. lusatia (S.Hennigs) comb.ined.
Distribution: Germany (SE-Brandenburg)
11 GER
Remarks: status uncertain, known only from 3 small populations
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis albensis subsp. lusatia S.Hennigs; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 35(2): 160 (2019)
= Epipactis lusatia (S.Hennigs) Kreutz; Guide Orchids Europe N. Afr. Middle E. 105 (2024)
variant :
var. maricae (Croce, Bongiorni, De Vivo & Fori) comb.ined.
Distribution: S-Italy (Campania: Caserta)
13 ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis maricae (Croce, Bongiorni, De Vivo & Fori) Presser & S.Hertel; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 32(2): 108 (2016)
= Epipactis nordeniorum subsp. maricae Croce, Bongiorni, De Vivo & Fori; J. Eur. Orch. 43(4): 833-846 (2011)
variant :
var. mecsekensis (A.Molnár & Robatsch) comb.ined.
Distribution: Hungary (Mecsek Mts.)
11 HUN
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis albensis subsp. mecsekensis (A.Molnár & Robatsch) Kreutz; Eurorchis 17: 105 (2005)
= Epipactis mecsekensis A.Molnár & Robatsch; J. Eur. Orch. 28: 782 (1996 publ. 1997)
= Epipactis nordeniorum subsp. mecsekensis (A.Molnár & Robatsch) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 65 (2004)
variant :
var. moravica (Batousek) comb.ined.
Distribution: E-Czech Republic; W-Slovakia; W-Hungary
11 CZE HUN SLO
Conservation Status: IUCN V (Czech Republic, Slovakia)
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis albensis subsp. moravica (Batousek) Kreutz; Eurorchis 17: 105 (2005)
= Epipactis moravica Batousek; J. Eur. Orch. 36(3): 677 (2004)
= Epipactis nordeniorum subsp. moravica (Batousek) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 65 (2004)
= Epipactis persica subsp. moravica (Batousek) H.Baumann & R.Lorenz; J. Eur. Orch. 37(3): 710 (2005)
variant :
var. nasuta (S.Hertel, Presser & Cicmir) comb.ined.
Distribution: Italy (Avellino: Monti Picentini)
13 ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis nasuta S.Hertel, Presser & Cicmir; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 37(1): 69 (2020)
variant :
var. rivularis (Kranjcev & Cicmir) comb.ined.
Distribution: Croatia (around Zagreb)
13 CRO
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis albensis subsp. rivularis (Kranjcev & Cicmir) Kreutz; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 24(1): 157 (2007)
= Epipactis rivularis Kranjcev & Cicmir; Naturalistes Belges 87(Orchid. 19): 78 (2006)
variant :
var. tallosii (Molnar & Robatsch) comb.ined.
Distribution: Hungary; SW-Slovakia; Croatia; Serbia; SE-Czech Republic; Romania; Ukraine
11 CZE HUN 13 CRO ROM SRB 14 UKR
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis tallosii Molnar & Robatsch; J. Eur. Orch. 28(4): 789 (1996)
variant :
var. zaupolensis (Barbaro & Kreutz) comb.ined.
Distribution: NE-Italy (Friuli Venezia Giulia)
13 ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis tallosii subsp. zaupolensis Barbaro & Kreutz; J. Eur. Orch. 39(3/4): 590 (2007)
= Epipactis zaupolensis (Barbaro & Kreutz) Bongiorni, De Vivo & Fori; J. Eur. Orch. 42(1): 135-148 (2010)
= Epipactis zaupolensis (Barbaro & Kreutz) Landolt; Fl. Indicativa 268 (2010)
species :
Epipactis atromarginata Seidenf.; Opera Bot. 114: 22 (1992), et Komarovia 5(1): 48 (2007)
Distribution: Vietnam
41 VIE
Remarks: sect. Megapactis. Often included in E. flava
Synonyms: hidden
= Arthrochilium atromarginatum (Seidenf.) Szlach.; Orchidee (Hamburg) 54(5): 588 (2003)
= Arthrochilium atromarginatum (Seidenf.) Szlach. ex Efimov; Komarovia 5: 31 (2007)
species :
Epipactis atrorubens (Hoffm.) Besser; Prim. Fl. Galiciae Austriac. 2: 220 (1809)
Name: Braunrote Ständelwurz (DE), Dark-red Helleborine (EN)
Distribution: England (N-England, N-Wales, Scotland); Ireland (W-Ireland); Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin [I], Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein [I], Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Spain; Andorra; France; Italy; +San Marino?; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; Greece (mountains of N- & C-Greece, Mt. Athos); Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; European Russia (N-European Russia, C-European Russia, W-European Russia, E-European Russia); Siberia (W-Siberia); Kazakhstan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; ?Lebanon; USA [I] (Vermont [I])
10 DEN FIN GRB IRE NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 ADO FRA SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SLV SRB 14 BLR EST LAT LIT RUS 30 SIB 32 KAZ 33 GEO NCS 75 usa
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis
Synonyms: hidden
= Amesia atropurpurea (Raf.) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.; Bot. Gaz. 56: 47 (1913)
= Amesia rubiginosa (Crantz) Mousley; Canad. Field-Naturalist 40: 182 (1926)
= Epipactis atropurpurea f. lutescens (Coss. & Germ.) Hegi; 377 (1909)
= Epipactis atropurpurea f. pallens Beckh.; Fl. Westfalen [Beckhaus] 855 (1893)
= Epipactis atropurpurea f. viridiflora (Sanio) Hegi; 377 (1909)
= Epipactis atropurpurea subvar. lutescens (Coss. & Germ.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 13: 206 (1912)
= Epipactis atropurpurea subvar. virescens Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 13: 206 (1912)
= Epipactis atropurpurea var. leviconica Engenst.; Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 18: 111 (1912)
= Epipactis atropurpurea var. longibracteata Bordz.; Fl. URSR 3: 344 (1950)
= Epipactis atropurpurea var. majoriflora Bordz.; Fl. URSR 3: 344 (1950)
= Epipactis atrorubens f. angustifolia Snarskis; Lietuvos T.S.R. Fl. 2: 678 (1963)
= Epipactis atrorubens f. latifolia (Tocl) Soó; Ann. Univ. Sci. Budapest. Rolando Eötvös, Sect. Biol. 11: 57 (1969)
= Epipactis atrorubens f. longibracteata (Bordz.) Soó; Ann. Univ. Sci. Budapest. Rolando Eötvös, Sect. Biol. 11: 57 (1969)
= Epipactis atrorubens f. majoriflora (Bordz.) Soó; Ann. Univ. Sci. Budapest. Rolando Eötvös, Sect. Biol. 11: 57 (1969)
= Epipactis atrorubens f. orbicularis (Zapal.) Soó; Ann. Univ. Sci. Budapest. Rolando Eötvös, Sect. Biol. 11: 57 (1969)
= Epipactis atrorubens f. pallens (Beckh.) Hyl.; Uppsala Univ. Årsskr. 7: 119 (1945)
= Epipactis atrorubens f. sirneensis Neirynck; Caesiana 5: 44 (1995)
= Epipactis atrorubens subvar. albiflora E.G.Camus; Iconogr. Orchid. Europe 2: 481 (1929)
= Epipactis atrorubens subvar. lutescens (Coss. & Germ.) E.G.Camus; Iconogr. Orchid. Europe 2: 481 (1929)
= Epipactis atrorubens subvar. radnensis (Soó) E.G.Camus; Iconogr. Orchid. Europe 2: 481 (1929)
= Epipactis atrorubens subvar. suboppositifolia (G.Froel. ex Soó) E.G.Camus; Iconogr. Orchid. Europe 2: 481 (1929)
= Epipactis atrorubens subvar. viridiflora (Sanio) E.G.Camus; Iconogr. Orchid. Europe 2: 481 (1929), nom. illeg.
= Epipactis atrorubens var. media (Fr.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 688 (1882)
= Epipactis atrorubens var. radnensis Soó
= Epipactis atrorubens var. stenopetala W.Zimm.; Form. Orchid. Deutschl. 74 (1912)
= Epipactis cruenta Bertero ex Vignolo; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n. s. 39: 530 (1932)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. atrorubens (Hoffm.) Syme; 125 (1869)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. viridans (Crantz) O.Schwarz; Mitt. Thüring. Bot. Ges. 1: 92 (1949)
= Epipactis helleborine var. rubiginosa Crantz; Stirp. Austr. Fasc., ed. 2, 2(6): 468 (1769)
= Epipactis helleborine var. viridans Crantz; Stirp. Austr. Fasc., ed. 2, 6: 467 (1769), nom. illeg.
= Epipactis latifolia proles rubiginosa (Crantz) Samp.; Man. Fl. Port. 116 (1910)
= Epipactis latifolia f. viridans (Crantz) Dichtl; Deutsche Bot. Monatsschr. 1: 149 (1883)
= Epipactis latifolia Less.; Linnaea 9: 156 (1834), nom. illeg.
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. atrorubens (Crantz) Gaudich; Fl. Helv. 5: 465 (1829)
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. atrorubens (Hoffm.) Schübl. & G.Martens; Fl. Würtemberg 571 (1834), isonym
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. ovalis (Bab.) Moore & More; 288 (1866)
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. rubiginosa (Crantz) Hook.f.; Student. Fl. Brit. Isl. 358 (1870)
= Epipactis latifolia subvar. lutescens Coss. & Germ.; Fl. Descr. Anal. Paris 561 (1845)
= Epipactis latifolia var. atropurpurea Hartm.; Handb. Skand. Fl. 333 (1820)
= Epipactis latifolia var. atrorubens (Hoffm.) Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 212 (1821 publ. 1822)
= Epipactis latifolia var. atrorubens (Hoffm.) Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 571 (1822)
= Epipactis latifolia var. montana Bluff & Fingerh.; 438 (1825)
= Epipactis latifolia var. rubiginosa (Crantz) Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 5: 465 (1829)
= Epipactis latifolia var. rubiginosa (Crantz) Kabath; 180 (1846), isonym
= Epipactis latifolia var. viridans Crantz; Stirp. Austr. Fasc., ed. 2, 6: 467 (1769)
= Epipactis macropodia Peterm.; Fl. Bienitz 31 (1841)
= Epipactis media Fr.; Novit. Fl. Suec. Mant. 2: 54 (1839), nom. illeg.
= Epipactis microphylla Sieber ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 688 (1882), nom. inval.
= Epipactis rubiginosa (Crantz) Gaudin ex W.D.J.Koch; Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv., ed. 2: 801 (1844)
= Epipactis rubiginosa lusus viridiflora Sanio; Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 23: 47 (1881)
= Epipactis rubiginosa f. latifolia Tocl; Beitr. Fl. Nordung. 5 (1900)
= Epipactis rubiginosa var. orbicularis Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Galic. Crit. 1: 228 (1906)
= Epipactis viridans (Crantz) Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich 214 (1890)
= Helleborine atropurpurea (Raf.) Schinz & Thell.; Vierteljahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zürich 53: 588 (1908)
= Helleborine atropurpurea lusus lutescens (Coss. & Germ.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine atropurpurea lusus pallens (Beckh.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine atropurpurea lusus viridiflora (Sanio) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine atropurpurea f. alternifolia G.Froel. ex Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine atropurpurea f. latifolia (Tocl) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine atropurpurea f. leviconica (Engenst.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine atropurpurea f. orbicularis (Zapal.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine atropurpurea f. radnensis Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine atropurpurea f. suboppositifolia G.Froel. ex Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine atrorubens (Hoffm.) Druce; Ann. Scott. Nat. Hist. 48 (1905)
= Helleborine media (Fr.) Druce; Ann. Scott. Nat. Hist. 1905: 48 (1905)
= Helleborine rubiginosa (Crantz) O.Schwarz; 32 (1936)
= Helleborine viridans (Crantz) Samp.; Herb. Port. 36 (1913)
= Helleborine viridans proles rubiginosa (Crantz) Samp.; Fl. Port., ed. 2: 139 (1947)
= Limodorum rubiginosum (Crantz) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 672 (1891)
= Serapias atrorubens (Hoffm.) Bernh.; Neues J. Bot. 1(3): 172 (1806)
= Serapias latifolia unranked atrorubens Hoffm.; Deut. Fl. [Karsten], ed. 2, 1(2): 182 (1895) [nom. inval.]
= Serapias latifolia O.F.Müll.; Fl. Dan. [Oeder et al.] t. 811 (1780), nom. illeg.
= Serapias latifolia var. atrorubens Hoffm.; Deutschl. Fl., Jahrgang 4 [Hoffmann]: 182 (1804)
= Serapias sylvestris Murray ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 1: 766 (1821), pro syn.
variant :
var. atrata A.Waldner & Webernd.; J. Eur. Orch. 37(1): 132 (131-138) (2005)
Distribution: Austria
11 AUT
variant :
var. bicolor B.Yorke; B.S.B.I. News (2020)
Distribution: England (Cumbria, Lancashire, Derbyshire)
10 GRB
variant :
var. dilatata (Graber) Verm.; Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 56: 242 (1949)
Distribution: Hungary; NW-Romania
11 HUN 13 ROM
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis atropurpurea var. borbasii Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Epipactis atrorubens subsp. borbasii (Soó) Soó & Kárpáti; Kárpáti Mag. Fl. 703 (1968), nom. inval.
= Epipactis atrorubens subvar. borbasii (Soó) E.G.Camus & A.Camus; Iconogr. Orchid. Europe Text(2): 482 (1928)
= Epipactis atrorubens var. borbasii (Soó) Soó & Javorka; 2. Edit. Acad. Sci. Budapest 24 (1951)
= Helleborine atropurpurea f. borbasii Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine atropurpurea var. dilatata Graber; Bull. Soc. Neuchâteloise Sci. Nat. 48: 180 (1924)
= Helleborine rubiginosa var. borbasii Soó; Monogr. Iconogr. Orchid. Eur. 2(2/3): 42 (1931)
variant :
var. parviflora (A.Niesch. & C.Niesch.) comb.ined.
Name: Kleinblütige Ständelwurz
Distribution: Spain (fairly widespread); SW-France (Pyrénées orientales)
12 FRA SPA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis atrorubens subsp. parviflora A.Niesch. & C.Niesch.; Philippia 1(2): 59 (1971)
= Epipactis kleinii M.B.Crespo, M.R.Lowe & Piera; Taxon 50(3): 854 (2001), nom. nov.
= Epipactis parviflora (A.Niesch. & C.Niesch.) E.Klein; Orchidee (Hamburg) 30(2): 46 (1979), nom. illeg.
variant :
var. macedonica Kreutz, Tsiftsis & Antonop.; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 26(2): 32 (2009)
Distribution: Albania; ?North Macedonia; N-Greece (C-Macedonia)
13 ALB GRC
variant :
var. spiridonovii (Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) comb.ined.
Distribution: S-Bulgaria (Pirin Mts.); North Macedonia; Greece (NE-Greece)
13 BUL GRC NMA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis atrorubens subsp. spiridonovii (Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 59 (2004)
= Epipactis spiridonovii Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers; Naturalistes Belges 76(3): 87 (1995)
variant :
var. subclausa (Robatsch) comb.ined.
Distribution: Greece (mountains of NW-, NC-, C-Greece, Mt. Chelmos, Mt. Killini, C-Evvoia)
13 GRC
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis atrorubens subsp. subclausa (Robatsch) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 59 (2004)
= Epipactis subclausa Robatsch; Linzer Biol. Beitr. 20(1): 167 (1988)
= Epipactis thessala B.Baumann & H.Baumann; Mitt. Arbeitskreises Heimische Orchideen 20(1): 5 (1988)
variant :
var. triploidea (Gelbr. & G.Hamel) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 60 (2004)
Distribution: Sweden (Scania, Gotland); Denmark; E-Germany (Brandenburg); N-Poland
10 DEN SWE 11 GER POL
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis atrorubens subsp. triploidea Gelbr. & G.Hamel; Gleditschia 15(2): 204 (1987)
species :
Epipactis condensata Boiss. ex D.P.Young; Jahresber. Naturwiss. Vereins Wuppertal 23: 106 (1970)
subspecies :
subsp. condensata
Name: Dichtblütige Ständelwurz
Distribution: SE-European Russia (Krasnodar); ?Eastern Aegaean Isl. (?Samos); Turkey; Cyprus; Lebanon; W-Syria
14 RUS 34 CYP LEB SYR TUR
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis condensata Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 4: 91 (1859)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. condensata (Boiss. ex D.P.Young) H.Sund.; Europ. Medit. Orchid., ed. 3: 41 (1980)
= Epipactis microphylla var. congesta Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 5: 89 (1882)
= Helleborine latifolia var. congesta (Boiss.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
subspecies :
subsp. kartliana (Kreutz & Van Domm.) comb.ined.; [nothosubsp.]
Distribution: Georgia [Caucasus]
33 GEO
Remarks: possibly a nothosubspecies E. condensata ssp. condensata x E. condensata ssp. kuenkeleana
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis kartliana Kreutz & Van Domm.; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 36(1): 69 (2019)
subspecies :
subsp. krymmontana (Kreutz, Fateryga & Efimov) comb.ined.
Distribution: Crimea
14 KRY
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis krymmontana Kreutz, Fateryga & Efimov; Phytotaxa 171(1): 24 (2014)
subspecies :
subsp. kuenkeleana (Akhalk., H.Baumann, R.Lorenz & Mosul.) Kreutz, Fateryga & Efimov; Phytotaxa 171(1): 27 (2014)
Distribution: Northern Caucasus (Tuapse); Georgia [Caucasus]; NW-Azerbaijan (incl. Talysh)
33 GEO NCS
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis purpurata subsp. kuenkeleana (Akhalk., H.Baumann, R.Lorenz & Mosul.) Kreutz; Eurorchis 18: 93 (-94) (2006)
= Epipactis viridiflora subsp. kuenkeleana Akhalk., H.Baumann, Lorenz & Mosulishvili; J. Eur. Orch. 37(3): 711 (2005)
= Epipactis kuenkeleana (Akhalk., H.Baumann, R.Lorenz & Mosul.) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 96 (Orchid. 28): 15 (2015)
species :
Epipactis consimilis D.Don; Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 28 (1825)
Distribution: Nepal
40 NEP
Remarks: sect. Cymbochilium
Synonyms: hidden
= Amesia consimilis (D.Don) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.; Bot. Gaz. 56: 472 (1913)
= Epipactis dalhousiae Wight; Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. [Wight] 5: t. 1723 (1851)
= Helleborine consimilis (D.Don) Druce; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 547 (1909)
= Serapias consimilis (D.Don) A.A.Eaton; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 21: 67 (1908)
species :
Epipactis dunensis (T.Stephenson & T.A.Stephenson) Godfery; London J. Bot. 64: 68 (1926)
Name: Dünen-Ständelwurz (DE), Dune Helleborine (EN)
Distribution: England (N-England, N-Wales); Ireland (E-Ireland)
10 GRB IRE
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Valid species fide Sramkó et al. 2019. Several described microspecies are genetically not reasonably distinguishable and are at most varieties
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. dunensis (T.Stephenson & T.A.Stephenson) Soó; Ann. Univ. Sci. Budapest. Rolando Eotvos, Sect. Biol. 11: 56 (1969)
= Epipactis muelleri var. dunensis (T.Stephenson & T.A.Stephenson) P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 5: 364 (1996)
= Helleborine latifolia var. dunensis (T.Stephenson & T.A.Stephenson) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Helleborine leptochila var. dunensis (T.Stephenson & T.A.Stephenson) Druce; Hayw., Bot. Pocket-Book, ed. 19: 286 (1930)
= Helleborine viridiflora f. dunensis T.Stephenson & T.A.Stephenson; London J. Bot. 56: 2 (1918)
variant :
var. bugacensis (Robatsch) comb.ined.
Distribution: N-Portugal; N-Spain; SE-Germany (Bayern); W-Switzerland; N-Austria; S-Hungary; Spain (NE-Spain); E-France; N-Italy; S-Slovenia; N-Croatia
11 AUT GER HUN SWI 12 FRA POR SPA 13 CRO ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis bugacensis Robatsch; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 7: 13 (1990)
= Epipactis rhodanensis Gévaudan & Robatsch; J. Eur. Orch. 26(1): 103 (1994)
= Epipactis bugacensis subsp. rhodanensis (Gévaudan & Robatsch) Wucherpf.; J. Eur. Orch. 35(1): 37-55 (2003)
variant :
var. pinetorum (D.P.Young) Kreutz; Guide Orchids Europe N. Afr. Middle E. 71 (2024)
Distribution: England (England, Wales); Ireland (E-Ireland)
10 GRB IRE
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis dunensis f. pinetorum D.P.Young; Watsonia 1(2): 104 (1949)
variant :
var. sancta (P.Delforge) comb.ined.
Distribution: England (Northumberland)
10 GRB
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis leptochila subsp. sancta (P.Delforge) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 64 (2004)
= Epipactis dunensis subsp. sancta (P.Delforge) Kreutz; J. Eur. Orch. 39(1): 130 (2007)
= Epipactis peitzii var. sancta P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 81(4): 397 (2000)
= Epipactis sancta (P.Delforge) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 83: 26 (2002)
variant :
var. tynensis (Kreutz) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 96 (Orchid. 28): 16 (2015)
Distribution: England (N-England, S-Scotland)
10 GRB
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis dunensis subsp. tynensis Kreutz; J. Eur. Orch. 39(1): 125 (2007)
species :
Epipactis fascicularis T.P.Lin; Taiwania 60(4): 169 (2015)
Distribution: Taiwan
38 TAI
species :
Epipactis flava Seidenf.; Dansk Bot. Ark. 32(2): 116 (1978)
Distribution: Myanmar (Mandalay, Shan); Thailand; Laos; Vietnam
41 LAO MYA THA VIE
Remarks: sect. Megapactis
Synonyms: hidden
= Arthrochilium flavum (Seidenf.) Szlach.; Orchidee (Hamburg) 54(5): 588 (18 Dec. 2003)
= Epipactis dickasonii Ormerod; Taiwania 57(2): 120 (2012)
species :
Epipactis gigantea Douglas ex Hook.; Fl. Bor.-Amer. [Hooker] 2: 202 (1839)
Distribution: SW-Canada (S-British Columbia); W-USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wyoming); Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi, Sonora, Zacatecas)
71 CDN 73 USA 74 USA 76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX
Remarks: sect. Megapactis
Synonyms: hidden
= Amesia gigantea (Douglas) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.; Bot. Gaz. 56: 472 (1913)
= Arthrochilium giganteum (Douglas ex Hook.) Szlach.; Orchidee (Hamburg) 54(5): 588 (18 Dec. 2003)
= Epipactis americana Lindl.; Attn. Nat. Hist. 4: 385 (1840)
= Epipactis gigantea f. rubrifolia P.M.Br.; N. Amer. Native Orchid J. 1(4): 287 (1995)
= Epipactis pringlei Gand.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 66: 293 (1919 publ. 1920)
= Helleborine gigantea (Douglas) Druce; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 547 (1909)
= Limodorum giganteum (Douglas) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 671 (1891)
= Peramium giganteum (Douglas) Coult.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 424 (1894)
= Serapias gigantea (Douglas) A.A.Eaton; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 21: 67 (1908)
species :
Epipactis greuteri H.Baumann & Künkele; Mitt. Arbeitskreises Heimische Orchideen 13(3): 344 (1981)
Name: Greuters Ständelwurz (DE)
Distribution: Bulgaria (Rodopi); Greece (N-Greece: Thessalia, Peloponnisos: Taygetos)
13 BUL GRC
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Valid species fide Sramkó et al. 2019
variant :
var. aspromontana (Bartolo, Pulv. & Robatsch) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 87(Orchids. 19): 259 (2006)
Distribution: S-Italy (Calabria, Basilicata)
13 ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis aspromontana Bartolo, Pulv. & Robatsch; Caesiana 6: 41 (1996)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. aspromontana (Bartolo, Pulv. & Robatsch) H.Baumann & R.Lorenz; J. Eur. Orch. 37(3): 707 (2005)
= Epipactis leptochila subsp. aspromontana (Bartolo, Pulv. & Robatsch) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 63 (2004)
variant :
var. flaminia (P.R.Savelli & Aless.) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 61 (2004)
Distribution: Germany (Thüringen, Bayern); E-Austria; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; N-Italy (Emilia, Toscana); Slovenia; Croatia; SW-Romania
11 AUT CZE GER HUN SLO 13 CRO ITA ROM SLV
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis flaminia P.R.Savelli & Aless.; Webbia 49(1): 26 (1994)
= Epipactis greuteri subsp. flaminia (P.R.Savelli & Aless.) H.Baumann, Künkele & R.Lorenz; J. Eur. Orch. 36(3): 774 (2004)
variant :
var. naousaensis (Robatsch) comb.ined.
Distribution: N-Greece (Pindos, Mt. Olimbos, mountains of C-Greece, Mt. Othrys, Mt. Killini, Mt. Parnonas, Mt. Taygetos)
13 GRC
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis naousaensis Robatsch; Linzer Biol. Beitr. 21 (1­2): 298 (1989)
= Epipactis leptochila subsp. naousaensis (Robatsch) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 63 (2004)
variant :
var. olympica (Robatsch) comb.ined.
Distribution: N-Greece (Mt. Olimbos)
13 GRC
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis olympica Robatsch; Linzer Biol. Beitr. 22(1): 144 (1990)
variant :
var. pinovica (S.Hertel, Tsiftsis & Antonop.) comb.ined.
Distribution: N-Greece (Mt. Pinovo, Mt. Olimbos)
13 GRC
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis pinovica S.Hertel, Tsiftsis & Antonop.; J. Eur. Orch. 46(3/4): 704 (2014)
variant :
var. preinensis (Seiser) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 85 (Orchid. 17): 250 (2004)
Distribution: Austria (Niederösterreich); Czech Republic (Bohemia)
11 AUT CZE
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis greuteri subsp. preinensis Seiser; Neilreichia 1: 138 (2001)
= Epipactis preinensis (Seiser) Landolt; Fl. Indicativa 268 (2010)
variant :
var. sancti-bruni (Bongiorni, De Vivo, Fori & Pisani) comb.ined.
Distribution: S-Italy (Calabria)
13 ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis greuteri subsp. sancti-bruni Bongiorni, De Vivo, Fori & Pisani; J. Eur. Orch. 48(2-4): 338 (2016)
= Epipactis sancti-bruni (Bongiorni, De Vivo, Fori & Pisani) Biagioli, Kreutz & De Simoni; GIROS Orch. Spont. Eur. 65(2): 149 (2022)
species :
Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz; Stirp. Austr. Fasc., ed. 2, 6: 467 (1769)
Name: Breitblättrige Ständelwurz (DE), Broad-leaved Helleborine (EN)
Distribution: Scandinavia; England (England, Wales, Scotland); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; Andorra; ?Baleares; France; Channel Isl. (Guernsey); Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; Greece (widespread mainland, Thasos, Kerkyra, Ionian Isl.); European Turkey; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; Moldova; Ukraine; European Russia (N-European Russia, C-European Russia, W-European Russia, E-European Russia); Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, W-Siberia, Yakutia); Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus] (Abkhazia, Svaneti, Racha-Lechkhumi, Shiga Kartli, Kartli, Kakheti, Trialeti); Armenia; Azerbaijan (incl. Talysh); S-Azerbaijan (Talysh); Turkey; Iraq; Iran; Afghanistan (Kunar / Nuristan); Cyprus; Lebanon; ?Syria; Israel; China (Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Hubei, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan); SE-Tibet; N-Pakistan (Swat, Chitral, Baltistan, Karakorum); Nepal; Bhutan; India (Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Myanmar (Mandalay); Canada [I] (British Columbia [I], New Brunswick [I], Newfoundland [I], Ontario [I], Québec [I]); USA [I] (Arkansas [I], California [I], Connecticut [I], Illinois [I], Indiana [I], Kentucky [I], Maine [I], Maryland [I], Massachusetts [I], Michigan [I], Minnesota [I], Missouri [I], Montana [I], New Hampshire [I], New Jersey [I], New Mexico [I], New York [I], North Carolina [I], Ohio [I], Oregon [I], Pennsylvania [I], Rhode Island [I], Tennessee [I], Vermont [I], Virginia [I], Washington [I], West Virginia [I], Wisconsin [I])
10 DEN FIN GRB IRE NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 ADO CIS COR FRA POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SIC SLV SMA SRB TUE 14 BLR EST LAT LIT MLD RUS UKR 30 SIB 32 KAZ KGZ TZK UZB 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 AFG CYP IRN IRQ ISR LEB TUR 36 CHI TIB 40 BHU IND NEP PAK 41 MYA 71 cdn 72 cdn 73 usa 74 usa 75 usa 76 usa 77 usa 78 usa
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. A highly polyphyletic taxon which contains numerous subtypes, but a further differentiation probably makes no sense according to Sramko et al. (2019)
Synonyms: hidden
= Amesia discolor (Kraenzl.) Hu; Rhodora 27: 105 (1925)
= Amesia latifolia (L.) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.; Bot. Gaz. 56: 472 (1913)
= Amesia latifolia f. monotropoides Mousley; Canad. Field-Naturalist 41: 30 (1927)
= Amesia latifolia f. variegata Mousley; Canad. Field-Naturalist 41: 31 (1927)
= Amesia longibracteata Schweinf.; J. Arnold Arbor. 10: 172 (1929)
= Amesia monticola (Schltr.) Hu; Rhodora 27: 105 (1925)
= Amesia pycnostachys (K.Koch) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.; Bot. Gaz. 56: 472 (1913)
= Amesia squamellosa (Schltr.) Hu; Rhodora 27: 106 (1925)
= Amesia tenii (Schltr.) Hu; Rhodora 27: 106 (1925)
= Amesia yunnanensis (Schltr.) Hu; Rhodora 27: 106 (1925)
= Calliphyllon latifolium (L.) Bubani; Fl. Pyren. [Bubani] 4: 56 (1901)
= Cymbidium latifolium (L.) Sw.; J. Bot. [Schrader] 2: 225 (1800)
= Epipactis atroviridis E.F.Linton; Fl. Derby. 270 (1903)
= Epipactis gutta-sanguinis Arv.-Touv.; Essai Pl. Dauphiné 64 (1872)
= Epipactis helleborine lusus interrupta (Beck) Verm.; Fl. Neerl. 1(5): 105 (1958)
= Epipactis helleborine nothosubsp. zirnsackiana (Riech.) Riech.; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 27(2): 301 (2010 publ. 2011)
= Epipactis helleborine f. alba (Webster) B.Boivin; Naturaliste Canad. 94: 524 (1967)
= Epipactis helleborine f. albifolia M.R.Lowe; Vasculum 75(1): 3 (1990)
= Epipactis helleborine f. brevibracteata (Zapal.) Bordz.; Fl. URSR 3: 341 (1950)
= Epipactis helleborine f. dentata (Zapal.) Soó; Ann. Univ. Sci. Budapest. Rolando Eötvös, Sect. Biol. 11: 56 (1969)
= Epipactis helleborine f. gracilis (Dageförde) Pauca & Morariu; Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Roman. (Fl. Republ. Socialist. Romania) 12: 761 (1972)
= Epipactis helleborine f. luteola P.M.Br.; N. Amer. Native Orchid J. 2: 318 (1996)
= Epipactis helleborine f. macrophylla Snarskis; Lietuvos T.S.R. Fl. 2: 678 (1963)
= Epipactis helleborine f. monotropoides (Mousley) Scoggan; Fl. Canada 1: 51 (1978)
= Epipactis helleborine f. montana (Zapal.) Bordz.; Fl. URSR 3: 341 (1950)
= Epipactis helleborine f. obtusa (Zapal.) Soó; Ann. Univ. Sci. Budapest. Rolando Eötvös, Sect. Biol. 11: 56 (1969)
= Epipactis helleborine f. parviflora (Zapal.) Bordz.; Fl. URSR 3: 341 (1950)
= Epipactis helleborine f. przemysliensis (Zapal.) Verm.; Fl. Neerl. 1(5): 105 (1958)
= Epipactis helleborine f. remota (Zapal.) Bordz.; Fl. URSR 3: 341 (1950)
= Epipactis helleborine f. variegata (Webster) B.Boivin; Naturaliste Canad. 94: 524 (1967)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. latifolia (Huds.) Syme; 124 (1869), nom. inval.
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. latifolia (L.) Syme; Engl. Bot., ed. 3B, 9: 124 (1869)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. viridans (Asch.) O.Schwarz; 92 (1949)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. viridis Soó; Ann. Univ. Sci. Budapest. Rolando Eotvos, Sect. Biol. 11: 56 (1969)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. zirnsackiana (Riech.) Riech.; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 27: 301 (2010 publ. 2011)
= Epipactis helleborine var. chlorantha Verm.; Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 56: 241 (1949)
= Epipactis helleborine var. densiflora Verm.; Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 56: 241 (1949)
= Epipactis helleborine var. diversifolia Verm.; Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 56: 241 (1949)
= Epipactis helleborine var. herbacea (Lindl.) Aswal; B. S. Aswal & B. N. Mehrotra, Fl. Lahaul-Spiti 585 (1994)
= Epipactis helleborine var. herbacea (Lindl.) S.N.Mitra; Indian Forester 99(2): 101 (1973)
= Epipactis helleborine var. interrupta Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich 214 (1890)
= Epipactis helleborine var. intrusa (Lindl.) Karthik.; Fl. Ind. Enum. Monocot. [Karthikeyan et al.] 132 (1989)
= Epipactis helleborine var. intrusa (Lindl.) S.N.Mitra; Indian Forester 99(2): 101 (1973)
= Epipactis helleborine var. lancifolia (Zapal.) Bordz.; Fl. URSR 3: 341 (1950)
= Epipactis helleborine var. latifolia (Huds.) Jess.; Deut. Excurs.-Fl. 486 (1879)
= Epipactis helleborine var. latifolia (L.) A.Blytt; Haandb. Norges Fl. 237 (1903)
= Epipactis helleborine var. laxiflora Verm.; Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 56: 241 (1949)
= Epipactis helleborine var. monotropoides (Mousley) L.Lewis; J. Eur. Orch. 47(1): 119 (2015)
= Epipactis helleborine var. phoenicea Verm.; Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 56: 241 (1949)
= Epipactis helleborine var. thomsonii (Hook.f.) Aswal; B. S. Aswal & B. N. Mehrotra, Fl. Lahaul-Spiti 585 (1994), isonym
= Epipactis helleborine var. thomsonii (Hook.f.) Karthik.; Fl. Ind. Enum. Monocot. [Karthikeyan et al.] 133 (1989)
= Epipactis helleborine var. thomsonii (Hook.f.) R.R.Stewart; Fl. W. Pakistan Annot. Cat. 68 (1972)
= Epipactis helleborine var. thomsonii (Hook.f.) S.N.Mitra; Indian Forester 99(2): 101 (1973)
= Epipactis helleborine var. viridens A.Gray; Bot. Gaz. 4: 206 (1879)
= Epipactis herbacea Royle ex Lindl.; Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. [Royle] 368 (1839)
= Epipactis intrusa Lindl.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 1: 175 (1857)
= Epipactis latifolia (L.) All.; Fl. Pedem. 2: 151 (1785)
= Epipactis latifolia subf. pendulifolia Krösche in Seeland; 46 (1929)
= Epipactis latifolia f. alba Webster; Brit. Orchids, ed. 2: 21 (1898)
= Epipactis latifolia f. albiflora E.G.Camus; Iconogr. Orchid. Europe 474 (1929)
= Epipactis latifolia f. angustiflora Krösche; 46 (1929)
= Epipactis latifolia f. flavescens Krösche; 46 (1929)
= Epipactis latifolia f. pseudovarians Engenst.; Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 18: 111 (1912)
= Epipactis latifolia f. rectilinguis (Murb.) Seeland; 46 (1929)
= Epipactis latifolia f. variegata Webster; Brit. Orchids, ed. 2: 22 (1898)
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. helleborine (L.) Rivas Goday & Borja; Anales Inst. Bot. Cavanilles 19: 537 (1961), nom. illeg.
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. ovalis (Bab.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 688 (1882)
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. viridans (Asch.) Hook.f.; 358 (1870)
= Epipactis latifolia var. acutiloba Huter; Mitth. Thüring. Bot. Vereins, N. F. 17: 74 (1904)
= Epipactis latifolia var. angustifolia Brooke; Wild Orchids Britain 122 (1950)
= Epipactis latifolia var. chlorantha Hegetschw.; 880 (1840)
= Epipactis latifolia var. condensata E.G.Camus & A.Camus; Florule St.-Tropez 32 (1912)
= Epipactis latifolia var. decipiens E.G.Camus; Monogr. Orchid. 415 (1908)
= Epipactis latifolia var. dentata (Zapal.) E.G.Camus; Iconogr. Orchid. Europe 474 (1929)
= Epipactis latifolia var. interrupta (Beck) M.Schulze; Orch. Deutschl. Österr. Schweiz 52 (1894)
= Epipactis latifolia var. intrusa (Lindl.) Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 6: 126 (1890)
= Epipactis latifolia var. lancifolia Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Galic. Crit. 1: 231 (1906)
= Epipactis latifolia var. major Neilr.; Fl. Nieder-Österreich 214 (1890)
= Epipactis latifolia var. minor Neilr.; Fl. Nied.-Oesterr. 203 (1859)
= Epipactis latifolia var. pallens Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 5: 465 (1829)
= Epipactis latifolia var. platyphylla Irmisch; Linnaea 16: 451 (1842)
= Epipactis latifolia var. pycnostachys K.Koch; Linnaea 19: 12 (1846), nomen
= Epipactis latifolia var. pygmaea W.Zimm.; Form. Orchid. Deutschl. 74 (1912)
= Epipactis latifolia var. rectilinguis Murb.; 37 (1891)
= Epipactis latifolia var. robusta Podp.; Spisy Prír. Fak. Masarykovy Univ. 12: 17 (1922)
= Epipactis latifolia var. thomsonii Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 6: 126 (1890)
= Epipactis latifolia var. viridula Döll; Rhein. Fl. 217 (1843)
= Epipactis ligulata Hand.-Mazz.; Symb. Sin. 7: 1341 (1936)
= Epipactis longibracteata (Schweinf.) S.Y.Hu; Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 25 (1-2): 43 (1972), et Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 26 (3-4): 381 (1973), not Wettstein (1889)
= Epipactis macrostachya Lindl.; (Numer. List [Wallich] 247, no. 7404 (1832), nomen), Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 461 (1840)
= Epipactis magnibracteata C.Schweinf.; Bot. Mus. Leafl. 5: 39 (1937)
= Epipactis micrantha E.Peter; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 86: 303 (1937)
= Epipactis monticola Schltr.; Acta Horti Gothob. 1: 144 (1924)
= Epipactis nephrocardia Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 19: 374 (1924)
= Epipactis ovalis Bab.; Engl. Bot. Suppl. t. 2884 (1843)
= Epipactis squamellosa Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 4: 56 (1919)
= Epipactis tenii Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 64 (1921)
= Epipactis uliginosa Vest; Flora (Regensburg) 8: 493 (1825)
= Epipactis viridans (Asch.) Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich 214 (1890)
= Epipactis viridans f. humilis Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Galic. Crit. 1: 225 (1906)
= Epipactis viridans f. interrupta (Beck) Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Galic. Crit. 1: 225 (1906)
= Epipactis viridans f. minor Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Galic. Crit. 1: 227 (1906)
= Epipactis viridans f. parviflora Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Galic. Crit. 1: 226 (1906)
= Epipactis viridans f. remota Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Galic. Crit. 1: 226 (1906)
= Epipactis viridans var. brevibracteata Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Galic. Crit. 1: 226 (1906)
= Epipactis viridans var. dentata Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Galic. Crit. 1: 226 (1906)
= Epipactis viridans var. lancifolia Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Galic. Crit. 1: 226 (1906)
= Epipactis viridans var. lithuanica Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Galic. Crit. 1: 227 (1906)
= Epipactis viridans var. montana Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Galic. Crit. 1: 226 (1906)
= Epipactis viridans var. obtusa Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Galic. Crit. 1: 227 (1906)
= Epipactis viridans var. przemysliensis Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Galic. Crit. 1: 226 (1906)
= Epipactis viridans var. subrotundifolia Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Galic. Crit. 1: 226 (1906)
= Epipactis viridiflora Rupr.; Beitr. Pflanzenk. Russ. Reiches 4: 83 (1847), nom. illeg.
= Epipactis ×kezlinekii Batou?ek; J. Eur. Orch. 41: 510 (2009)
= Epipactis ×zirnsackiana Riech.; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 27(1): 233 (2010), et Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 32(2): 16 (2016)
= Epipactis yunnanensis Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 4: 57 (1919)
= Helleborine atroviridis (E.F.Linton) F.Hanb.; London Cat. Brit. Pl. [H.C.Watson], ed. 10: 37 (1908)
= Helleborine helleborine (L.) Druce; Rep. Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 7: 689 (1924 publ. 1925)
= Helleborine latifolia (L.) Druce; Dillen. Herb. 115 (1907), isonym
= Helleborine latifolia (L.) Moench; Suppl. Meth. [Moench] 311 (1802)
= Helleborine latifolia f. acutiloba (Huter) Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 187 (1923 publ. 1924)
= Helleborine latifolia f. albiflora Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 188 (1923 publ. 1924)
= Helleborine latifolia f. brevibracteata (Zapal.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Helleborine latifolia f. dentata (Zapal.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Helleborine latifolia f. foliosa Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 187 (1923 publ. 1924), nom. illeg.
= Helleborine latifolia f. interrupta (Beck) Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 189 (1923 publ. 1924)
= Helleborine latifolia f. lancifolia (Zapal.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Helleborine latifolia f. montana (Zapal.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Helleborine latifolia f. obtusa (Zapal.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Helleborine latifolia f. parviflora (Zapal.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Helleborine latifolia f. przemysliensis (Zapal.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Helleborine latifolia f. pseudovarians (Engenst.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Helleborine latifolia f. pycnostachys (K.Koch) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Helleborine latifolia f. pygmaea (W.Zimm.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Helleborine latifolia subsp. platyphylla (Irmisch) Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 185 (1923 publ. 1924)
= Helleborine latifolia subvar. paucifolia Gaille & Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 188 (1923 publ. 1924)
= Helleborine latifolia var. angustifolia Druce; Bot. Pocket-Book ed. 19: 286 (1930)
= Helleborine latifolia var. atroviridis (Linton) Druce; Bot. Pocket-Book ed. 19: 286 (1930)
= Helleborine latifolia var. platyphylla (Irmisch) Briq.; Prodr. Fl. Corse 1: 385 (1910)
= Helleborine macrostachya (Lindl.) Soó; Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 26: 381 (1929)
= Helleborine nephrocardia (Schltr.) Soó; Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 26: 382 (1929)
= Helleborine ovalis (Bab.) Druce; Ann. Scott. Nat. Hist. 1905: 48 (1905)
= Helleborine pycnostachys (K.Koch) Druce; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 57 (1909)
= Helleborine squamellosa (Schltr.) Soó; Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 26: 382 (1929)
= Helleborine tenii (Schltr.) Soó; Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 26: 382 (1929)
= Helleborine varians Soó; Bot. Arch. 23: 120 (1928)
= Helleborine viridans (Crantz) Samp.; Herb. Port. 36 (1913)
= Helleborine yunnanensis (Schltr.) Soó; Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 26: 382 (1929)
= Limodorum latifolium (L.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 672 (1891), nom. illeg.
= Limodorum violaceum Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 671 (1891)
= Serapias consimilis (D.Don) Eaton; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 21: 67 (1908)
= Serapias helleborine L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 949 (1753), nom. cons.
= Serapias helleborine var. latifolia L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 949 (1753), nom. inval.
= Serapias latifolia (L.) Huds.; Fl. Angl. [Hudson] ed. 1: 341 (1762)
= Serapias latifolia var. pallida Rosén & Wahlenb.; Nova Acta Regiae Soc. Sci. Upsal. 8: 251 (1821)
= Serapias memoralis Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 8 (1796), nom. superfl.
variant :
var. autumnalis (Doro) comb.ined.
Distribution: NE-Italy (Veneto)
13 ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis autumnalis Doro; J. Eur. Orch. 39(3/4): 571 (2007)
variant :
var. cordigera (S.Hertel & Presser) comb.ined.
Distribution: S-Italy (Calabria)
13 ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis cordigera S.Hertel & Presser; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 36(1): 44 (2019)
variant :
var. cupaniana (C.Brullo, D´Emerico & Pulv.) comb.ined.
Distribution: Sicily (Madonie)
13 SIC
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis cupaniana C.Brullo, D´Emerico & Pulv.; Nordic J. Bot. 31(5): 578 (2013)
variant :
var. degenii (Szentp. & Mónus) comb.ined.
Distribution: NC-Greece (Mt. Vermio, Mt. Olimbos, Mt. Pelion)
13 GRC
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. degenii (Szentp. & Mónus) Kreutz; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 24(1): 157 (2007)
= Epipactis halacsyi subsp. degenii (Szentp. & Mónus) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 61 (2004)
= Epipactis degenii Szentp. & Mónus; J. Eur. Orch. 31(3): 647, 646 (1999)
variant :
var. distans (Arv.-Touv.) comb.ined.
Name: Runde Breitblättrige Ständelwurz (DE)
Distribution: Germany (Brandenburg, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Rheinland-Pfalz); Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Spain; France; N- & NC-Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Lithuania
11 AUT CZE GER POL 12 FRA SPA 13 BIH CRO ITA SLV 14 LIT
Synonyms: hidden
= Amesia orbicularis (K.Richt.) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.; Bot. Gaz. 56: 472 (1913)
= Epipactis distans Arv.-Touv.; Ess. ésp. var. princ. plantes 11 (1872)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. distans (Arv.-Touv.) R.Engel & P.Quentin; Orchidophile (Paris) 27 (124): 205 (1996)
= Epipactis hyblaea Brullo & Zimmitti; Phytotaxa 186(1): 42-50 (2014) (tentative synonym)
variant :
var. guegelii (Robatsch) comb.ined.
Distribution: E-Romania (coastal)
13 ROM
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis guegelii Robatsch; J. Eur. Orch. 28(4): 765-772 (1996)
variant :
var. ioessa (Bongiorni, De Vivo, Fori & Romolini) comb.ined.
Name: Veilchenfarbene Ständelwurz
Distribution: S-Italy (Basilicata, Calabria: Mte. Pollino)
13 ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis ioessa Bongiorni, De Vivo, Fori & Romolini; J. Eur. Orch. 39(3/4): 554 (2007)
variant :
var. jutlandica (U.Grabner) comb.ined.
Distribution: Denmark (Jütland)
10 DEN
Remarks: probably the same as var. neerlandica
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis jutlandica U.Grabner & Kreutz; Guide Orchids Europe N. Afr. Middle E. 64 (2024)
variant :
var. leutei (Robatsch) comb.ined.
Distribution: S-Austria (S-Kärnten); Slovenia; Czech Republic; Hungary; Slovakia
11 AUT CZE HUN SLO 13 SLV
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. leutei (Robatsch) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 62 (2004)
= Epipactis leutei Robatsch; Carinthia II, 179/99(2): 661 (1989)
variant :
var. lucana (Presser, S.Hertel & V.A.Romano) comb.ined.
Distribution: S-Italy (Campania, Basilicata, Calabria)
13 ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis lucana Presser, S.Hertel & V.A.Romano; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 32(2): 93 (2016)
variant :
var. meridionalis (H.Baumann & R.Lorenz) comb.ined.
Distribution: Sardinia; Italy (S- & C-Italy); NE-Sicily; Pantelleria Isl.
12 SAR 13 ITA SIC
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis meridionalis H.Baumann & R.Lorenz; Mitt. Arbeitskreises Heimische Orchideen 20(3): 656 (1988)
form :
f. minor (R.Engel) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 87(Orchids. 19): 259 (2006)
Distribution: Belgium; Germany; E-France
11 BGM GER 12 FRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. minor (R.Engel) R.Engel; Ann. Sci. Réserve Biosphère Vosges du Nord 2: 31 (1992)
= Epipactis helleborine var. minor R.Engel; Orchidophile (Paris) 63: 663 (1984)
= Epipactis minor (R.Engel) Kreutz; Gorteria 43: 42 (2021)
variant :
var. molochina (P.Delforge) comb.ined.
Distribution: E-Spain
12 SPA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. molochina (P.Delforge) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 62 (2004)
= Epipactis molochina P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 85 (Orchid. 17): 173 (2004)
variant :
var. moratoria (Riech. & Zirnsack) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 92(Orchid. 24): 202 (2011)
Distribution: Netherlands (Limburg); Germany (Bayern, Baden-Württemberg, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Thüringen); Slovenia; NE-Italy; Austria (Burgenland); Slovakia; Greece (Greek Macedonia)
11 AUT GER NET SLO 13 GRC ITA SLV
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. moratoria Riech. & Zirnsack; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 25(1): 57-84 (2008)
= Epipactis moratoria (Riech. & Zirnsack) Riech. & Zirnsack; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 32(2): 16 (2016)
variant :
var. neerlandica Verm.; Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 56: 240 (1949)
Name: Holländische Breitblättrige Ständelwurz (DE)
Distribution: Denmark; Netherlands; Belgium; N-Germany (Niedersachsen, Schleswig-Holstein); N-France
10 DEN 11 BGM GER NET 12 FRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis dilatata Asch. & Graebn.; Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. [Ascherson & Graebner] 3(5): 861 (1907)
= Epipactis helleborine f. dilatata (Asch. & Graebn.) Soó; Ann. Univ. Sci. Budapest. Rolando Eötvös, Sect. Biol. 11: 56 (1969)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. neerlandica (Verm.) Buttler; Willdenowia 16(1): 115 (1986)
= Epipactis latifolia f. dilatata (Asch. & Graebn.) Seeland; 46 (1929)
= Epipactis latifolia var. dilatata Asch. & Graebn.; Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. [Ascherson & Graebner] 3: 861 (1907)
= Epipactis neerlandica (Verm.) Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers; Naturalistes Belges 72(3): 100 (1991)
= Helleborine latifolia f. dilatata (Asch. & Graebn.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Helleborine latifolia var. dilatata (Asch. & Graebn.) Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 189 (1923 publ. 1924)
variant :
var. orbicularis (K.Richt.) Verm.; Fl. Neerl. 1(5): 105 (1958)
Distribution: Sweden; Netherlands; Belgium; Germany; Switzerland; Austria; France; Slovenia; Croatia; Albania; North Macedonia; Montenegro; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Serbia; Kosovo; Greece; Bulgaria; Hungary; Italy; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Romania; Poland; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Crimea
10 SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN NET POL SLO SWI 12 FRA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SLV SRB 14 EST KRY LAT LIT
Remarks: according to molecular results of Sramko et al. 2019 at most a variety
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis orbicularis K.Richt.; Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 37: 190 (1887)
= Helleborine latifolia subvar. orbicularis (Druce) Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 189 (1923 publ. 1924)
= Helleborine latifolia f. orbicularis (K.Richt.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Helleborine orbicularis (K.Richt.) Druce; Vierteljahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zürich 53: 589 (1908)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. orbicularis (K.Richt.) E.Klein; Phyton (Horn) 37: 74 (1997)
= Epipactis latifolia f. orbicularis (K.Richt.) Hegi; 376 (1909)
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. orbicularis (K.Richt.) K.Richt.; Pl. Eur. 1: 284 (1890)
= Epipactis latifolia var. orbicularis (K.Richt.) Asch. & Graebn.; Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. [Ascherson & Graebner] 3: 861 (1907)
= Epipactis latifolia var. orbicularis (K.Richt.) E.G.Camus; Iconogr. Orchid. Europe 474 (1929), isonym
variant :
var. renzii (Robatsch) J.Claess., Kleynen & Wielinga; Eurorchis 10: 55-64 (1998)
Distribution: Denmark (Jütland)
10 DEN
Remarks: probably the same as var. neerlandica
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. renzii (Robatsch) Løjtnant; Flora Fauna (Arhus) 101(2): 71 (1996)
= Epipactis helleborine var. renzii (Robatsch) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 90(Orchid.22): 327 (2009), isonym
= Epipactis neerlandica var. renzii (Robatsch) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 90: 327 (2009)
= Epipactis renzii Robatsch; Linzer Biol. Beitr. 20(1): 164 (1988)
variant :
var. schubertiorum (Bartolo, Pulv. & Robatsch) comb.ined.
Distribution: S-Italy (Apulia, Basilicata, Calabria); NE-Sicily
13 ITA SIC
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. schubertiorum (Bartolo, Pulv. & Robatsch) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 62 (2004)
= Epipactis schubertiorum Bartolo, Pulv. & Robatsch; J. Eur. Orch. 28(4): 773 (1997)
variant :
var. tangutica (Schltr.) S.C.Chen & G.H.Zhu; Novon 13: 423 (2003)
Distribution: Siberia (Buryatia, Irkutsk); Uzbekistan; China (Gansu, Qinghai)
30 SIB 32 UZB 36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Amesia tangutica (Schltr.) Hu; Rhodora 27: 106 (1925)
= Epipactis discolor Kraenzl.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 100 (1921)
= Epipactis tangutica Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 4: 57 (1919)
= Helleborine tangutica (Schltr.) Soó; Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 26: 382 (1929)
variant :
var. torqueta (Presser, S.Hertel & V.A.Romano) comb.ined.
Distribution: S-Italy (Basilicata)
13 ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis torqueta Presser, S.Hertel & V.A.Romano; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 36(1): 26 (2019)
variant :
var. youngiana (A.J.Richards & A.F.Porter) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 62 (2004)
Distribution: England (N-England, S-Scotland)
10 GRB
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis youngiana A.J.Richards & A.F.Porter; Watsonia 14(2): 125 (1982)
species :
Epipactis humilior (Tang & F.T.Wang) S.C.Chen & G.H.Zhu; Novon 13: 200-202 (2003)
Distribution: China (W-Sichuan, Yunnan); E-Tibet
36 CHI TIB
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis mairei var. humilior Tang & F.T.Wang; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1(1): 33, 67 (1951)
species :
Epipactis leptochila (Godfery) Godfery; London J. Bot. 59: 146 (1921)
Name: Schmallippige Ständelwurz (DE), Narrow-lipped Helleborine (EN)
Distribution: England (S- & SC-England, E-Wales); Denmark; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Austria; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; N-Spain; France; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Romania; Greece (mountains of N-Greece)
10 DEN GRB 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LUX NET SLO SWI 12 FRA SPA 13 BIH GRC ROM
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Bona sp. fide Sramkó et al. (2019). All infraspecific taxa are at most varieties, see for example the comments in Bateman (2020)
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. leptochila (Godfery) Soó; Ann. Univ. Sci. Budapest. Rolando Eotvos, Sect. Biol. 11: 56 (1969)
= Epipactis helleborine var. leptochila (Godfery) Mansf.; Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 58a: 62 (1944)
= Epipactis helleborine var. rectilinguis Murb.; Acta Univ. Lund. 27: 37 (1891)
= Epipactis latifolia subf. hildesiensis Krösche; 29 (1929)
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. leptochila (Godfery) E.G.Camus; Iconogr. Orchid. Europe 2: 476 (1928)
= Epipactis latifolia var. leptochila (Godfery) Seeland; 48 (1929)
= Epipactis latifolia var. rectilinguis (Murb.) E.G.Camus; Monogr. Orchid. 415 (1908)
= Epipactis latifolia var. sylvestris (Pers.) Bluff & Fingerh.; 438 (1825)
= Epipactis muelleri var. leptochila (Godfery) P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 5: 364 (1997)
= Epipactis viridiflora var. leptochila Godfery; London J. Bot. 57: 38 (1919)
= Helleborine latifolia f. rectilinguis (Murb.) Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 187 (1923 publ. 1924)
= Helleborine latifolia subsp. leptochila (Godfery) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Helleborine latifolia subvar. leptochila (Godfery) Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 192 (1923 publ. 1924)
= Helleborine leptochila (Godfery) Druce; Rep. Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 7: 741 (1924 publ. 1925)
= Serapias latifolia var. sylvestris Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 2: 512 (1807)
variant :
var. altensteiniana Kümpel; Mitteilungsbl. Arbeitskr. Heim. Orch. DDR 15: 58 (1987)
Distribution: Germany (Hessen, Thüringen)
11 GER
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis leptochila f. altensteiniana (Kümpel) Gévaudan & P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 89(Orchid. 21): 44 (2008)
variant :
var. caramolica (Presser & S.Hertel) comb.ined.
Distribution: S-Italy (Calabria, Campania)
13 ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis caramolica Presser & S.Hertel; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 38(1): 137 (2021)
variant :
var. cleistogama (C.A.Thomas) D.P.Young; Watsonia 5(3): 132 (1962)
Distribution: England (England, Wales); Belgium; Luxembourg; France; Spain (NE-Spain); Germany (S- & W-Germany); Austria; Switzerland; Italy; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Slovenia
10 GRB 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LUX SLO SWI 12 FRA SPA 13 ITA SLV
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis cleistogama C.A.Thomas; Riddelsdell, Hedley & Price (eds.), Fl. Gloucestershire 612 (1948)
= Epipactis muelleri var. cleistogama (C.A.Thomas) P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 5: 364 (1996)
variant :
var. dinarica (S.Hertel & Riech.) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 85 (Orchid. 17): 251 (2004)
Distribution: Croatia (N-Istria, Dinaric Alps); ?Slovenia
13 CRO
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis leptochila subsp. dinarica S.Hertel & Riech.; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 20(1): 17-18 (2003)
= Epipactis dinarica (S.Hertel & Riech.) Kreutz; Guide Orchids Europe N. Afr. Middle E. 123 (2024)
variant :
var. futakii (Mered´a f. & Potucek) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 85 (Orchid. 17): 251 (2004)
Distribution: Czech Republic; Slovakia; NE-Hungary
11 CZE HUN SLO
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis futakii Mered´a f. & Potucek; Preslia 70(3): 253 (1998)
= Epipactis leptochila subsp. futakii (Mered´a f. & Potucek) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 63 (2004)
variant :
var. komoricensis (Mered´a) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 89(Orchid. 21): 250 (2008)
Distribution: NW-Slovakia (Strazov Mts.)
Error
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis komoricensis Mered´a; Preslia 68(2): 125-134 (1996)
= Epipactis leptochila subsp. komoricensis (Mered´a) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 63 (2004)
variant :
var. maestrazgona (P.Delforge & Gévaudan) comb.ined.
Distribution: E-Spain (Teruel, Aragon)
12 SPA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis leptochila subsp. maestrazgona (P.Delforge & Gévaudan) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 63 (2004)
= Epipactis maestrazgona P.Delforge & Gévaudan; Naturalistes Belges 85 (Orchid. 17): 62 (2004)
variant :
var. neglecta (Kümpel) Gévaudan; Naturalistes Belges 80(3): 367 (1999), et Naturalistes Belges 83: 30 (2002)
Name: Übersehene Ständelwurz (DE)
Distribution: Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Austria; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; France; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia
11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LUX SLO SWI 12 FRA 13 CRO ITA SLV
Remarks: according to the phylogeny of Sramko et al. (2019) at most a variety
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis leptochila subsp. neglecta Kümpel; Mitt. Arbeitskreises Heimische Orchideen 11: 29 (1982), et Mitt. Arbeitskr. Heim. Orch. DDR 15: 58 (1986 publ. 1987)
= Epipactis leptochila var. praematura Krösche; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 26: 91 (1929), nom. illeg.
= Epipactis neglecta (Kümpel) Kümpel; Wildwachsenden Orchideen der Rhön 67 (1996)
= Epipactis neglecta var. carantana Kreutz; Guide Orchids Europe N. Afr. Middle E. 135 (2024)
= Epipactis tenebraria Kreutz & Tenschert; Guide Orchids Europe N. Afr. Middle E. 136 (2024) (tentative synonym)
= Epipactis viridiflava U.Löwe; Bauhinia 4: 87 (1969)
variant :
var. peitzii (H.Neumann & Wucherpf.) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 85 (Orchid. 17): 251 (2004)
Distribution: Germany (Hessen: Taunus)
11 GER
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis leptochila subsp. peitzii (H.Neumann & Wucherpf.) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 64 (2004)
= Epipactis muelleri var. peitzii (H.Neumann & Wucherpf.) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 78(3): 246 (1997)
= Epipactis peitzii H.Neumann & Wucherpf.; J. Eur. Orch. 28(4): 746-754 (1996)
variant :
var. provincialis (Aubenas & Robatsch) comb.ined.
Distribution: SE-France (Provence)
12 FRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis leptochila subsp. provincialis (Aubenas & Robatsch) J.-M.Tison; Biocosme Mésogéen 27(4): 126 (2010)
= Epipactis provincialis Aubenas & Robatsch; Orchidophile (Paris) 122: 109 (1996)
variant :
var. savelliana (Bongiorni, De Vivo & Fori) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 96 (Orchid. 28): 16 (2015)
Distribution: C-Italy (Abruzzi)
13 ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis savelliana Bongiorni, De Vivo & Fori; J. Eur. Orch. 39(1): 156 (2007)
variant :
var. serena (Kreutz, Tenschert & G.Horn) comb.ined.
Distribution: Germany (Bayern: near Sulzbach-Rosenberg)
11 GER
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis serena Kreutz, Tenschert & G.Horn; Guide Orchids Europe N. Afr. Middle E. 120 (2024)
variant :
var. thesaurensis (Agrezzi, Ovatoli & Bongiorni) P.Delforge & Gévaudan; Naturalistes Belges 89(Orchid. 21): 56 (2008)
Distribution: N-Italy (around Verona)
13 ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis leptochila subsp. thesaurensis (Agrezzi, Ovatoli & Bongiorni) Perazza & R.Lorenz; Orchid. Italia 187 (2013)
= Epipactis thesaurensis Agrezzi, Ovatoli & Bongiorni; J. Eur. Orch. 39(1): 141 (2007)
variant :
var. umbrae (Kreutz, A.Rossini, Quitadami, Turco & Medagli) comb.ined.
Distribution: S-Italy (Apulia)
13 ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis umbrae (Kreutz, A.Rossini, Quitadamo, Turco & Medagli) Biagioli, Kreutz, Rossini, Quitadamo, Turco, Medagli & de Simoni; GIROS Orch. Spont. Eur. 65(2): 149 (2022)
= Epipactis leptochila subsp. umbrae Kreutz, A.Rossini, Quitadamo, Turco & Medagli; Thalassia Salentina 36: 83 (2014)
variant :
var. veluwensis (Kreutz, H.Dekker, G.Bons & H.Löffler) comb.ined.
Distribution: Netherlands (Gelderland, Drenthe)
11 NET
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis veluwensis Kreutz, H.Dekker, G.Bons & H.Löffler; Gorteria 43: 36 (2021)
variant :
var. voethii (Robatsch) comb.ined.
Distribution: E-Austria; SE-Czech Republic; Hungary; Slovakia
11 AUT CZE HUN SLO
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis voethii Robatsch; Mitt. Abt. Bot. Landesmus. Joanneum Graz 21/22: 22 (1993)
variant :
var. wartensteinii (F.Fohringer) comb.ined.
Distribution: Austria (Oberösterreich: Semmering)
11 AUT
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis wartensteinii F.Fohringer; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 37(2): 99 (2020)
species :
Epipactis mairei Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 4: 55 (1919)
Distribution: China (Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, W-Sichuan, NW-Yunnan); Tibet; Bhutan; India (Sikkim); N-Myanmar
36 CHI TIB 40 BHU IND 41 MYA
Remarks: sect. Cymbochilium
Synonyms: hidden
= Amesia mairei (Schltr.) Hu; Rhodora 27: 105 (1925)
= Amesia schensiana (Schltr.) Hu; Rhodora 27: 106 (1925)
= Amesia setschuanica (Ames & Schltr.) Hu; Rhodora 27: 106 (1925)
= Amesia wilsonii (Schltr.) Hu; Rhodora 27: 106 (1925)
= Arthrochilium mairei (Schltr.) Szlach.; Orchidee (Hamburg) 54(5): 588 (18 Dec. 2003)
= Arthrochilium schensianum (Schltr.) Szlach.; Orchidee (Hamburg) 54(5): 588 (18 Dec. 2003)
= Arthrochilium setschuanicum (Ames & Schltr.) Szlach.; Orchidee (Hamburg) 54(5): 588 (18 Dec. 2003)
= Arthrochilium wilsonii (Schltr.) Szlach.; Orchidee (Hamburg) 54(5): 588 (18 Dec. 2003)
= Epipactis schensiana Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 12: 341 (1922)
= Epipactis setschuanica Ames & Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 4: 56 (1919)
= Epipactis wilsonii Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 20: 382 (1924)
= Helleborine mairei (Schltr.) Soó; Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 26: 380 (1929)
= Helleborine schensiana (Schltr.) Soó; Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 26: 381 (1929)
= Helleborine setschuanica (Ames & Schltr.) Soó; Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 26: 381 (1929)
= Helleborine wilsonii (Schltr.) Soó; Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 26: 381 (1929)
species :
Epipactis microphylla (Ehrh.) Sw.; Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 21: 232 (1800)
Name: Kleinblättrige Ständelwurz (DE), Small-leaved Helleborine (EN)
Distribution: Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Spain; Baleares; France; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; Greece (widespread mainland except lowlands); Crete (mountains); Crimea; ?Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Chios); Turkey; N-Iran; Cyprus
11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX POL SLO SWI 12 BAL COR FRA SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS KRI MNT NMA ROM SIC SLV SMA SRB 14 KRY 33 ARM AZE GEO 34 CYP EAI IRN TUR
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis
Synonyms: hidden
= Amesia microphylla (Ehrh.) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.; Bot. Gaz. 56: 472 (1913)
= Epipactis athensis Lej.; Fl. Spa 2: 196 (1813)
= Epipactis atrorubens Rostk. ex Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 3: 707 (1826), nom. illeg.
= Epipactis helleborine var. canescens (Irmisch) Rchb.f.; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 13-14: 141 (1851)
= Epipactis helleborine var. microphylla (Ehrh.) Rchb.f.; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 13-14: 141 (1851)
= Epipactis helleborine var. nuda (Irmisch) Rchb.f.; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 13-14: 141 (1851)
= Epipactis intermedia Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 649 (1866)
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. microphylla (Ehrh.) Bonnier & Layens; Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France 409 (1894)
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. microphylla (Ehrh.) Rivas Goday & Borja; Anales Inst. Bot. Cavanilles 19: 537 (1961), isonym
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. parviflora (Pers.) K.Richt.; Pl. Eur. 1: 284 (1890)
= Epipactis latifolia var. microphylla (Ehrh.) DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 6: 334 (1815)
= Epipactis latifolia var. microphylla (Ehrh.) Desv.; 93 (1818)
= Epipactis microphylla f. canescens (Irmisch) E.G.Camus; Iconogr. Orchid. Europe 2: 484 (1929)
= Epipactis microphylla subsp. cossyrensis Brullo; Phytotaxa 512(2): 90 (2021)
= Epipactis microphylla subsp. intermedia (Schur) K.Richt.; Pl. Eur. 1: 283 (1890)
= Epipactis microphylla var. canescens Irmisch; Linnaea 19: 120 (1846)
= Epipactis microphylla var. cossyrensis (Brullo) Biagioli, Kreutz & De Simoni; GIROS Orch. Spont. Eur. 65(2): 149 (2022)
= Epipactis microphylla var. firmior Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 649 (1866)
= Epipactis microphylla var. glabrescens Velen.; Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. Prag, Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 27: 17 (1902)
= Epipactis microphylla var. intermedia Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 649 (1866)
= Epipactis microphylla var. nuda Irmisch; Linnaea 19: 120 (1846)
= Helleborine microphylla (Ehrh.) Schinz & Thell.; Vierteljahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zürich 53: 589 (1908)
= Helleborine microphylla f. firmior (Schur) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Helleborine microphylla f. nuda (Irmisch) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Helleborine microphylla var. canescens (Irmisch) Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 199 (1923 publ. 1924)
= Helleborine microphylla var. nuda (Irmisch) Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 199 (1923 publ. 1924)
= Limodorum microphyllum (Ehrh.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 671 (1891)
= Serapias athensis (Lej.) Hocq.; Fl. Jemmape 236 (1814)
= Serapias latifolia var. microphylla (Ehrh.) Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 2: 513 (1807)
= Serapias latifolia var. parvifolia Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 2: 512 (1807)
= Serapias microphylla Ehrh.; Beitr. Naturk. [Ehrhart] 4: 42 (1789)
species :
Epipactis muelleri Godfery; London J. Bot. 59: 106 (1921)
Name: Müller-Ständelwurz (DE)
Distribution: Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein [I], Saarland, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Austria; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; France; Italy; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina
11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LUX NET SLO SWI 12 FRA 13 BIH CRO ITA SLV SMA
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. A valid species fide Sramko et al. (2019)
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. muelleri (Godfrey) O.Bolòs, Masalles & Vigo; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 17(1): 96 (1987 publ. 1988)
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. muelleri (Godfery) P.Fourn.; Fl. Compl. Plaine Franç. 513 (1928)
= Epipactis latifolia var. muelleri (Godfery) Schltr.; Monogr. Iconogr. Orchid. Eur. 1: 271 (1928)
= Epipactis muelleri subsp. cerritae M.P.Grasso; Orchidee (Hamburg) Suppl. 2: 4 (1994)
= Helleborine latifolia subsp. muelleri (Godfery) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Helleborine muelleri (Godfery) Bech.; Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 45: 266 (1936)
= Parapactis epipactoides W.Zimm.; Mitt. Bad. Landesvereins Naturk. 1: 232 (1922)
variant :
var. lapidocampi (E.Klein & Laminger) Kreutz; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 24(1): 158 (2007)
Distribution: Austria (Niederösterreich)
11 AUT
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis lapidocampi E.Klein & Laminger; Phyton (Horn) 44(2): 187 (2004)
= Epipactis tremolsii subsp. lapidocampi (E.Klein & Laminger) Kreutz; Eurorchis 17: 106 (2005)
variant :
var. placentina (Bongiorni & Grünanger) comb.ined.
Distribution: Switzerland; Slovakia; Hungary; SE-France; Corsica; S-Italy; Sicily; Slovenia; Croatia
11 HUN SLO SWI 12 COR FRA 13 CRO ITA SIC SLV
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis atropurpurea Raf.; Caratt. Nuov. Gen. 87. n. 208 (1810), nom. illeg.
= Epipactis muelleri subsp. cerritae Grasso; Orchidee (Hamburg) Suppl. 2: 4 (1994)
= Epipactis placentina Bongiorni & Grünanger; Mitt. Arbeitskreises Heimische Orchideen 25(4): 460 (1993)
variant :
var. robatschiana (Bartolo, D´Emerico, Pulv., Terrasi & Stuto) comb.ined.
Distribution: Italy (Calabria, Aspromonte, Mte. Gargano)
13 ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis placentina subsp. robatschiana (Bartolo, D´Emerico, Pulv., Terrasi & Stuto) S.Hertel & Presser; J. Eur. Orch. 38(3): 493 (2006)
= Epipactis placentina var. robatschiana (Bartolo, D´Emerico, Pulv., Terrasi & Stuto) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 87(Orchids. 19): 259 (2006)
= Epipactis robatschiana Bartolo, D´Emerico, Pulv., Terrasi & Stuto; Caryologia 56(4): 441 (2003)
variant :
var. saltuaria Kreutz; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 26(2): 38 (2009)
Distribution: Germany; Luxembourg; Crimea; Northern Caucasus; etc.
11 GER LUX 14 KRY 33 NCS
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis bucegensis Anghelescu, L.Balogh & Mih.Balogh; Plants (Basel) 12(9)-1761: 24 (2023)
species :
Epipactis ohwii Fukuy.; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 48: 298 (1934)
Distribution: Taiwan
38 TAI
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. ohwii (Fukuy.) H.J.Su; Fl. Taiwan, ed. 2, 5: 861 (2000)
species :
Epipactis palustris (L.) Crantz; Stirp. Austr. Fasc., ed. 2, 6: 462 (1769)
Name: Sumpf-Ständelwurz (DE), Marsh Helleborine (EN)
Distribution: England (England, Wales, Isle of Man [I], Scotland); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; Andorra; France; Channel Isl.; Italy; Sicily; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; ?Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; ?North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; Greece (mountains of N-, NE- & C-Greece, Mt. Killini, C-Evvoia); European Turkey; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; ?Moldova; Ukraine; Crimea; European Russia (N-European Russia, C-European Russia, W-European Russia, E-European Russia); Siberia (Altai, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, W-Siberia); Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus] (Abkhazia, Adzharia, Shiga Kartli); Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey; Iran; China (N-Xinjiang)
10 DEN FIN GRB IRE NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 ADO CIS FRA POR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS ROM SIC SLV SRB TUE 14 BLR EST KRY LAT LIT RUS UKR 30 SIB 32 KAZ KGZ TKM TZK UZB 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 IRN TUR 36 CHI
Remarks: sect. Arthrochilium. A sexual, widespread species
Synonyms: hidden
= Amesia palustris (L.) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.; Bot. Gaz. 56: 472 (1913)
= Arthrochilium palustre (L.) Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich 1: 212 (1890)
= Calliphyllon palustre (L.) Bubani; Fl. Pyren. [Bubani] 4: 57 (1901)
= Cymbidium palustre (L.) Sw.; J. Bot. [Schrader] 2: 225 (1799)
= Epipactis palustris lusus albiflora (Lüscher) Höppner; Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl. Westphalens 81: 263 (1924 publ. 1925)
= Epipactis palustris lusus ochroleuca (Barla) Höppner; Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl. Westphalens 81: 263 (1924 publ. 1925)
= Epipactis palustris lusus tricolor Höppner; Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl. Westphalens 81: 263 (1925)
= Epipactis palustris lusus violacea Höppner; Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl. Westphalens 81: 263 (1924 publ. 1925)
= Epipactis palustris f. albiflora (Lüscher) J.D.Arm. & J.M.H.Shaw; Orchid Rev., Suppl., 121 (1301): 15 (2013)
= Epipactis palustris f. albiflora (Lüscher) Verm.; Fl. Neerl. 1(5): 100 (1958)
= Epipactis palustris f. ampla Höppner; Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl. Westphalens 81: 262 (1924 publ. 1925)
= Epipactis palustris f. elongata Höppner; Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl. Westphalens 81: 260 (1924 publ. 1925)
= Epipactis palustris f. ericetorum (Asch. & Graebn.) Soó; Ann. Univ. Sci. Budapest. Rolando Eötvös, Sect. Biol. 11: 55 (1969)
= Epipactis palustris f. gracilis Höppner; Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl. Westphalens 81: 262 (1924 publ. 1925)
= Epipactis palustris f. longibracteata Höppner; Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl. Westphalens 81: 261 (1924 publ. 1925)
= Epipactis palustris f. macrostachya Höppner; Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl. Westphalens 81: 262 (1924 publ. 1925)
= Epipactis palustris f. ochroleuca (Barla) O.Gruss; OrchideenJ. 19(4): 153 (2012)
= Epipactis palustris f. pumila Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Galic. Crit. 1: 224 (1906)
= Epipactis palustris f. purpurea (Sipkes) L.Lewis & Mielcarek; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 38(2): 61 (2021)
= Epipactis palustris f. rectilinguis Höppner; Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl. Westphalens 81: 259 (1924 publ. 1925)
= Epipactis palustris f. robusta (Zapal.) Höppner; Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl. Westphalens 81: 261 (1924 publ. 1925)
= Epipactis palustris f. silvatica (Asch. & Graebn.) Höppner; Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl. Westphalens 81: 260 (1924 publ. 1925)
= Epipactis palustris f. submersa Glück; Biol. Morphol. Untersuch. Wasser- Sumpfgewächse 3: 56 (1911)
= Epipactis palustris f. tricolor (Höppner) L.Lewis & Mielcarek; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 38(2): 66 (2021)
= Epipactis palustris subsp. salina (Schur) K.Richt.; Pl. Eur. 1: 283 (1890)
= Epipactis palustris var. albiflora E.G.Camus; Iconogr. Orchid. Europe 2: 469 (1929), nom. illeg.
= Epipactis palustris var. albiflora Lüscher; Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 16: 139 (1910)
= Epipactis palustris var. elatior Pantu; Orch. Roman. 168 (1915)
= Epipactis palustris var. ericetorum Asch. & Graebn.; Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. [Ascherson & Graebner] 3: 871 (1907)
= Epipactis palustris var. ochroleuca Barla; Fl. Ill. Nice, Orchid., t. 10 (1868)
= Epipactis palustris var. parvifolia Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 650 (1866)
= Epipactis palustris var. purpurea Sipkes; Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 152 (1918)
= Epipactis palustris var. robusta Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Galic. Crit. 1: 224 (1906)
= Epipactis palustris var. silvatica Asch. & Graebn.; Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. [Ascherson & Graebner] 3: 871 (1907)
= Epipactis salina Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 650 (1866)
= Helleborine latifolia Moench; Methodus [Moench], Suppl. 311 (1802)
= Helleborine palustris (L.) Hill; Brit. Herb. [Hill] 478 (1756), opus utique oppr.
= Helleborine palustris (L.) Schrank; Fl. Monac. 2: 190 (1814)
= Helleborine palustris lusus albiflora (Lüscher) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine palustris lusus ochroleuca (Barla) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine palustris lusus purpurea (Sipkes) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine palustris lusus tricolor (Höppner) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine palustris lusus violacea (Höppner) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine palustris f. ampla (Höppner) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine palustris f. ericetorum (Asch. & Graebn.) Soó; Arch. Bot. (Leipzig) 23: 116 (1928)
= Helleborine palustris f. gracilis (Höppner) Soó; Arch. Bot. (Leipzig) 23: 116 (1928)
= Helleborine palustris f. longibracteata (Höppner) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine palustris f. parvifolia (Schur) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine palustris f. rectilinguis (Höppner) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine palustris f. silvatica (Asch. & Graebn.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine palustris f. submersa (Glück) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
= Helleborine palustris var. ericetorum (Asch. & Graebn.) Druce; Hayw., Bot. Pocket-Book, ed. 19: 285 (1930)
= Limodorum palustre (L.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 671 (1891)
= Serapias helleborine var. palustris L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 950 (1753)
= Serapias longiflora Asso; Syn. Stirp. Aragon. 131 (1779)
= Serapias palustris (L.) L.; Amoen. Acad., Linnaeus ed. 4: 107 (1759)
= Serapias palustris (L.) Mill.; Gard. Dict., ed. 8: no. 3 (1768)
species :
Epipactis papillosa Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 519 (1879)
Distribution: Russian Far East (Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Kuril Isl., Primorye, Sakhalin); China (S-Liaoning); North Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu)
31 RFE 36 CHI 38 JAP NKO
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis
Synonyms: hidden
= Amesia papillosa (Franch. & Sav.) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.; Bot. Gaz. 56: 472 (1913)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. papillosa (Franch. & Sav.) Fateryga; Turczaninowia 21(4): 24 (2018)
= Epipactis helleborine var. papillosa (Franch. & Sav.) T.Hashim.; Proc. 12th World Orchid Conf. 1987 (eds. K. Saito & R. Tanaka): 120 (1987)
= Epipactis helleborine var. sayekiana (Makino) T.Hashim.; Proc. 12th World Orchid Conf. 1987 (eds. K. Saito & R. Tanaka): 121 (1987)
= Epipactis latifolia var. papillosa (Franch. & Sav.) Maxim. ex Kom.; Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 20: 523 (1901)
= Epipactis papillosa var. imkoeensis Y.N.Lee & K.S.Lee; Bull. Korea Pl. Res. 2: 38 (2002)
= Epipactis papillosa var. sayekiana (Makino) T.Koyama & Asai; J. Jap. Bot. 33: 226 (1958)
= Epipactis sayekiana Makino; J. Jap. Bot. 2, p. (22) (1918), japonice.
= Helleborine papillosa (Franch. & Sav.) Druce; Vierteljahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zürich 53: 589 (1908)
= Limodorum papillosum (Franch. & Sav.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 671 (1891)
= Serapias sayekiana (Makino) Makino; J. Jap. Bot. 6: 8 (1929)
species :
Epipactis persica (Hausskn. ex Soó) Hausskn. ex Nannf.; Bot. Not. 2 (1946)
Name: Persische Ständelwurz
Distribution: Turkmenistan; Iran (Zagros, Alborz); Afghanistan (Kabul, Kunar / Nuristan, Wardak, Paktia / Khost, Parwan); N-Pakistan (Chitral, Swat, Hazara, Gilgit, Karakorum); India (Jammu & Kashmir)
32 TKM 34 AFG IRN 40 IND PAK
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Probably to be included into E. phyllanthes
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. persica (Soó) H.Sund.; Europ. Medit. Orchid., ed. 3: 41 (1980), nom. inval.
= Epipactis microphylla subsp. persica (Soó) Hautz.; Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 115: 42 (1976)
= Epipactis persica (Soó) Renz; Orchidee (Hamburg) 24(6): 251, 253 (1973), et 25(1): 5 (1974)
= Helleborine persica (Soó) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 36 (1927)
variant :
var. danubialis (Robatsch & Rydlo) comb.ined.
Distribution: E-Romania; European Turkey; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; S-Armenia; Azerbaijan; East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos); Turkey (N-Anatolia)
13 ROM TUE 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 EAI TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. transcaucasica Khokhr.; Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prír., Otd. Biol. 96(4): 107 (1991)
= Epipactis albensis subsp. danubialis (Robatsch & Rydlo) Kreutz; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 24(1): 183 (2007)
= Epipactis atrorubens subsp. danubialis (Robatsch & Rydlo) Ciocârlan & R.Rösler; J. Eur. Orch. 36(3): 812 (2004)
= Epipactis danubialis Robatsch & Rydlo; Linzer Biol. Beitr. 21 (1­2): 296 (1989)
variant :
var. euxina (Fateryga, Popovich & Kreutz) comb.ined.
Distribution: Northern Caucasus (Krasnodar)
33 NCS
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis euxina Fateryga, Popovich & Kreutz; Phytotaxa 358(3): 279 (2018)
variant :
var. exilis (P.Delforge) comb.ined.
Distribution: Austria; France (Cevennes, Drome); Corsica; Sardinia; Italy (N-, C-, S-Italy); Hungary; Croatia; Slovakia; Romania; Bulgaria; North Macedonia; Greece (scattered N- & C-Greece, Mt. Killini, Mt. Parnonas)
11 AUT HUN SLO 12 COR FRA SAR 13 BUL CRO GRC ITA NMA ROM
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis baumanniorum Soldano & F.Conti; Annot. Checkl. Italian Vasc. Fl. 18 (2005), nom. illeg.
= Epipactis persica subsp. gracilis W.Rossi; Accad. Nazl. Lincei, Quad. 264: 297 (1990)
= Epipactis baumanniorum Ströhle; J. Eur. Orch. 36(4): 1044 (2004) [nom. nov. superfl.]
= Epipactis exilis P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 85 (Orchid. 17): 246 (2004), nom. nov.
= Epipactis gracilis B.Baumann & H.Baumann; Mitt. Arbeitskreises Heimische Orchideen 20(1): 26 (1988), nom. illeg.
= Epipactis persica subsp. exilis (P.Delforge) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 66 (2004)
variant :
var. hygrophila (S.Hertel) comb.ined.
Distribution: S-Italy (Basilicata)
13 ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis hygrophila S.Hertel; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 36(1): 36 (2019)
variant :
var. taurica (Fateryga & Kreutz) comb.ined.
Distribution: Crimea
14 KRY
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis persica subsp. taurica (Fateryga & Kreutz) Fateryga & Kreutz; J. Eur. Orch. 46(2): 413 (2014)
= Epipactis taurica Fateryga & Kreutz; J. Eur. Orch. 44(1): 201 (2012)
species :
Epipactis phyllanthes G.E.Sm.; Gard. Chron. 1852: 660 (1852)
Name: Grünblütige Ständelwurz (DE), Green-flowered Helleborine (EN)
Distribution: England (England, Wales, NC-Scotland); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Denmark; Sweden; Belgium; Germany (Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Schleswig-Holstein); ?Austria; Spain; France
10 DEN GRB IRE SWE 11 BGM GER 12 FRA SPA
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. A valid sp. fide Sramkó et al. 2019, but the various described microspecies are at most varieties
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. phyllanthes (G.E.Sm.) H.Sund.; Europ. Medit. Orchid., ed. 3: 41 (1980)
= Epipactis stellifera Di Antonio & Veya; Candollea 56(1): 204 (2001)
variant :
var. arenaria (Birkedal & Kreutz) comb.ined.
Distribution: Sweden (S-Sweden, Gotland, Oeland)
10 SWE
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis phyllanthes subsp. arenaria Birkedal & Kreutz; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 26(2): 29 (2009)
variant :
var. cambrensis (C.A.Thomas) P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 5: 364 (1996)
Distribution: England (Wales)
10 GRB
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis cambrensis C.A.Thomas; Watsonia 1: 284 (1950)
variant :
var. campeadorii (P.Delforge) comb.ined.
Distribution: N-Spain (Burgos, Cantabria)
12 SPA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis campeadorii P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 76(3): 90 (1995)
= Epipactis hispanica Benito & C.E.Hermos.; Estud. Mus. Cienc. Nat. Álava 13: 106 (1998)
= Epipactis hispanica var. viridis Benito & C.E.Hermos.; Estud. Mus. Cienc. Nat. Álava 13: 107 (1998)
= Epipactis phyllanthes subsp. campeadorii (P.Delforge) Kreutz; Eurorchis 17: 106 (2005)
variant :
var. confusa (D.P.Young) comb.ined.
Distribution: England (Wales); S-Sweden; Denmark
10 DEN GRB SWE
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis confusa D.P.Young; Bot. Not. 263 (1953)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. confusa (D.P.Young) H.Sund.; Europ. Medit. Orchid., ed. 3: 41 (1980), no exact basionym page.
= Epipactis phyllanthes subsp. confusa (D.P.Young) Løjtnant; Flora Fauna (Arhus) 101(2): 72 (1996)
variant :
var. degenera D.P.Young; Watsonia 2(4): 267 (1952)
Distribution: England (S-England); Belgium; Germany (Nordrhein-Westfalen)
10 GRB 11 BGM GER
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis degenera (D.P.Young) Kreutz; Guide Orchids Europe N. Afr. Middle E. 155 (2024)
variant :
var. fageticola C.E.Hermos.; Estud. Mus. Cienc. Nat. Álava 13: 138 (1998)
Distribution: Switzerland; Portugal; Spain (NE-, W-, S-Spain); France (S- & C-France); Italy (NE-Italy: Aosta)
11 SWI 12 FRA POR SPA 13 ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis phyllanthes subsp. fageticola (C.E.Hermos.) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 66 (2004)
= Epipactis fageticola (C.E.Hermos.) Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers; Naturalistes Belges 80(3): 302 (1999)
variant :
var. olarionensis P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 78(3): 242 (1997)
Distribution: SW-France (Charente-Maritime, Gironde, Landes, Vendée)
12 FRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis olarionensis (P.Delforge) Kreutz; Guide Orchids Europe N. Afr. Middle E. 156 (2024)
variant :
var. pendula (C.A.Thomas) D.P.Young; Watsonia 2(4): 267 (1952)
Distribution: England (England, Wales); Ireland (NE- and E-Ireland); S-Sweden; Denmark; Germany
10 DEN GRB IRE SWE 11 GER
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis pendula C.A.Thomas; J. Bot. 79: 203 (1942), nom. illeg. [non Eaton 1908]
= Epipactis pendula var. minor Brooke; Wild Orchids Britain 123 (1950)
= Epipactis phyllanthes subsp. pendula (D.P.Young) Kreutz; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 24(1): 159 (2007)
variant :
var. vectensis (T.Stephenson & T.A.Stephenson) D.P.Young; Watsonia 2(4): 266 (1952)
Distribution: England (England, Wales)
10 GRB
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis vectensis (T.Stephenson & T.A.Stephenson) Brooke & F.Rose; J. Bot. 78: 88 (1940)
= Epipactis leptochila var. vectensis T.Stephenson & T.A.Stephenson; London J. Bot. 59: 205 (1921)
= Helleborine latifolia subvar. vectensis (T.Stephenson & T.A.Stephenson) Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 192 (1923 publ. 1924)
= Helleborine latifolia var. vectensis (T.Stephenson & T.A.Stephenson) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Helleborine leptochila var. vectensis (T.Stephenson & T.A.Stephenson) Druce; Hayw., Bot. Pocket-Book, ed. 19: 286 (1930)
= Helleborine viridiflora f. vectensis T.Stephenson & T.A.Stephenson; London J. Bot. 56: 1 (1918)
species :
Epipactis pontica Taubenheim; Orchidee (Hamburg) 26(2): 68 (1975)
Distribution: E-Austria (Steiermark, Burgenland, Niederösterreich); S-Poland; E-Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Italy (NE- & C-Italy); Slovenia; Croatia; Serbia; Bulgaria; N-Greece (Rodopi, Thracia, Mt. Olimbos, Mt. Voras); SE-European Russia (Krasnodar); Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Turkey (N-Anatolia)
11 AUT CZE HUN POL SLO 13 BUL CRO GRC ITA SLV SRB 14 RUS 33 GEO NCS 34 TUR
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Valid species fide Sramkó et al. 2019
Conservation Status: IUCN I (Slovakia), R (Turkey)
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. pontica (Taubenheim) H.Sund.; Europ. Medit. Orchid., ed. 3: 41 (1980), nom. inval.
= Epipactis persica subsp. pontica (Taubenheim) H.Baumann & R.Lorenz; J. Eur. Orch. 37: 711 (2005)
variant :
var. etrusca (Presser & S.Hertel) comb.ined.
Distribution: C-Italy (Toscana: Mte. Amiata)
13 ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis etrusca Presser & S.Hertel; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 31(1): 173 (2014)
variant :
var. garganica (S.Hertel) comb.ined.
Distribution: C-Italy (Mte. Gargano)
13 ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis garganica S.Hertel; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 36(1): 20 (2019)
variant :
var. majellensis (Presser & S.Hertel) comb.ined.
Distribution: C-Italy (Maiella)
13 ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis majellensis Presser & S.Hertel; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 36(1): 13 (2019)
species :
Epipactis purpurata Sm.; Engl. Fl. 4: 41 (1828), nom. cons.
Name: Violette Ständelwurz (DE), Violet Helleborine (EN)
Distribution: England (S- & SC-England, E-Wales); Denmark; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; France; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Serbia; Kosovo; Romania; Bulgaria; NW-Greece (Pindos, Mt. Grammos); Lithuania; Ukraine; European Russia (W-European Russia)
10 DEN GRB 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX POL SLO SWI 12 FRA 13 BIH BUL CRO GRC KOS ROM SLV SRB 14 LIT RUS UKR
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Bona sp. fide Sramkó et al. 2019
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis atrorubens var. viridiflora (Hoffm.) Ducommun; 727 (1869)
= Epipactis atrorubens var. viridiflora (Hoffm.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 688 (1882), isonym
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. media (Fr.) Syme; 123 (1869)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. varians (Crantz) H.Sund.; Europ. Medit. Orchid., ed. 3: 41 (1980)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. varians (Crantz) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Fl. Països Catalans 4: 612 (2001)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. varians (Crantz) Soó; Kolozsvar Fl. 137 (1941)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. violacea (Dur.-Duq.) Tourlet; 499 (1908)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. viridiflora (Hoffm. ex Krock.) O.Schwarz; Mitt. Thüring. Bot. Ges. 1: 92 (1949)
= Epipactis helleborine var. purpurata (Sm.) Syme; 123 (1869)
= Epipactis helleborine var. varians Crantz; Stirp. Austr. Fasc., ed. 2, 6: 468, 471 (1769)
= Epipactis helleborine var. violacea (Dur.-Duq.) Rchb.f.; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 13/14: 143 (1851)
= Epipactis helleborine var. viridiflora (Hoffm.) Bordz.; Fl. URSR 3: 341 (1950), nom. superfl.
= Epipactis helleborine var. viridiflora (Rchb.) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Fl. Països Catalans 4: 612 (2001)
= Epipactis helleborine var. viridis Syme; 123 (1869)
= Epipactis latifolia proles viridiflora (Hoffm.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 13: 204 (1912)
= Epipactis latifolia f. foliosa Leimbach ex Dichtl; Deutsche Bot. Monatsschr. 1: 149 (1883)
= Epipactis latifolia f. praematura (Krösche) Seeland; 48 (1929)
= Epipactis latifolia f. varians (Crantz) Dichtl; Deutsche Bot. Monatsschr. 1: 149 (1883)
= Epipactis latifolia f. violacea (Dur.-Duq.) Neuman; Sver. Fl. 637 (1901)
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. media (Fr.) Moore & More; 288 (1866)
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. purpurata (Sm.) Gand.; Nov. Consp. Fl. Eur. 459 (1910), isonym
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. purpurata (Sm.) K.Richt.; Pl. Eur. 1: 284 (1890)
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. varians (Crantz) K.Richt.; Pl. Eur. 1: 284 (1890)
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. violacea (Dur.-Duq.) Bertsch & F.Bertsch; 132 (1948), isonym
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. violacea (Dur.-Duq.) E.G.Camus; Monogr. Orchid. 416 (1908)
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. viridiflora (Hoffm.) Schübl. & G.Martens; Fl. Würtemberg 571 (1834)
= Epipactis latifolia subsp. viridiflora (Hoffm.) Seeland; 47 (1929), isonym
= Epipactis latifolia var. brevifolia Irmisch; Linnaea 16: 451 (1842)
= Epipactis latifolia var. purpurata (Sm.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 688 (1882)
= Epipactis latifolia var. purpurea (Celak.) Asch. & Graebn.; Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. [Ascherson & Graebner] 3: 862 (1907)
= Epipactis latifolia var. varians (Crantz) Asch.; Fl. Brandenburg 1: 693 (1864)
= Epipactis latifolia var. violacea Dur.-Duq.; Mém. Soc. Émul. Lisieux 102 (1846)
= Epipactis latifolia var. viridiflora (Hoffm.) Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 487 (1822), nom. superfl.
= Epipactis leptochila f. tridentifera Krösche; 91 (1929), nom. illeg.
= Epipactis macropodia var. viridiflora (Hoffm.) Peterm.; Fl. Bienitz 31 (1841), nom. superfl.
= Epipactis media var. purpurata (Sm.) Bab.; 314 (1847)
= Epipactis purpurata f. chlorophylla (Seeland) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 90: 327 (2009)
= Epipactis purpurata f. variegata Zolubak & Jakubska-Busse; Ann. Bot. Fenn. 55: 285 (2018)
= Epipactis rubiginosa var. stenopetala Waisb.; Magyar Bot. Lapok 7: 44 (1908)
= Epipactis sessilifolia Peterm.; Flora (Regensburg) 27: 370 (1844)
= Epipactis varians (Crantz) Dalla Torre & Sarnth.; Fl. Tirol 6(1): 542 (1906), isonym
= Epipactis varians (Crantz) H.Fleischm. & Rech.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 55: 271 (1905)
= Epipactis violacea (Dur.-Duq.) Boreau; Fl. Centre France [Boreau], éd. 3: 651 (1857)
= Epipactis violacea f. chlorophylla Seeland; Orchid. Hildesheim 49 (1929)
= Epipactis viridans f. brevifolia (Irmisch) Zapal.; Consp. Fl. Galic. Crit. 1: 225 (1906)
= Epipactis viridans var. viridiflora (Hoffm.) Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich 214 (1890), nom. superfl.
= Epipactis viridiflora (Hoffm.) Krock.; Fl. Siles. [Krocker] 3: 41 (1814)
= Epipactis viridiflora (Hoffm.) Rchb.; Handb. Gewächsk., ed. 2, 2: 1575 (1828)
= Epipactis viridiflora f. acutiflora Krösche; 308 (1928)
= Epipactis viridiflora Hoffm. ex Krock.; Fl. Siles. [Krocker] 3: 41 (1814), nom. rej. prop.
= Epipactis ×merediorum Batou?ek; J. Eur. Orch. 41: 508 (2009)
= Helleborine latifolia monstr. abortiva Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 192 (1923 publ. 1924)
= Helleborine latifolia monstr. interrupta Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 192 (1923 publ. 1924), nom. illeg.
= Helleborine latifolia f. foliosa (Leimbach ex Dichtl) Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 192 (1923 publ. 1924), nom. illeg.
= Helleborine latifolia f. gracilis Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 196 (1923 publ. 1924), nom. illeg.
= Helleborine latifolia subsp. varians (Crantz) Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 194 (1923 publ. 1924)
= Helleborine latifolia subsp. viridiflora (Hoffm.) Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 190 (1924)
= Helleborine latifolia var. dilatata Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 193 (1923 publ. 1924), nom. illeg.
= Helleborine latifolia var. purpurea (Celak.) Schinz & Thell.; Fl. Schweiz [Schinz] ed. 3, 1: 75 (1914)
= Helleborine latifolia var. varians (Crantz) Graber; Bull. Soc. Neuchateloise Sci. Nat. 48: 194 (1924)
= Helleborine latifolia var. viridiflora (Hoffm.) Briq.; Prodr. Fl. Corse 1: 385 (1910), nom. superfl.
= Helleborine purpurata (Sm.) Druce; J. Bot. 47: 28 (1909)
= Helleborine sessilifolia (Peterm.) Druce; Ann. Scott. Nat. Hist. 1905: 48 (1905)
= Helleborine sessilifolia (Peterm.) Vollm.; Fl. Bayern [Vollmann] 170 (1914)
= Helleborine varians (Crantz) O.Schwarz; Mitth. Thüring. Bot. Vereins, N. F. 43: 32 (1936)
= Helleborine violacea (Dur.-Duq.) Druce; Ann. Scott. Nat. Hist. 48 (1905), et Dillen. Herb. 115 (1907)
= Helleborine viridiflora (Hoffm.) Wheldon & Travis; J. Bot. 51: 344 (1913)
= Limodorum violaceum (Dur.-Duq.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 672 (1891)
= Serapias sessilifolia (Peterm.) A.A.Eaton; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 21: 67 (1908)
= Serapias viridiflora Hoffm.; Deutschl. Fl., Jahrgang 4 [Hoffmann]: 182 (1804) [nom. inval.]
variant :
var. calabrica (U.Grabner, S.Hertel & Presser) comb.ined.
Distribution: S-Italy (Calabria)
13 ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis calabrica U.Grabner, S.Hertel & Presser; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 31(1): 181 (2014)
variant :
var. halacsyi (Robatsch) comb.ined.
Distribution: S-Greece (higher mountains of Peloponnisos)
13 GRC
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis purpurata subsp. halacsyi (Robatsch) Kreutz; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 24(1): 160 (2007)
= Epipactis halacsyi Robatsch; Linzer Biol. Beitr. 22(1): 146 (1990)
= Epipactis graeca Halácsy ex Soó; Bot. Arch. 23: 120 (1928), nomen
= Epipactis viridiflora subsp. halacsyi (Robatsch) H.Baumann & R.Lorenz; J. Eur. Orch. 37(4): 943 (2005)
variant :
var. minipurpurata (S.Hertel & Presser) comb.ined.
Distribution: Italy (Basilicata: Mte. Pollino)
13 ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis minipurpurata S.Hertel & Presser; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 38(1): 130 (2021)
variant :
var. pollinensis (B.Baumann & H.Baumann) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 87(Orchids. 19): 259 (2006)
Distribution: Sicily (Pantelleria); Italy (Basilicata, Mte. Gargano, Mte. Pollin, Mte. Vulturino, etc.)
13 ITA SIC
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis purpurata subsp. pollinensis (B.Baumann & H.Baumann) Kreutz; Eurorchis 18: 94 (2006)
= Epipactis pollinensis B.Baumann & H.Baumann; J. Eur. Orch. 32(1): 94 (2000)
= Epipactis viridiflora subsp. pollinensis (B.Baumann & H.Baumann) H.Baumann & R.Lorenz; J. Eur. Orch. 37: 943 (2005)
= Epipactis viridiflora var. pollinensis (B.Baumann & H.Baumann) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 69 (2004)
variant :
var. pseudopurpurata (Mered´a f.) comb.ined.
Distribution: Slovakia; E-Czech Republic; W-Hungary
11 CZE HUN SLO
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis pseudopurpurata Mered´a f. [Preslia 68(1): 27 (1996)]
= Epipactis purpurata subsp. pseudopurpurata (Mered´a f.) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 69 (2004)
= Epipactis viridiflora subsp. pseudopurpurata (Mered´a f.) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 69 (2004)
variant :
var. rechingeri (Renz) comb.ined.
Distribution: S-Azerbaijan (Lenkoran); N-Iran (Alborz: Mazandaran, Gorgan)
33 AZE 34 IRN
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis purpurata subsp. rechingeri (Renz) Kreutz; Eurorchis 18: 94 (2006)
= Epipactis rechingeri Renz; Orchidee (Hamburg) 24(6): 253 (1973)
= Epipactis viridiflora subsp. rechingeri (Renz) H.Baumann & R.Lorenz; J. Eur. Orch. 37(3): 713 (2005)
form :
f. rosea (Erdner) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 88: 250 (2008)
Distribution: England (S-England); Luxembourg; Germany; France; Romania; etc.
10 GRB 11 GER LUX 12 FRA 13 ROM
Remarks: a mutation almost without chlorophyll
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis purpurata lusus rosea (Erdner) Soó; Jahresber. Naturwiss. Vereins Wuppertal 23: 82 (1970)
= Epipactis purpurata var. rosea (Erdner) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 69 (2004), et Eurorchis 18: 94 (2006)
= Epipactis latifolia lusus rosea Erdner; Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. [Ascherson & Graebner] 3: 864 (1907)
= Epipactis viridiflora var. rosea (Erdner) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 69 (2004)
= Helleborine latifolia f. rosea (Erdner) Graber; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 98: 196 (1923 publ. 1924)
variant :
var. sanguinea (S.Hertel & Presser) comb.ined.
Distribution: S-Italy (Calabria, Basilicata)
13 ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis sanguinea S.Hertel & Presser; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 31(1): 159 (2014)
species :
Epipactis royleana Lindl.; Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. [Royle] 1: 368 (1839), nomen, et Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 461 (1840)
Distribution: Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Afghanistan; S-Tibet; N-Pakistan (Chitral, Gilgit, Baltistan, Karakorum); Nepal; Bhutan; India (Sikkim, Chumbi, Uttarakhand); N-Myanmar
32 KGZ TZK UZB 34 AFG 36 TIB 40 BHU IND NEP PAK 41 MYA
Remarks: sect. Megapactis
Synonyms: hidden
= Amesia royleana (Lindl.) Hu; Rhodora 27: 106 (1925)
= Arthrochilium royleanum (Lindl.) Szlach.; Orchidee (Hamburg) 54(5): 588 (18 Dec. 2003)
= Cephalanthera kokanica Regel ex Nevski; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 4: 622 (1935)
= Cephalanthera royleana (Lindl.) Regel; Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada, prepr. 6: 490 (1879)
= Helleborine royleana (Lindl.) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 35 (1927)
= Limodorum royleanum (Lindl.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 671 (1891)
species :
Epipactis thunbergii A.Gray; Narr. Exped. China Seas Japan 1852-1854 [M.C. Perry] 2: 319 (1856)
Distribution: Russian Far East (Khabarovsk, Primorye); China (E-Zhejiang); South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Yakushima Isl.); Ryukyu Isl. (Okinawa, Amami Oshima)
31 RFE 36 CHI 38 JAP KOR NNS
Synonyms: hidden
= Amesia thunbergii (A.Gray) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.; Bot. Gaz. 56: 473 (1913)
= Arthrochilium thunbergii (A.Gray) Szlach.; Orchidee (Hamburg) 54(5): 588 (18 Dec. 2003)
= Epipactis gigantea var. manshurica Maxim. ex Kom.; Fl. Manshur. 1: 524 (1901)
= Epipactis gigantea var. thunbergii (A.Gray) M.Hiroe; Orchid Flowers 2: 63 (1971)
= Epipactis longifolia Blume; Coll. Orchid. 185 (1859), nom. illeg.
= Epipactis manshurica Maxim. ex Nevski; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 4: 622 (1935)
= Epipactis thunbergii f. flava Ohwi; Fl. Jap., revised ed. [Ohwi] 1438 (1965)
= Epipactis thunbergii f. subconformis Sakata; J. Jap. Bot. 35: 224 (1960)
= Epipactis thunbergii var. manshurica (Maxim. ex Kom.) Tang & F.T.Wang; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1: 67 (1951)
= Helleborine chinensis Soó; Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 26: 380 (1929)
= Helleborine longifolia Soó; Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 26: 380 (1929), nom. illeg.
= Helleborine thunbergii (A.Gray) Druce; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 547 (1909)
= Limodorum thunbergii (A.Gray) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 671 (1891)
= Serapias longifolia Thunb.; Fl. Jap. [Thunberg] 28 (1784), nom. illeg.
species :
Epipactis tremolsii Pau; Bol. Soc. Aragonesa Ci. Nat. 13: 43 (1914)
Distribution: Portugal; Spain; France (S-France); Corsica; Sardinia; C-Italy; SC-Italy; Morocco; NW-Algeria
12 COR FRA POR SAR SPA 13 ITA 20 ALG MOR
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Status uncertain, probably only a subspecies of E. helleborine. The various microspecies split off are at most varieties
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis atropurpurea var. tremolsii (Pau) Schltr.; Monogr. Iconogr. Orchid. Eur. 1: 274 (1928)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. tremolsii (Pau) E.Klein; Orchidee (Hamburg) 30(2): 49 (1979)
= Epipactis tremolsii var. viridiflora J.Benito; Estud. Mus. Cienc. Nat. Álava 14: 30 (1999)
= Helleborine atropurpurea var. tremolsii (Pau) Soó; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
variant :
var. bithynica (Robatsch) comb.ined.
Distribution: Turkey (N-Anatolia)
34 TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. bithynica (Robatsch) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 61 (2004)
= Epipactis bithynica Robatsch; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 8(1): 61 (1991)
= Epipactis pycnostachys K.Koch; Linnaea 22: 289 (1850), type lost, tentative synonym
variant :
var. cardina (Benito & C.E.Hermos.) comb.ined.
Distribution: Spain (E- & S-Spain)
12 SPA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis tremolsii subsp. cardina (Benito & C.E.Hermos.) Kreutz; Eurorchis 17: 106 (2005)
= Epipactis cardina Benito & C.E.Hermos.; Estud. Mus. Cienc. Nat. Álava 13: 109 (1998)
variant :
var. castanearum (Gévaudan, Nicole & Anglade) comb.ined.
Distribution: S-France (Ardèche, Hérault)
12 FRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis castanearum (Gévaudan, Nicole & Anglade) Kreutz; Guide Orchids Europe N. Afr. Middle E. 56 (2024)
= Epipactis helleborine var. castanearum Gévaudan, Nicole & Anglade; Naturalistes Belges 92: 34 (2011)
variant :
var. densifolia (W.Hahn, Passin & R.Wegener) comb.ined.
Distribution: East Aegaean Isl. (Samos); Turkey (S- & SW-Anatolia: Antalya, Konya, Karaman, Mersin)
34 EAI TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis densifolia W.Hahn, Passin & R.Wegener; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 20: 59 (2003)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. densifolia (W.Hahn, Passin & R.Wegener) Kreutz; Eurorchis 17: 105 (2005)
= Epipactis tremolsii subsp. densifolia (W.Hahn, Passin & R.Wegener) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 67 (2004)
variant :
var. duriensis (Bernardos, D.Tyteca, Revuelta & Amich) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 85 (Orchid. 17): 251 (2004)
Distribution: Portugal (Tras-os-Montes); W-Spain (Salamanca, Cáceres)
12 POR SPA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis tremolsii subsp. duriensis (Bernardos, D.Tyteca, Revuelta & Amich) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 67 (2004)
= Epipactis duriensis Bernardos, D.Tyteca, Revuelta & Amich; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 145(2): 241 (2004)
variant :
var. heraclea (P.Delforge & Kreutz) comb.ined.
Distribution: Greece (C-Greece: Phthiotis)
13 GRC
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis tremolsii subsp. heraclea (P.Delforge & Kreutz) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 67 (2004)
= Epipactis heraclea P.Delforge & Kreutz; Naturalistes Belges 84 (Orchid. 16): 22 (2003)
variant :
var. latina (W.Rossi & E.Klein) comb.ined.
Distribution: Italy (C- & S-Italy, Elba); Croatia (Istria); Slovenia
13 CRO ITA SLV
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. latina W.Rossi & E.Klein; Orchidee (Hamburg) 38(2): 93 (1987)
= Epipactis latina (W.Rossi & E.Klein) B.Baumann & H.Baumann; Mitt. Arbeitskreises Heimische Orchideen 20: 39 (1988)
= Epipactis tremolsii subsp. latina (W.Rossi & E.Klein) S.Hertel & Riech.; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 20(1): 28 (2003)
variant :
var. levantina (Kreutz, Óvári & Shifman) comb.ined.
Distribution: Crimea; East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Chios, Kos, Rhodos); Turkey (S-Anatolia: Antalya, Adana, Hatay); NW-Syria; Israel (Golan Heights, Galilee); Azerbaijan
14 KRY 33 AZE 34 EAI ISR SYR TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis levantina (Kreutz, Óvári & Shifman) P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 96 (Orchid. 28): 15 (2015)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. levantina Kreutz, Óvári & Shifman; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 27: 202 (2010 publ. 2011)
variant :
var. lusitanica (D.Tyteca) comb.ined.
Distribution: Portugal (Algarve, Alentejo); Spain (Huelva, Sevilla, Cádiz, Málaga, Cáceres, Badajoz)
12 POR SPA
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis tremolsii subsp. lusitanica (D.Tyteca) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 68 (2004)
= Epipactis lusitanica D.Tyteca; Orchidophile (Paris) 84: 218 (1988)
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. lusitanica (D.Tyteca) J.-M.Tison; Biocosme Mésogéen 27: 125 (2010), with incorrect basionym ref.
variant :
var. odemensis (Kreutz & Shifman) comb.ined.
Distribution: Israel (Golan Heights)
34 ISR
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis odemensis Kreutz & Shifman; Orchids Israel 53 (2021)
variant :
var. thracica (Kreutz) comb.ined.
Distribution: Greece (NE-Greece: Nomos Evrou)
13 GRC
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis thracica Kreutz; Guide Orchids Europe N. Afr. Middle E. 93 (2024)
variant :
var. turcica (Kreutz) comb.ined.
Distribution: Crimea; Turkey (N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, SC-Anatolia); Syria (NW-Syria); Iran (W-Iran); Georgia [Caucasus]; Azerbaijan
14 KRY 33 AZE GEO 34 IRN SYR TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. turcica (Kreutz) Véla & Viglione; Acta Bot. Gallica Bot. Lett. 162(4): 276 (2015)
= Epipactis tremolsii subsp. turcica (Kreutz) Kreutz; Kompend. Eur. Orchid. 68 (2004)
= Epipactis turcica Kreutz; Eurorchis 9: 61 (1997)
species :
Epipactis troodii H.Lindb.; Årsbok-Vuosik. Soc. Sci. Fenn. 20B, 7: 11 (1942)
subspecies :
subsp. troodii
Name: Zyprische Ständelwurz (DE)
Distribution: Cyprus
34 CYP
Remarks: sect. Euepipactis. Possibly a synonym of E. persica
Conservation Status: IUCN V
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis helleborine subsp. troodii (H.Lindb.) H.Sund.; Europ. Medit. Orchid., ed. 3: 41 (1980)
= Epipactis persica subsp. troodii (H.Lindb.) Taubenheim; Wilde Orchid. Eur. 2: 510 (1977)
subspecies :
subsp. cretica (Kalop. & Robatsch) H.Baumann & R.Lorenz; J. Eur. Orch. 37(3): 707 (2005)
Name: Kretische Ständelwurz (DE)
Distribution: Crete (mountains)
13 KRI
Conservation Status: IUCN V
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis cretica Kalop. & Robatsch; Orchidee (Hamburg) 31(4): 142 (1980), exact type not cited
species :
Epipactis turcomanica K.P.Popov & Neshat.; Izv. Akad. Nauk Turkmensk. S.S.R., Ser. Biol. Nauk 1982(4): 16 (1982)
Distribution: Turkmenistan
32 TKM
species :
Epipactis ulugurica Mansf.; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 11: 1060 (1934)
Distribution: C-Tanzania (Uluguru Mts.)
25 TAN
Synonyms: hidden
= Arthrochilium uluguricum (Mansf.) Szlach.; Orchidee (Hamburg) 54(5): 588 (18 Dec. 2003)
species :
Epipactis veratrifolia Boiss. & Hohen.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 2(13): 11 (1853)
Name: Germerblättrige Ständelwurz
Distribution: Turkmenistan; ?Northern Caucasus; ?Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; S-Turkey; Iraq; Iran; Afghanistan (Farah, Kabul, Kunar / Nuristan, Nangarhar, Paktia / Khost, Parwan); N-Cyprus; Lebanon; Syria; China (Yunnan, W-Sichuan); Pakistan (Chitral, Peshawar, Kurram, Swat, Rawalpindi, Quetta, Karakorum, Gilgit, Baltistan); Nepal; ?Bhutan; India (Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, West Bengal); Myanmar (Mandalay)
32 TKM 33 ARM AZE 34 AFG CYP IRN IRQ LEB SYR TUR 36 CHI 40 IND NEP PAK 41 MYA
Remarks: sect. Cymbochilium
Synonyms: hidden
= Arthrochilium handelii (Schltr.) Szlach.; Orchidee (Hamburg) 54(5): 588 (18 Dec. 2003)
= Arthrochilium veratrifolium (Boiss. & Hohen.) Szlach.; Orchidee (Hamburg) 54(5): 588 (18 Dec. 2003)
= Arthrochilium wallichii (Schltr.) Szlach.
= Epipactis amoena Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 7403 (1832) [pro syn.]
= Epipactis consimilis Wall. ex Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 6: 126 (1891) [non D. Don 1825]
= Epipactis handelii Schltr.; Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 57: 274 (1920)
= Epipactis wallichii Schltr.; Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 57: 275 (1920)
= Helleborine veratrifolia (Boiss. & Hohen.) Bornm.
= Limodorum veratrifolium (Boiss. & Hohen.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 671 (1891)
variant :
var. oaseana (Shifman) Kreutz; Orchids Israel 63 (2021)
Distribution: C-Ethiopia; N-Somalia; SW-Cyprus; Israel; Sinai peninsula; Jordania; W-Saudi Arabia; United Arab Emirates; Oman; Yemen
24 ETH SOM 34 CYP ISR JOR SIN 35 OMA SAU UAE YEM
Synonyms: hidden
= Amesia somaliensis (Rolfe) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.; Bot. Gaz. 56: 473 (1913)
= Epipactis abyssinica Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 39: 612 (1907)
= Epipactis somaliensis Rolfe; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 7: 189 (1897)
= Epipactis veratrifolia subsp. oaseana Shifman; J. Eur. Orch. 46(3/4): 606 (2014), nom. nov.
= Helleborine somaliensis (Rolfe) Druce; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 547 (1909)
= Serapias somaliensis (Rolfe) A.A.Eaton; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 21: 67 (1908)
species :
Epipactis xanthophaea Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 12: 341 (1922)
Distribution: China (Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Amesia xanthophaea (Schltr.) Hu; Rhodora 27: 106 (1925)
= Arthrochilium xanthophaeum (Schltr.) Szlach.; Orchidee (Hamburg) 54(5): 588 (18 Dec. 2003)
= Helleborine xanthophaea (Schltr.) Soó; Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 26: 381 (1929)
species :
Epipactis ×barlae A.Camus; Iconogr. Orchid. Europe 486 (1929)
Distribution: Germany; Switzerland
11 GER SWI
Remarks: Epipactis helleborine x microphylla
species :
Epipactis ×barreana B.Baumann & H.Baumann; Mitt. Arbeitskreises Heimische Orchideen 20(1): 39 (1988)
Distribution: Italy
13 ITA
Remarks: Epipactis latina x muelleri
species :
Epipactis ×bayeri H.Baumann; Die Farn- und Blütenpfl. Baden-Württembergs 8: 444 (1998)
Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg)
11 GER
Remarks: Epipactis leptochila x muelleri
species :
Epipactis ×breinerorum Batousek; J. Eur. Orch. 29(4): 645 (1997)
Distribution: Czech Republic
11 CZE
Remarks: Epipactis helleborine ssp. helleborine x Epipactis greuteri
species :
Epipactis ×bruxellensis P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 77(4): 221 (1996)
Distribution: Belgium
11 BGM
Remarks: Epipactis helleborine x phyllanthes var. degenera
species :
Epipactis ×cardonneae J.-M.Lewin; Orchidophile (Paris) 146: 74 (2001), as ´cardonnea´
Distribution: France
12 FRA
Remarks: Epipactis atrorubens x E. kleinii
species :
Epipactis ×conquensis Benito & C.E.Hermos.; Estud. Mus. Cienc. Nat. Álava 13: 112 (1998)
Distribution: Spain; France
12 FRA SPA
Remarks: Epipactis helleborine x E. kleinii
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis ×amigoi J.-M.Lewin; Orchidophile (Paris) 146: 77 (2001)
species :
Epipactis ×gerbaudiorum P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 78(3): 178 (1997)
Distribution: France
12 FRA
Remarks: Epipactis leptochila var. provincialis x tremolsii
species :
Epipactis ×gevaudanii P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 78(3): 179 (1997)
Distribution: France; Spain
12 FRA SPA
Remarks: Epipactis helleborine x rhodanensis
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis ×populetorum Benito & C.E.Hermos.; Estud. Mus. Cienc. Nat. Álava 13: 108 (1998)
species :
Epipactis ×graberi A.Camus; Iconogr. Orchid. Europe 487 (1929)
Distribution: Germany; Switzerland; Slovakia; etc.
11 GER SLO SWI
Remarks: Epipactis atrorubens x microphylla
species :
Epipactis ×hanseniorum Batousek; J. Eur. Orch. 41(3/4): 512 (2009)
Distribution: Czech Republic (Moravia)
11 CZE
Remarks: Epipactis helleborine x E. nordeniorum
species :
Epipactis ×heterogama M.Bayer; Mitt. Arbeitskreises Heimische Orchideen 18(2): 196 (1986)
Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg); Czech Republic; Austria; etc.
11 AUT CZE GER
Remarks: Epipactis atrorubens x muelleri
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis ×egydeana E.Klein & Laminger; J. Eur. Orch. 40(3): 564 (2008)
= Epipactis ×timpeana F.Fohringer; J. Eur. Orch. 40: 388 (2008)
species :
Epipactis ×hybrida Holuby ex Soó; Bot. Közlem. 25: 143 (1928), in syn
Distribution: Hungary
11 HUN
Synonyms: hidden
= Helleborine hybrida Javorka; Magyar Fl. 207 (1924)
species :
Epipactis ×lachmanii Lachmair; Stapfia 112: 91, f. 14 (2021)
Distribution: Austria
11 AUT
Remarks: Epipactis helleborine x leptochila ssp. neglecta
species :
Epipactis ×liestalensis A.Camus; Iconogr. Orchid. Europe 486 (1929)
Distribution: Germany; Switzerland
11 GER SWI
Remarks: Epipactis atrorubens x E. purpurata
species :
Epipactis ×mohilewiensis V.Lebedko & D.Dubovik; Fl. Belarusi 3: 278 (2017)
Distribution: Belarus
14 BLR
Remarks: Epipactis helleborine x E. palustris
species :
Epipactis ×nicolosii M.P.Grasso & Grillo; Orchidophile (Paris) 162: 223 (2004)
Distribution: Sicily
13 SIC
Remarks: Epipactis helleborine x Epipactis meridionalis
species :
Epipactis ×pupplingensis K.P.Bell; Jahresber. Naturwiss. Vereins Wuppertal 23: 116 (1970)
Distribution: Sweden (Gotland); Germany
10 SWE 11 GER
Remarks: Epipactis atrorubens x palustris
species :
Epipactis ×reinekei M.Bayer; Mitt. Arbeitskreises Heimische Orchideen 18(2): 202 (1986)
Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Thüringen); Czech Republic
11 CZE GER
Remarks: Epipactis helleborine x muelleri
species :
Epipactis ×robatschii Gévaudan & P.Delforge; Naturalistes Belges 85 (Orchid. 17): 74 (2004)
Distribution: Hungary
11 HUN
Remarks: Epipactis atrorubens x E. bugacensis
species :
Epipactis ×romanensis Maalouf, Anghelescu, L.Balogh, Mih.Balogh & Kigyossy; Sci. Papers, Ser. B Hort. 68(2): 638 (2024), nom. inval.
Distribution: Romania
13 ROM
Remarks: Epipactis atrorubens x E. distans
species :
Epipactis ×schmalhausenii Richt.; Pl. Eur. 1: 284 (1890)
subspecies :
subsp. schmalhausenii
Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Sachsen); Czech Republic; Slovakia; European Russia; etc.
11 CZE GER SLO 14 RUS
Remarks: Epipactis atrorubens x helleborine
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis ×gauckleri J.Weigelt & Riech.; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 19(1): 114, 112 (2002)
= Epipactis ×schmalhausenii nothosubsp. zaissii Riech.; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 30: 56 (2013)
= Helleborine ×schmalhausenii (K.Richt.) Vollm.; Fl. Bayern 169 (1914)
subspecies :
subsp. capellonensis (B.Baumann & H.Baumann) J.M.H.Shaw; Orchid Rev., Suppl., 127 (1326): 45 (2019) [nothosubsp.]
Distribution: Italy
13 ITA
Remarks: Epipactis atrorubens x E. helleborine ssp. latina
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis ×capellonensis B.Baumann & H.Baumann; Mitt. Arbeitskreises Heimische Orchideen 20(1): 44 (1988)
subspecies :
subsp. fleischmannii (Heimerl) J.M.H.Shaw; Orchid Rev., Suppl., 127 (1326): 45 (2019) [nothosubsp.]
Distribution: Austria
11 AUT
Remarks: Epipactis atrorubens x E. helleborine ssp. orbicularis
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis ×fleischmannii Heimerl; Fl. Brixen [Heimerl] 74 (1911), et Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 101
species :
Epipactis ×schulzei P.Fourn.; Fl. Compl. Plaine Franç. 514 (1928)
Distribution: Germany; France; etc.
11 GER 12 FRA
Remarks: Epipactis helleborine x purpurata
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis ×schulzei nothosubsp. daissiana Bergfeld & Berlinghof; J. Eur. Orch. 44(4): 838 (2012)
= Epipactis ×schulzei var. wolfii E.G.Camus; Iconogr. Orchid. Europe 2: 486 (1929)
= Helleborine ×schulzei (P.Fourn.) P.M.Hall; Rep. Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 9: 725 (1931 publ. 1932)
species :
Epipactis ×soguksuensis Kreutz; Eurorchis 9: 71 (1997)
Distribution: Turkey
34 TUR
Remarks: Epipactis helleborine x turcica
species :
Epipactis ×stephensonii Godfery; Monogr. Icon. Brit. Nat. Orchid. 76 (1933)
Distribution: England (S-England); Germany; etc.
10 GRB 11 GER
Remarks: Epipactis helleborine x E. leptochila
Synonyms: hidden
= Epipactis leptochila var. collina (Kreutz, L.Lewis & G.Giles) R.M.Bateman; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 38(1): 105 (2021)
= Epipactis leptochila var. cordata Brooke; Wild Orchids Britain 123 (1950)
= Epipactis neglecta var. collina Kreutz, L.Lewis & G.Giles; Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 37: 119 (2020)
species :
Epipactis ×subtilis Jakubska-Busse, Zolubak & Lobas; Ann. Bot. Fenn. 54(1-3): 140 (2017)
Distribution: Poland
11 POL
Remarks: Epipactis albensis x purpurata
species :
Epipactis ×trikalana B.Baumann & H.Baumann; Mitt. Arbeitskreises Heimische Orchideen 20(1): 46 (1988)
Distribution: Greece
13 GRC
Remarks: Epipactis helleborine x thessala
species :
Epipactis ×vermionensis B.Baumann & H.Baumann; Mitt. Arbeitskreises Heimische Orchideen 20(1): 48 (1988)
Distribution: NC-Greece (Mt. Vermio)
13 GRC
Remarks: Epipactis exilis x E. helleborine
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.03 (March 6th, 2025)

Covering 356,112 accepted species,
8,776 hybrids, 48,085 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,002,454 synonyms,
in total 1,415,427* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

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With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life