242.0000 Family Betulaceae Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 222, 243 (1822), nom. cons.

6 genera, ca. 200 spp.

Species listed in database: 172; hybrids: 38

242.1001 Genus Betula L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 982 (1753)

Distribution: many in China (32), Russia, few Europe, North America. Species delimitation is often quite controversial, and there was considerable oversplitting, especially in Asia.

Species listed in database: 59; hybrids: 26

species :

Betula alleghaniensis Britton; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 166 (1904)

Name: Yellow birch

Distribution: Estonia [I]; Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec); USA (Connecticut, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin, West Virginia)

14 est 72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA 78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula alleghaniensis var. fallax (Fassett) Brayshaw; Canad. Field-Naturalist 80: 161 (1966)

= Betula excelsa Pursh; Fl. Amer. Sept. [Pursh] 2: 621 (1813), nom. illeg.

= Betula lenta var. lutea Regel; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16(2): 179 (1868)

= Betula lutea f. fallax Fassett; Rhodora 34: 95 (1932)

= Betula lutea F.Michx.; Hist. Arbr. Forest. 2: 152 (1811), nom. illeg.

= Betula lutea var. alleghaniensis (Britton) Rehder; Bibl. Cult. Trees 96 (1949)

= Betula lutea var. persicifolia Dippel; Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 185 (1891)

= Betula persicifolia K.Koch; Dendrologie 2(2): 641 (1873), pro syn.

variant :

var. macrolepis (Fernald) Brayshaw; Canad. Field-Naturalist 80: 161 (1966)

Distribution: Canada (New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Isl., Québec); St. Pierre et Miquelon; USA (Connecticut, Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Vermont, Wisconsin, West Virginia)

72 CDN SPM 74 USA 75 USA 78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula alleghaniensis f. macrolepis (Fernald) Brayshaw; Canad. Field-Naturalist 80: 161 (1966)

= Betula lutea f. macrolepis (Fernald) Fernald; Rhodora 34: 95 (1932)

= Betula lutea var. macrolepis Fernald; Rhodora 34: 95 (1932)

species :

Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don; Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 58 (1825)

Distribution: China (Fujian, Guangxi, Hainan, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan); Nepal; Bhutan; N-India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur Meghalaya, Mizoram, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Tripura, West Bengal); Bangladesh; Myanmar; Thailand; Laos; Vietnam

36 CHI 40 BAN BHU IND NEP 41 LAO MYA THA VIE

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula acuminata var. arguta Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 130 (1861)

= Betula acuminata var. glabra Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 129 (1861)

= Betula acuminata var. lancifolia Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 130 (1861)

= Betula acuminata var. pilosa Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 129 (1861)

= Betula acuminata Wall.; Pl. Asiat. Rar. [Wallich] 2: 7 (1830), nom. illeg.

= Betula affinis (Spach) Endl.; Gen. Pl. Suppl. [Endlicher] 4(2): 20 (1848)

= Betula alnoides var. acuminata (Spach) H.J.P.Winkl.; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.61, Heft 19 (Betulac.): 89 (1904)

= Betula cylindrostachya var. pilosa (Regel) Regel; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16(2): 189 (1868)

= Betula cylindrostachya var. subglabra Regel; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16(2): 189 (1864)

= Betula nitida D.Don; Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 58 (1825)

= Betula nitida var. affinis (Spach) Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 130 (1861)

= Betulaster acuminata (Wall.) Spach; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 2, 15: 199 (1841)

= Betulaster affinis Spach; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 2, 15: 199 (1841)

= Betulaster nitida (D.Don) Spach; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 2, 15: 200 (1841)

species :

Betula ashburneri McAll. & Rushforth; Curtis´s Bot. Mag. 28(2): 116 (2011)

Distribution: China (Sichuan, Yunnan); Tibet; Bhutan; NE-India (Arunachal Pradesh); Myanmar

36 CHI TIB 40 BHU IND 41 MYA

species :

Betula baschkirica Tzvelev; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 34: 65 (2002)

Distribution: E-European Russia

14 RUS

Remarks: status uncertain

species :

Betula buggsii Nian Wang & Cheek; Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 129(4): 421 (2022)

Distribution: China (Shaanxi)

36 CHI

species :

Betula calcicola (W.W.Sm.) P.C.Li; Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 21: 137 (1979)

Distribution: China (SW-Sichuan, NW-Yunnan)

36 CHI

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula delavayi var. calcicola W.W.Sm.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 8(40): 333 (1915)

= Betula forrestii var. calcicola (W.W.Sm.) Hand.-Mazz.; Symb. Sin. 7(1): 20 (1929)

species :

Betula chengiana C.C.Yang; Distr. Woody Pl. Sichuan 658 (1997)

Distribution: China (Sichuan)

36 CHI

Remarks: provisionally accepted name, status unconfirmed and doubtful

species :

Betula chichibuensis H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 31: 122 (1956), et in J. Jap. Bot. 32: 60 (1957)

Distribution: Japan (Honshu)

38 JAP

Conservation Status: IUCN R

species :

Betula chinensis Maxim.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 54(1): 47 (1879)

Distribution: China (E-Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi); North Korea; South Korea; Taiwan [I]

36 CHI 38 KOR NKO tai

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula ceratoptera G.H.Liu & Ma; J. Inner Mongolia Forest. Coll. 1: ? (1988), without type, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 9(4): 55 (1989), with type

= Betula chinensis f. lancifolia (Nakai ex T.Mori) M.Kim; Korean Endemic Pl. 300 (2004)

= Betula chinensis f. linearisquama Hatus.; Exp. Forest. Kyushu Imp. Univ. 5: 45 (1934)

= Betula chinensis f. nana (Liou) Kitag.; Neolin. Fl. Manshur. 213 (1979), basionym not validly publ.

= Betula chinensis var. angusticarpa H.J.P.Winkl.; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.61, Heft 19 (Betulac.): 67 (1904)

= Betula chinensis var. collina (Nakai) Uyeki; Woody Pl. Distr. Chôsen 13 (1940)

= Betula chinensis var. lancifolia Nakai ex Mori; Enum. Pl. Corea 115 (1922)

= Betula chinensis var. linearisquama (Hatus.) S.L.Tung; Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 1(1-2): 129 (1981)

= Betula chinensis var. nana Liou; Ill. Fl. Ligneous Pl. N. E. China 201 (1955), no Latin descr.

= Betula collina Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 29: 44 (1915)

= Betula exaltata S.Moore; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 17: 386 (1879)

= Betula fauriei H.Lév. ex Nakai; Fl. Sylv. Kor. 2: 35 (1915) (pro syn.)

= Betula jiaodongensis S.B.Liang; Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 4(2): 155-156, f. s. n. (1984)

= Betula liaotungensis A.I.Baranov; Ill. Fl. Ligneous Pl. N. E. China 559 (1958)

species :

Betula cordifolia Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13: 86 (1861)

Name: Mountain paper birch

Distribution: Canada (Labrador, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Isl., Québec); St. Pierre et Miquelon; USA (Connecticut, Iowa, Massachusetts, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, North Carolina, North Dakota, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin, West Virginia)

72 CDN SPM 74 USA 75 USA 78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula alba var. cordifolia (Regel) Fernald; Amer. J. Sci., Ser. 4, 14: 177 (1902)

= Betula alba var. cordifolia (Regel) Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(2): 401 (1865)

= Betula papyracea var. cordifolia (Regel) Dippel; Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 177 (1891)

= Betula papyrifera f. cordifolia (Regel) C.K.Schneid.; Handb. Laubholzben. [Beissner et al.] 115 (1904)

= Betula papyrifera subsp. cordfolia (Regel) A.E.Murray; Kalmia 12: 18 (1982)

= Betula papyrifera var. cordifolia (Regel) Fernald; Rhodora 3: 173 (1901)

= Betula papyrifera var. cordifolia (Regel) Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38: 401 (1865)

species :

Betula coriaceifolia V.N.Vassil.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 7: 112 (1970 publ. 1971)

Distribution: Uzbekistan

32 UZB

species :

Betula corylifolia Regel & Maxim.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(2): 417 (1865)

Distribution: Japan (Honshu)

38 JAP

species :

Betula costata Trautv.; Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 9: 253 (1859)

Distribution: Russian Far East (Primorye); China (Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol); North Korea; South Korea

31 RFE 36 CHI 38 KOR NKO

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula costata var. pubescens Liou; Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 1(12): 129 (1981)

= Betula ermanii f. costata (Trautv.) Regel; Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 4(4): 135 (1861)

= Betula ermanii var. costata (Trautv.) Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 123 (1861)

= Betula ulmifolia var. costata (Trautv.) Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(2): 414 (1865)

species :

Betula cylindrostachya Wall.; Pl. Asiat. Rar. [Wallich] 2: 7 (1830)

Distribution: China (Fujian, NW-Yunnan, ?Sichuan); SE-Tibet; Bhutan; NE-India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Myanmar

36 CHI TIB 40 BHU IND 41 MYA

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula acuminata var. cylindrostachya (Wall.) Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 129 (1861)

= Betula alnoides var. cylindrostachya (Wall.) H.J.P.Winkl.; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.61, Heft 19 (Betulac.): 91 (1904)

= Betula fujianensis J.Zeng, Jian H.Li & Z.D.Chen; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 156: 524 (2008)

= Betula rhombibracteata P.C.Li; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 17(2): 88 (1979)

= Betulaster cylindrostachya (Lindl.) Spach; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 2, 15: 198 (1841)

species :

Betula davurica Pall.; Reise Russ. Reich. 3: 224, not. 321, 421, pl. Kk, f. 4 a-b (1776), et Fl. Ross. 1: 60 (1784)

Distribution: Siberia (Chita); Russian Far East (Amur, Khabarovsk, Primorye); China (Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi); North Korea; South Korea; Japan

30 SIB 31 RFE 36 CHI 38 JAP KOR NKO

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula davurica f. oblongifolia (Liou) S.L.Tung; Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 1(1-2): 130 (1981)

= Betula davurica f. ovalifolia (Liou) S.L.Tung; Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 1(1-2): 130 (1981)

= Betula davurica f. tiliifolia (Liou) S.L.Tung; Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 1(1-2): 130 (1981)

= Betula davurica var. angustifolia Shirai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 19: (164) (1905), nomen

= Betula davurica var. maximowiczii (Rupr.) Trautv.; Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 9: 250 (1859)

= Betula davurica var. oblongifolia Liou; Ill. Fl. Ligneous Pl. N. E. China 196, pl. 67, f. 96 (1955)

= Betula davurica var. okuboi Miyabe & Tatew.; Trans. Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc. 17: 33 (1941)

= Betula davurica var. ovalifolia Liou; Ill. Fl. Ligneous Pl. N. E. China 196, 560, pl. 68, f. 3, 10 (1955)

= Betula davurica var. tiliifolia Liou; Ill. Fl. Ligneous Pl. N. E. China 196 (1955)

= Betula dioica Pall.; Reise Russ. Reich. 3: 321 (1776), nomen

= Betula maackii Rupr.; Bull. Cl. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg 1857: 380 (1857)

= Betula maximowiczii Rupr.; Bull. Cl. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg 15: 139 (1856)

= Betula rosae H.J.P.Winkl.; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.61, Heft 19 (Betulac.): 135 (1904)

= Betula wutaica Mayr; Fremdländ. Wald- Parkbäume 450 (1906)

variant :

var. parvifolia Ashburner & McAll.; Gen. Betula 232 (2013)

Distribution: Japan

38 JAP

species :

Betula delavayi Franch.; J. Bot. [Morot] 13(7): 205 (1899)

Distribution: China (W-Hubei, Qinghai, ?Gansu, W-Sichuan, NW-Yunnan); E-Tibet

36 CHI TIB

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula bomiensis P.C.Li; Fl. Xizang. 1: 484 (1983)

= Betula chinensis var. delavayi (Franch.) C.K.Schneid.; Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. [C.K.Schneider] 2: 884 (1912)

= Betula delavayi var. forrestii W.W.Sm.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 8(40): 332-333 (1915)

= Betula delavayi var. microstachya P.C.Li; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 17(1): 90 (1979)

= Betula delavayi var. polyneura L.C.Hu; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 17(1): 90 (1979)

= Betula forrestii (W.W.Sm.) Hand.-Mazz.; Symb. Sin. 7(1): 20 (1929)

species :

Betula ermanii Cham.; Linnaea 6: 537, pl. 6, f. D, a-e (1831)

Distribution: Russian Far East (Kamchatka, Kuril Isl., Sakhalin); China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol); North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Honshu)

31 RFE 36 CHI 38 JAP KOR NKO

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula bhojpattra var. japonica Shirai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 19: 165 (1905)

= Betula ermanii f. brachystachys Popov; Konspekt Fl. Pober. Baikal 214 (1966)

= Betula ermanii f. corticosa (Nakai) Sugim.; New Keys Jap. Trees 458 (1961)

= Betula ermanii f. ganjuensis (Koidz.) T.Shimizu; New Alpine Fl. Japan 2: 357 (1983)

= Betula ermanii f. nipponica (Maxim.) Koidz.; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 27: 149 (1913)

= Betula ermanii subvar. brevidentata C.K.Schneid.; Pl. Wilson. [Sargent] 2: 471 (1916)

= Betula ermanii var. acutifolia H.J.P.Winkl.; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.61, Heft 19 (Betulac.): 66 (1904)

= Betula ermanii var. communis Koidz.; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 27: 149 (1913)

= Betula ermanii var. corticosa Nakai; Rep. Veg. Daisetsusan Mountains 45 (1930)

= Betula ermanii var. ganjuensis (Koidz.) Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 40: 163 (1926)

= Betula ermanii var. incisa Koidz.; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 27: 148 (1913)

= Betula ermanii var. japonica (Shirai) Koidz.; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 27: 149 (1913)

= Betula ermanii var. macrostrobila Liou; Ill. Fl. Ligneous Pl. N. E. China 200 (1955)

= Betula ermanii var. nipponica Maxim.; Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 3, 32: 622 (1888)

= Betula ermanii var. parvifolia Koidz.; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 27: 148 (1913)

= Betula ermanii var. saitoana (Nakai) Hatus.; Exp. Forest. Kyushu Imp. Univ. 5: 46 (1934)

= Betula ermanii var. subbaicalensis Popov; Konspekt Fl. Pober. Baikal 214 (1966)

= Betula ermanii var. tomentosa Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(2): 415 (1865)

= Betula ermanii var. yingkiliensis S.L.Liou & Wang; N. E. China 200 (1955)

= Betula ganjuensis Koidz.; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 27: 563 (1913)

= Betula incisa (Koidz.) Koidz.; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 27: 562 (1913)

= Betula komarovii Perfil. & Kolesn.

= Betula nikoensis Koidz.; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 27: 149 (1913) (pro syn.)

= Betula paraermanii V.N.Vassil.; Bot. Zhurn. S.S.S.R. 27: 7 (1942)

= Betula saitoana Nakai; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 249 (1914)

= Betula shikokiana Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 28: 236 (1914)

= Betula ulmifolia var. glandulosa H.J.P.Winkl.; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.61, Heft 19 (Betulac.): 64 (1904)

= Betula vulcani H.Lév. & Vaniot; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 51: 423 (1907)

variant :

var. lanata Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 122 (1861)

Distribution: Siberia (Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk, Yakutia); Russian Far East (Amur, Khabarovsk, Magadan, Primorye, Sakhalin)

30 SIB 31 RFE

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula ermanii subsp. lanata (Regel) A.K.Skvortsov; Arealy Derev. Kustarnik. S.S.S.R. 1: 90 (1977)

= Betula ircutensis Sukaczev; Trudy Bot. Muz. Imp. Akad. Nauk 8: 226 (1911)

= Betula lanata (Regel) V.N.Vassil.; Bot. Zhurn. S.S.S.R. 27: 11 (1942), cum descr. ampl.

= Betula longilobata Sipliv.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 3: 278 (1966)

= Betula prochorowii Kuzen. & Litv.; Trudy Bot. Muz. Imp. Akad. Nauk 12: 70 (1914)

= Betula vassiljevii Dylis; Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prír., Otd. Biol., n. s., 55(6): 65 (1950)

= Betula velutina V.N.Vassil.; Bot. Zhurn. S.S.S.R. 27: 12 (1942)

species :

Betula falcata V.N.Vassil.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 7: 120 (1970 publ. 1971)

Distribution: Tajikistan

32 TZK

species :

Betula fargesii Franch.; J. Bot. [Morot] 13(7): 205-206 (1899)

Distribution: China (W-Hubei, E-Sichuan)

36 CHI

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula chinensis var. fargesii (Franch.) P.C.Li; Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 21: 135 (1971)

species :

Betula fruticosa Pall.; Reise Russ. Reich. 3: 758 (1776)

Distribution: Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk, Yakutia); Russian Far East (Amur, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Magadan, Primorye, Sakhalin); China (Jilin, N-Heilongjiang, N-Liaoning, Nei Mongol); N-Mongolia; North Korea; Japan (Honshu)

30 SIB 31 RFE 36 CHI 37 MON 38 JAP NKO

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula adasii T.V.Egorova & Sipliv.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 6: 235 (1970)

= Betula baicalensis f. obscura Popov; Konspekt Fl. Pober. Baikal 214 (1966)

= Betula baicalensis Sukaczev; Izv. Imp. Akad. Nauk 8: 233 (1914)

= Betula barguzinensis Popov; Fl. Centr. Sibiri 2: 814 (1959) (no latin descr.)

= Betula cyclophylla Nakai; J. Jap. Bot. 17: 4 (1941)

= Betula divaricata Ledeb.; Denkschr. Bayer. Bot. Ges. Regensburg 3: 59 (1841)

= Betula evenkiensis Polozhij; Sist. Zametki Mater. Gerb. Krylova Tomsk. Gosud. Univ. Kuybysheva 85(27): 5 (1974 publ. 1975)

= Betula fruticosa subsp. fusca (Pall. ex Georgi) M.Schemberg; Fl. Sibir. 5: 67 (1992)

= Betula fruticosa subsp. ruprechtiana (Trautv.) Kitag.; Rep. Inst. Sci. Res. Manchoukuo 3: 165 (1939)

= Betula fruticosa var. fusenensis (Nakai) Liou; Ill. Fl. Ligneous Pl. N. E. China 205 (1955)

= Betula fruticosa var. macrostachys S.L.Tung; Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 1(1-2): 132 (1981)

= Betula fruticosa var. ovalifolia (Rupr.) E.W.Ma; Fl. Intramongol. 1: 229 (1985), isonym

= Betula fruticosa var. ovalifolia (Rupr.) S.L.Tung; Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 1(12): 132 (1981)

= Betula fruticosa var. paishanensis (Nakai) S.L.Tung; Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 1(1-2): 132 (1981)

= Betula fruticosa var. ruprechtiana Trautv.; Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 9: 254 (1859)

= Betula fruticosa Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 3(1): 467 (1805), nom. illeg.

= Betula fusca Pall. ex Georgi; Bemerk. Reise Russ. Reich. 1: 234 (1775)

= Betula fusenensis Nakai; J. Jap. Bot. 14: 743 (1938)

= Betula gmelinii var. zyzyphifolia (Z.Wang & S.L.Tung) G.H.Liu & E.W.Ma; Fl. Intramongol., ed. 2, 2: 87 (1990 publ. 1991)

= Betula henriettae Sukaczev & V.N.Vassil.; Trudy Inst. For. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 37: 121 (1958)

= Betula humilis f. reticulata (Rupr.) Regel; Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 4(4): 135 (1861)

= Betula humilis var. kamtschatica Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 107 (1861)

= Betula humilis var. ovalifolia (Rupr.) Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13: 109 (1861)

= Betula humilis var. palustris J.F.Gmel.; Fl. Sibir. [J.G.Gmelin] 1: 167 (1747), nom. inval. (pre-Linnean)

= Betula humilis var. reticulata (Rupr.) Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13: 109 (1861)

= Betula humilis var. ruprechtii Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13: 109 (1961)

= Betula humilis var. tatewakiana (M.Ohki & S.Watan.) Murata; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 29: 105 (1978)

= Betula itelmenorum V.N.Vassil.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 7: 134 (1970 publ. 1971)

= Betula microphylla var. coreana Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 33: 5 (1919)

= Betula middendorffii Trautv. & C.A.Mey.; Reise Sibir. [Middendorff] 1(2

= Betula middendorffii var. communis Trautv.; Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 9: 255 (1859)

= Betula middendorffii var. globosa Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 99 (1861)

= Betula middendorffii var. henriettae Popov; Konspekt Fl. Pober. Baikal 214 (1966)

= Betula middendorffii var. nitida Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 99 (1861)

= Betula ovalifolia Rupr.; Bull. Cl. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg 15: 378 (1857)

= Betula paishanensis Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 33: 5 (1919)

= Betula pseudomiddendorffii V.N.Vassil.; Trudy Inst. For. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 37: 123 (1958)

= Betula reticulata Rupr.; Bull. Cl. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg 561 (1857)

= Betula rotundifolia Regel & Tiling; Fl. Ajan. 118 (1858), nom. illeg.

= Betula substepposa V.N.Vassil.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 13: 61 (1950)

= Betula tatewakiana M.Ohki & S.Watan.; J. Jap. Bot. 34: 329 (1959) [fide Shiotani et al. 2020]

= Betula turfosa Weigel ex Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 174 (1831)

= Betula yoshimurue Miyabe & Tatew.; Trans. Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc. 15: 129 (1938)

= Betula zyzyphifolia Z.Wang & S.L.Tung; Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 1(12): 134 (1981)

species :

Betula glandulosa Michx.; Fl. Bor.-Amer. [Hooker] 2: 180 (1803)

Name: Resin birch (EN)

Distribution: Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, W-Siberia, Yakutia); Russian Far East (Amur, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Kuril Isl., Magadan, Primorye, Sakhalin); Mongolia; Alaska; Greenland; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Northern Territories, Nunavut, Ontario, Québec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); USA (California, Colorado, Idaho, Maine, Montana, New Hampshire, New York, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington State, Wyoming)

30 SIB 31 RFE 37 MON 70 ASK CDN GNL 71 CDN 72 CDN 73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 76 USA

Remarks: see also the closely related B. nana. The Asian populations and some North America were often included as subspecies in B. nana

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula abolinii Sukaczev; Trudy Komiss. Izuch. Yakutsk. Avton. S.S.R. 10: 367 (1929), nomen

= Betula exilis Sukaczev; Trudy Bot. Muz. Imp. Akad. Nauk 8: 213 (1911)

= Betula glandulosa var. eucycla Lepage; Naturaliste Canad. 79: 124 (1952)

= Betula glandulosa var. flabellifolia Rosenv.; Meddel. Grønland 3: 706 (1892)

= Betula glandulosa var. pseudoalpestris Björnstr.; Grunddr. Pitea Lappm. Växtfys. 35 (1856)

= Betula glandulosa var. pumila Alph.Wood; Class-book Bot. (ed. 1): 346 (1845)

= Betula glandulosa var. rhomboidea Rosenv.; Meddel. Grønland 3: 707 (1892)

= Betula glandulosa var. rotundifolia (Spach) Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(2): 408 (1865)

= Betula glandulosa var. sibirica (Ledeb.) C.K.Schneid.; Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. [C.K.Schneider] 1: 105 (1904)

= Betula nana subsp. exilis (Sukaczev) Hultén; Acta Univ. Lund., Ser. 2, 40(1): 579 (1944)

= Betula nana subsp. perfiljevii (V.N.Vassil) Á.Löve & D.Löve; Bot. Not. 128: 505 (1975 publ. 1976)

= Betula nana subsp. rotundifolia (Spach) Malyschev; Vysokogorn. FL. Sayana 110 (1965)

= Betula nana subsp. tundrarum (Perfil.) Á.Löve & D.Löve; Bot. Not. 128: 50.5 (1975 publ. 1976)

= Betula nana var. exilis (Sukaczev) Hultén

= Betula nana var. sibirica Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 3: 654 (1850)

= Betula perfiljevii V.N.Vassil.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 3: 7.5 (1966)

= Betula rotundifolia Spach; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 2, 15: 194 (1841)

= Betula sessilis Kom.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 2: 131 (1921)

= Betula sibirica (Ledeb.) C.Pei; Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 2: 218 (1948)

= Betula wiluica Sukaczev; Trudy Komiss. Izuch. Yakutsk. Avton. S.S.R. 10: 367 (1929), nomen

= Chamaebetula glandulosa (Michx.) Opiz; Lotos 5: 259 (1855)

= Chamaebetula hookeri Opiz; Lotos 5: 259 (1855)

= Chamaebetula rotundifolia (Spach) Opiz; Lotos 5: 259 (1855)

species :

Betula globispica Shirai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 8: 318 (1894)

Distribution: Japan (Honshu)

38 JAP

Conservation Status: IUCN R

species :

Betula gmelinii Bunge; Verz. Altai Pfl. 113 (1835)

Distribution: Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, West Siberia, Yakutia); Russian Far East (Primorye); North Korea; Japan (Hokkaido)

30 SIB 31 RFE 38 JAP NKO

Conservation Status: IUCN V

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula apoiensis Nakai ex H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 10: 227 (1934)

= Betula fruticosa subsp. gmelinii (Bunge) Kitag.; Neolin. Fl. Manshur. 215 (1979)

= Betula fruticosa var. gmelinii (Bunge) Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 92 (1861)

= Betula miyoshii Nakai; Veg. Mt. Apoi in Tenn.-kinenb. chosa-hokoku, Shokub. 12: 34, 46 (1930)

= Betula niijimae Nakai; Veg. Apoi 34, 46 (1930), pro syn.

= Chamaebetula gmelinii (Bunge) Opiz; Lotos 5: 259 (1855)

species :

Betula grossa Siebold & Zucc.; Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 4(3): 228 (1846)

Distribution: Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)

38 JAP

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula acuminatifolia V.N.Vassil.; Bot. Zhurn. S.S.S.R. 27: 77 (1942)

= Betula alba var. communis Shirai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 8: 319 (1894), nom. illeg.

= Betula bhojpattra var. subcordata Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38: 416 (1865)

= Betula carpinifolia Siebold & Zucc.; Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 4(3): 228 (1846)

= Betula ermanii var. subcordata (Regel) Koidz.; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 27: 148 (1913)

= Betula grossa var. ulmifolia (Siebold & Zucc.) Makino; Ill. Fl. Nippon 664 (1940)

= Betula lenta var. carpinifolia (Siebold & Zucc.) Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13: 127 (1861)

= Betula lenta var. grossa (Siebold & Zucc.) Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 127 (1861)

= Betula pseudolenta V.N.Vassil.; Bot. Zhurn. S.S.S.R. 27: 78 (1942)

= Betula sollennis Koidz.; Fl. Symb. Orient.-Asiat. 20 (1930)

= Betula ulmifolia Siebold & Zucc.; Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 4(3): 228 (1846)

= Betula ulmifolia var. sericea H.J.P.Winkl.; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.61, Heft 19 (Betulac.): 64 (1904)

= Betula ulmifolia var. subcordata (Regel) H.J.P.Winkl.; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.61, Heft 19 (Betulac.): 64 (1904)

species :

Betula gynoterminalis Y.C.Hsu & C.J.Wang; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 5(4): 381-382, f. 1 (1983)

Distribution: China (NW-Yunnan)

36 CHI

species :

Betula hainanensis J.Zeng, B.Q.Ren, J.Y.Zhu & Z.D.Chen; Ann. Bot. Fenn. 51(6): 399 (2014)

Distribution: China (Hainan)

36 CHI

species :

Betula honanensis S.Y.Wang & C.L.Chang; J. Henan Agric. Coll. 1980(2): 6 (1980)

Distribution: China (Henan)

36 CHI

species :

Betula humilis Schrank; Baier. Fl. 1: 420 (1789), nom. cons. prop.

Name: Niedrige Birke (DE)

Distribution: Germany (Brandenburg, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Schleswig-Holstein); Switzerland; Austria; Poland; +Czech Republic; Romania; S-European Russia; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; Ukraine; Siberia (Buryatia, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, W-Siberia); Russian Far East (Khabarovsk); Kazakhstan; China (Xinjiang)

11 AUT CZE GER POL SWI 13 ROM 14 BLR EST LAT LIT RUS UKR 30 SIB 31 RFE 32 KAZ 36 CHI

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula extremiorientalis Kuzen. & V.N.Vassil.; Vestn. Dal´nevost. Fil. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 21: 161 (1936)

= Betula fruticans Pall.; Reise Russ. Reich. 3: t. kk (1776), nomen

= Betula fruticosa subsp. extremiorientalis (Kuzen. & V.N.Vassil.) Vorosch.; Florist. Issl. Razn. Raionakh S.S.S.R. [A.K.Skvortsov] 162 (1985)

= Betula humilis f. calcarata Perfil.; Bot. Zhurn. S.S.S.R. 20: 642 (1935)

= Betula humilis f. crispa Perfil.; Bot. Zhurn. S.S.S.R. 20: 642 (1935)

= Betula humilis f. elliptica Perfil.; Bot. Zhurn. S.S.S.R. 20: 641 (1935), nom. illeg.

= Betula humilis f. obovata Perfil.; Bot. Zhurn. S.S.S.R. 20: 643 (1935)

= Betula humilis f. ovata Perfil.; Bot. Zhurn. S.S.S.R. 20: 643 (1935), nom. illeg.

= Betula humilis var. camtschatica Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13: 107 (1861)

= Betula humilis var. commutata Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13: 108 (1861)

= Betula humilis var. cuneata Perfil.; Bot. Zhurn. S.S.S.R. 20: 640 (1935)

= Betula humilis var. oycowiensis Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 673 (1881)

= Betula humilis var. socolowii Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13: 108 (1861)

= Betula humilis var. subcordata Perfil.; Bot. Zhurn. S.S.S.R. 20: 641 (1935)

= Betula kamtschatica H.Buek; Gen. Sp. Synon. Cand. 4: 52 (1874)

= Betula myrsinoides Tausch; Flora (Regensburg) 11: 753 (1828)

= Betula oycowiensis Rchb.; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 12: t. 622, f. 1281 (1850), nom. illeg.

= Betula palustris Rupr.; Bull. Cl. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg 15: 376 (1857), nom. illeg., non Salisb.

= Betula sibirica Lodd. ex Regel; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16(2): 173 (1864)

= Betula socolowii J.Jacq. ex Regel; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16(2): 173 (1864)

= Chamaebetula humilis (Schrank) Opiz; Lotos 5: 259 (1855)

species :

Betula karagandensis V.N.Vassil.; Trudy Inst. Ekol. Rast. 69: 120 (1969), et Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 7: 122 (1970 publ. 1971)

Distribution: Kazakhstan

32 KAZ

species :

Betula klokovii Zaver.; Ukrayins´k. Bot. Zhurn. 21: no. 5, 80 (1964)

Distribution: Ukraine

14 UKR

Remarks: provisionally accepted name

species :

Betula kweichowensis Hu; Sinensia 3(3): 88 (1932)

subspecies :

subsp. kweichowensis

Distribution: China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan)

36 CHI

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula austrosinensis Chun ex P.C.Li; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 17(1): 89-90 (1979)

= Betula austrosinensis var. hejiangensis N.Chao & C.C.Yang; Distr. Woody Pl. Sichuan 660 (1997)

= Betula insignis Franch.; J. Bot. [Morot] 13: 206 (1899), non Gaudin (1859)

= Betula kwangsiensis F.P.Metcalf; Lingnan Sci. J. 20: 216 (1942)

subspecies :

subsp. fansipanensis (Ashburner & McAll.) Dawn Edwards; Hillier Man. 55 (2019)

Distribution: Vietnam

41 VIE

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula insignis subsp. fansipanensis Ashburner & McAll.; Gen. Betula 185 (2013)

= Betula kwangsiensis subsp. fansipanensis (Ashburner & McAll.) I.M.Turner; Ann. Bot. Fenn. 51(5): 309 (2014)

species :

Betula lenta L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 983 (1753)

Name: Sweet birch (EN), Zucker-Birke (DE)

Distribution: Canada (Ontario); USA (Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Vermont, West Virginia)

72 CDN 75 USA 78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula carpinifolia Ehrh.; Beitr. Naturk. [Ehrhart] 6: 99 (1791)

= Betula excelsa Hook.; Fl. Bor.-Amer. [Hooker] 2: 156 (1838)

= Betula humilis Marshall; Arbust. Amer. 19 (1785)

= Betula lenta f. laciniata Rehder; Rhodora 9: 111 (1907)

= Betula lenta var. humilis (Marshall) Castigl.; Viagg. Stati Uniti 2: 207 (1790)

= Betula lenta var. persicifolia Dippel; Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 185 (1891)

form :

f. uber (Ashe) McAll. & Ashburner; Curtis´s Bot. Mag. 21(1): 58 (2004)

Name: Virginia roundleaf birch (EN)

Distribution: USA (Virginia: Smyth Co.)

78 USA

Conservation Status: Of conservation concern. First seen 1918, then rediscovered 1974. Only 17 trees known in the wild.

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula lenta subsp. uber (Ashe) A.E.Murray; Kalmia 12: 18 (1982)

= Betula lenta var. uber Ashe; Rhodora 20: 64 (1918)

= Betula uber (Ashe) Fernald; Rhodora 47: 325 (1945)

species :

Betula luminifera H.J.P.Winkl.; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.61, Heft 19 (Betulac.): 91, f. 23 a-c (1904)

Distribution: China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, N-Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang)

36 CHI

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula acuminata var. pyrifolia Franch.; J. Bot. [Morot] 13(7): 207-208 (1899)

= Betula alnoides var. pyrifolia (Franch.) Burkill; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26(178): 497-498 (1899)

= Betula baeumkeri H.J.P.Winkl.; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.61, Heft 19 (Betulac.): 91, f. 22 D-F (1904)

= Betula cylindrostachya var. resinosa Diels; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29(2): 282 (1900)

= Betula hupehensis C.K.Schneid.; Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. [C.K.Schneider] 2: 882-883, f. 552 b, 553 c-d (1912)

= Betula luminifera f. pachystachya X.M.Liu; J. Anhui Agric. Coll. 14: 12 (1987)

= Betula luminifera var. baeumkeri (H.J.P.Winkl.) P.C.Kuo; Fl. Tsinling. 1(2): 56 (1974)

= Betula riparia W.W.Sm.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 13: 155 (1921)

= Betula wilsoniana C.K.Schneid.; Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. [C.K.Schneider] 2: 882 (1912)

species :

Betula maximowicziana Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(2): 418 (1865)

Distribution: Russian Far East (Kuril Isl.); Japan

31 RFE 38 JAP

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula candelae Koidz.; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 27: 147 (1913)

= Betula maximowiczii Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(2): 418 (1865), nom. illeg.

species :

Betula mcallisteri Nian Wang & Holstein; Frontiers Pl. Sci. (Online journal) 14-1113274. 9 (2023)

Distribution: China (Shaanxi)

36 CHI

species :

Betula medwediewii Regel; Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 10: 375 (1887)

Distribution: Georgia [Caucasus]; Turkey (NE-Anatolia); NW-Iran

33 GEO 34 IRN TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula megrelica Sosn.; Trudy Tbilissk. Bot. Inst. 1: 42 (1934)

species :

Betula michauxii Spach; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 2, 15: 195 (1841)

Name: Newfoundland dwarf birch

Distribution: Canada (Labrador, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Québec); St. Pierre et Miquelon

72 CDN SPM

Synonyms: hidden

= Apterocaryon michauxii (Spach) Opiz; Lotos 5: 259 (1855)

= Betula nana var. michauxii (Spach) Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13: 103 (1861)

= Betula terrae-novae Fernald; Rhodora 47: 326 (1945)

species :

Betula microphylla Bunge; Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 2: 506 (1835)

Distribution: Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Tuva); Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; China (Xinjiang); NE-China; N-Mongolia

30 SIB 32 KAZ KGZ UZB 36 CHI 37 MON

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula barunovii Sukaczev; Trudy Mongol´sk. Komiss. 14: 1-4.5 (1934)

= Betula czatkalensis V.N.Vassil.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 7: 100 (1970 publ. 1971)

= Betula derbetica P.A.Baranov; Trudy Mongol´sk. Komiss. 14: 1-45 (1934)

= Betula derbetica var. amnicola P.A.Baranov; Trudy Mongol´sk. Komiss. 14: 29 (1934)

= Betula fedtschenkoana V.N.Vassil.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 7: 103 (1970 publ. 1971)

= Betula fruticosa var. cuneifolia Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13: 35 (1861)

= Betula gordiaginii P.A.Baranov; Trudy Mongol´sk. Komiss. 14: 30 (1934)

= Betula halophila Ching; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 17(1): 88-89 (1979)

= Betula kelleriana Sukaczev; lzv. Imp. Akad. Nauk 8: 235 (1914)

= Betula microphylla var. baischanti P.A.Baranov; Trudy Mongol´sk. Komiss. 14: 23 (1934)

= Betula microphylla var. caraganicola P.A.Baranov; Trudy Mongol´sk. Komiss. 14: 21 (1934)

= Betula microphylla var. elongala P.A.Baranov; Trudy Mongol´sk. Komiss. 14: 22 (1934)

= Betula microphylla var. laciniata P.A.Baranov; Trudy Mongol´sk. Komiss. 14: 22 (1934)

= Betula microphylla var. lobatula P.A.Baranov; Trudy Mongol´sk. Komiss. 14: 23 (1934)

= Betula microphylla var. monticola P.A.Baranov; Trudy Mongol´sk. Komiss. 14: 23 (1934)

= Betula microphylla var. rezniczenkoana Litv.; Trudy Bot. Muz. Imp. Akad. Nauk 12: 97 (1914)

= Betula microphylla var. tumantica C.Y.Yang & J.Wang; Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 26: 653 (2006)

= Betula pavlovii P.A.Baranov; Trudy Mongol´sk. Komiss. 14: 1-45 (1934)

= Betula pavlovii var. sagliana. P.A.Baranov; Trudy Mongol´sk. Komiss. 14: 30 (1934)

= Betula rezniczenkoana (Litv.) Schischk.; Fl. Zapadnoi Sibiri 4: 793 (1930)

= Betula rezniczenkoana var. gracillima P.A.Baranov; Trudy Mongol´sk. Komiss. 14: 27 (1934)

= Betula rezniczenkoana var. litwinovii P.A.Baranov; Trudy Mongol´sk. Komiss. 14: 27 (1934)

= Betula rezniczenkoana var. obiquesquamata P.A.Baranov; Trudy Mongol´sk. Komiss. 14: 27 (1934)

= Betula rumnica P.A.Baranov; Trudy Mongol´sk. Komiss. 14: 1-45 (1934), no Latin descr.

= Betula tessingolica P.A.Baranov; Trudy Mongol´sk. Komiss. 14: 1-45 (1934)

= Betula tumantica C.Y.Yang & J.Wang; Sylva Xinjiangensis 146 (2012), nom. illeg.

= Betula turunica P.A.Baranov; Trudy Mongol´sk. Komiss. 14: 1-45 (1934)

species :

Betula nana L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 983 (1753)

Name: Zwerg-Birke (DE), Dwarf Birch (EN)

Distribution: Iceland; Svalbard; England (N-England, Scotland); Norway; Sweden; Sweden; Finland; Germany (Brandenburg [I], Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, +Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Schleswig-Holstein [I], Sachsen [I], +Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen [I]); Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; France; Italy; Slovenia; Romania; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; N-European Russia; Siberia (Altai, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, W-Siberia); Greenland; Canada (Nunavut)

10 FIN GRB ICE NOR SVA SWE 11 AUT CZE GER POL 12 FRA 13 ITA ROM SLV 14 BLR EST LAT LIT RUS 30 SIB 70 CDN GNL

Remarks: E-Asian and North American populations are sometimes kept as subspecies here but are nowadays mostly included in B. glandulosa

Synonyms: hidden

= Alnus nana (L.) Clairv.; Man. Herbor. Suisse 280 (1811)

= Betula alba subsp. nana (L.) Bonnier & Layens; Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France 289 (1894)

= Betula crenata Rydb. ex E.J.Butler; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 429 (1909)

= Betula glandulosa f. intermedia Kurtz; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 405 (1894)

= Betula littelliana Tucker; Amer. J. Sci. Arts 45: 30 (1843)

= Betula nana f. magnifolia Hartz; Meddel. Grønland 18: 342 (1895)

= Betula nana f. reducta (Hultén) B.Boivin; Naturaliste Canad. 94: 631 (1967)

= Betula nana subsp. relicta (Th.Fr. ex Gürke) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 673 (1881)

= Betula nana var. borealis Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 104 (1861)

= Betula nana var. europaea Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 3: 653 (1850)

= Betula nana var. flabellifolia Hook.; Fl. Bor.-Amer. [Hooker] 2: 157 (1838)

= Betula nana var. intermedia Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 102 (1861), nom. illeg.

= Betula nana var. linnaei Bab.; 282 (1843), nom. inval.

= Betula nana var. macrophylla Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 6: 177 (1830)

= Betula nana var. reducta Hultén; Acta Univ. Lund., Ser. 2, 40(1): 581 (1944)

= Betula nana var. relicta Th.Fr. ex Gürke; Pl. Eur. 2: 50 (1897)

= Betula naniformis Lindb. ex Kindb.; Bot. Not. 1909: 120 (1909)

= Betula viminea Kindb.; Bot. Not. 1909: 120 (1909)

= Betula viminea var. serrulata Kindb.; Bot. Not. 1909: 120 (1909)

= Chamaebetula acutifolia Opiz; Lotos 5: 259 (1855)

= Chamaebetula nana (L.) Opiz; Lotos 5: 259 (1855)

species :

Betula nigra L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 982 (1753)

Name: River birch

Distribution: USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin, West Virginia)

74 USA 75 USA 77 USA 78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula americana Buc´hoz; Herb. Color. Amerique: t. 36 (1783), nomen

= Betula lanulosa Michx.; Fl. Bor.-Amer. [Hooker] 2: 181 (1803)

= Betula nigra var. parvifolia Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 120 (1861)

= Betula rubra F.Michx.; Hist. Arbr. Forest. 2: 143 (1811), nom. superfl.

= Betula rupestris Raf.; W. Rev. & Misc. Mag. 1: 228 (1819)

species :

Betula occidentalis Hook.; Fl. Bor.-Amer. [Hooker] 2: 155 (1838)

Name: Water birch

Distribution: Alaska; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Northern Territories, Nunavut, Ontario, Saskatchewan, Yukon); USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington State, Wyoming)

70 ASK CDN 71 CDN 72 CDN 73 USA 74 USA 76 USA 77 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula alba f. occidentalis (Hook.) Fernald; Amer. J. Sci., Ser. 4, 14: 173 (1902)

= Betula alba subsp. occidentalis (Hook.) Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(2): 400 (1865)

= Betula beeniana A.Nelson; Amer. J. Bot. 32: 284 (1945)

= Betula elrodiana E.J.Butler; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 426 (1909)

= Betula fontinalis f. inopina Jeps.; Fl. Calif. [Jepson] 1: 349 (1909)

= Betula fontinalis Sarg.; Bot. Gaz. 31: 239 (1901)

= Betula fontinalis var. inopina (Jeps.) Jeps.; Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. [Jepson] 270 (1923)

= Betula microphylla var. fontinalis (Sarg.) M.E.Jones; Contr. W. Bot. 12: 77 (1908)

= Betula microphylla var. occidentalis (Hook.) M.E.Jones; Contr. W. Bot. 12: 77 (1908)

= Betula occidentalis f. inopina Jeps.; Fl. Calif. [Jepson] 1: 349 (1909)

= Betula occidentalis subsp. inopina (Jeps.) A.E.Murray; Kalmia 13: 3 (1983)

= Betula occidentalis var. inopina (Jeps.) C.L.Hitchc.; Vasc. Pl. Pacif. N. W. [C.L.Hitchcock et al.] 2: 78 (1964)

= Betula papyracea var. occidentalis (Hook.) Dippel; Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 177 (1891)

= Betula papyrifera subsp. occidentalis (Hook.) Hultén; Acta Univ. Lund., Ser. 2, 40(1): 582 (1944)

= Betula papyrifera var. occidentalis (Hook.) Sarg.; J. Arnold Arbor. 1: 63 (1919)

species :

Betula papyrifera Marshall; Arbust. Amer. 19 (1785)

Name: Paper birch (EN)

Distribution: England [I] (England [I], Wales [I], Scotland [I]); Ireland [I] (Northern Ireland [I]); Alaska; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Northern Territories, Ontario, Prince Edward Isl., Québec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); St. Pierre et Miquelon; USA (Colorado, Connecticut, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Vermont, Washington State, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Wyoming)

10 grb ire 70 ASK CDN 71 CDN 72 CDN SPM 73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula alba lusus latifolia (Tausch) Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 79 (1861)

= Betula alba subsp. excelsa (Aiton) Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(2): 405 (1865)

= Betula alba subsp. latifolia (Tausch) Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(2): 399 (1865)

= Betula alba subsp. papyrifera (Marshall) Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(2): 401 (1865)

= Betula alba var. communis Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38: 401 (1865), nom. illeg.

= Betula alba var. commutata Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38: 401 (1865)

= Betula alba var. elobata Fernald; Rhodora 15: 169 (1913)

= Betula alba var. papyrifera (Marshall) Spach; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 2, 15: 188 (1841)

= Betula davurica var. americana Regel; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16(2): 175 (1864)

= Betula excelsa Aiton; Hort. Kew. [W.Aiton] 3: 337 (1789)

= Betula grandis Schrad.; Index Sem. (Göttingen) 1833: 2 (1833)

= Betula kamtschatica var. kenaica (W.H.Evans) C.-A.Jansson; Acta Horti Gothob. 25: 137 (1962)

= Betula kenaica W.H.Evans; Bot. Gaz. 27: 481 (1899)

= Betula latifolia Tausch; Flora (Regensburg) 21: 751 (1838)

= Betula lenta var. papyrifera (Marshall) Castigl.; Viagg. Stati Uniti 2: 207 (1790)

= Betula lyalliana (Koehne ex Schelle) Bean; Trees & Shrubs Brit. Isles 258 (1914)

= Betula montanensis Rydb. ex E.J.Butler; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 438 (1909)

= Betula neoalaskana var. kenaica (W.H.Evans) B.Boivin; Naturaliste Canad. 94: 230 (1967)

= Betula papyracea Aiton; Hort. Kew. [W.Aiton] 3: 337 (1789)

= Betula papyracea var. grandis (Schrad.) Schelle; Handb. Laubholzben. [Beissner et al.] 55 (1903)

= Betula papyracea var. lyalliana Schelle; Handb. Laubholzben. [Beissner et al.] 55 (1903)

= Betula papyrifera f. coriacea Fernald & Wiegand; Rhodora 25: 209 (1923)

= Betula papyrifera f. elobata (Fernald) B.Boivin; Naturaliste Canad. 94: 231 (1967)

= Betula papyrifera f. longipes Fernald; Rhodora 47: 319 (1945)

= Betula papyrifera f. nana B.Boivin; Naturaliste Canad. 94: 231 (1967)

= Betula papyrifera subsp. commutata (Reg.) A.E.Murray; Kalmia 12: 18 (1982)

= Betula papyrifera subsp. kenaica (W.H.Evans) A.E.Murray; Kalmia 12: 18 (1982)

= Betula papyrifera subsp. subcordata (Rydb. ex B.T.Butler) A.E.Murray; Kalmia 12: 18 (1982)

= Betula papyrifera var. andrewsii Daniels; Fl. Boulder Colorado [Daniels] 101 (1911)

= Betula papyrifera var. commutata (Regel) Fernald; Rhodora 47: 312 (1945)

= Betula papyrifera var. elobata (Fernald) Sarg.; J. Arnold Arbor. 1: 63 (1919)

= Betula papyrifera var. kenaica (W.H.Evans) A.Henry; Trees Great Britain [Elwes & Henry] 4: 984 (1909)

= Betula papyrifera var. lyalliana Koehne ex Schelle; Handb. Laubholzben. [Beissner et al.] 55 (1903)

= Betula papyrifera var. macrostachya Fernald; Rhodora 47: 318 (1945)

= Betula papyrifera var. montanensis (Rydb. ex B.T.Butler) Sarg.; J. Arnold Arbor. 1: 64 (1919)

= Betula papyrifera var. pensilis Fernald; Rhodora 47: 318 (1945)

= Betula papyrifera var. recessa Lepage; Naturaliste Canad. 89: 115 (1962)

= Betula papyrifera var. subcordata (Rydb. ex B.T.Butler) Sarg.; J. Arnold Arbor. 1: 63 (1919)

= Betula pirifolia K.Koch; Dendrologie 2(2): 646 (1873)

= Betula subcordata Rydb. ex B.T.Butler; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 436 (1909)

species :

Betula pendula Roth; Tent. Fl. Germ. 1: 405 (1788)

subspecies :

subsp. pendula

Name: Hänge-Birke (DE), Silver Birch (EN)

Distribution: England (England, Wales, Isle of Man, Scotland, Outer Hebrides, Isles of Scilly); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal [I]; Spain; Andorra; France; Channel Isl. [I] (Alderney [I], Guernsey [I], Jersey [I], Sark [I]); Corsica; Italy; Sicily; Malta; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; N-Greece; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; W-European Russia; Moldova; Ukraine; Crimea; Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, W-Siberia); Russian Far East [I] (Primorye [I]); Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Uzbekistan; Tajikistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, NE-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq); Iran (EC-Iran, N-Iran); Afghanistan [c]; China (Xinjiang); Mongolia; New Zealand [I]; Canada [I] (British Columbia [I], Manitoba [I], New Brunswick [I], Nova Scotia [I], Ontario [I], Prince Edward Isl. [I]); USA [I] (Colorado [I], Connecticut [I], Iowa [I], Illinois [I], Indiana [I], Kentucky [I], Massachusetts [I], Maine [I], Michigan [I], New Hampshire [I], New Jersey [I], New York [I], Ohio [I], Oregon [I], Pennsylvania [I], Virginia [I], Vermont [I], Washington State [I], Wisconsin [I]); Argentina [I]

10 DEN FIN GRB IRE NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 ADO cis COR FRA por SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MLT MNT NMA ROM SIC SLV SRB TUE 14 BLR EST KRY LAT LIT MLD RUS UKR 30 SIB 31 rfe 32 KAZ KGZ TZK UZB 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 afg IRN IRQ TUR 36 CHI 37 MON 51 nzl 71 cdn 72 cdn 73 usa 74 usa 75 usa 78 usa 85 arg

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula aetnensis Raf. ex J.Presl & C.Presl; Delic. Prag. 144 (1822), orth. var.

= Betula alba lusus expansa Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 76 (1861)

= Betula alba lusus microphylla (Hartm.) Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 76 (1861)

= Betula alba lusus pendula (Roth) Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 76 (1861)

= Betula alba f. dalecarlica (L.f.) Regel; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16(2): 164 (1868)

= Betula alba f. laciniata (Hartm.) Dippel; Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 174 (1891)

= Betula alba f. lobata Regel; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16(2): 164 (1864)

= Betula alba f. verrucosa (Ehrh.) Regel; Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 4(4): 135 (1861)

= Betula alba subsp. verrucosa (Ehrh.) Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(2): 397 (1865), isonym

= Betula alba subsp. verrucosa (Ehrh.) Schübl. & G.Martens; Fl. Würtemberg, ed. 1: 614 (1834)

= Betula alba var. aetherea Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 494 (1822)

= Betula alba var. arborescens Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 494 (1822)

= Betula alba var. arbuscula Fr.; Summa Veg. Scand. [Fries] 212 (1845)

= Betula alba var. atropurpurea Dippel; Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 174 (1891)

= Betula alba var. bircalensis (Mela) Mela; Lyhk. Kasvioppi Kasvio, ed. 3: 315 (1895)

= Betula alba var. carelica Merckl.; Anat. Drevesiny Steblya Ross. 82 (1857)

= Betula alba var. dalecarlica L.f.; Suppl. Pl. [Linnaeus f.] 416 (1782)

= Betula alba var. fastigiata Clemenc.; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 42: 580 (1871)

= Betula alba var. globosa Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 244 (1821 publ. 1822)

= Betula alba var. laciniata (Wahlenb.) Döll; Rhein. Fl. 279 (1843)

= Betula alba var. laciniata Hartm.; Handb. Skand. Fl. 341 (1820)

= Betula alba var. lobulata C.Andersson; Obs. Stirp. Christinehavn 7 (1842)

= Betula alba var. macrocarpa Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 495 (1822)

= Betula alba var. microphylla Hartm.; Handb. Skand. Fl. 341 (1820)

= Betula alba var. microphylla Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 495 (1822)

= Betula alba var. microphylla Wimm.; Fl. Schles. [Wimmer] 327 (1840)

= Betula alba var. pendula (Roth) St.-Lag.; Étude Fl. [A.Cariot] éd. 8, 2: 745 (1889)

= Betula alba var. pendula (Roth) W.T.Aiton; Hort. Kew. [W.Aiton] 3: 336 (1789)

= Betula alba var. purpurea W.Paul; Garden (London, 1871-1927) 5: 364 (1874)

= Betula alba var. saxatilis Lilj.; Utkast Sv. Fl. 192 (1792)

= Betula alba var. urticifolia Spach; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 2, 15: 187 (1841)

= Betula alba var. verrucosa (Ehrh.) Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 495 (1822)

= Betula brachylepis V.N.Vassil.; Trudy Inst. Ekol. Rast. 69: 89 (1969)

= Betula cajanderi f. fruticans Kozhevn.; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 59: 504 (1974)

= Betula carpatica var. sudetica Rchb.; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 12: 2 (1850)

= Betula coriacea Pamp.; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n. s. 22: 274 (1915), non Gunnarsson

= Betula ellipticifolia V.N.Vassil.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 22: 80 (1963)

= Betula ferganensis V.N.Vassil.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 7: 108 (1970 publ. 1971)

= Betula gummifera Bertol.; Fl. Ital. [Bertoloni] 10: 229 (1855)

= Betula hippolyti Sukaczev; Severn. Mongoliya 1: 161 (1925 publ. 1926)

= Betula insularis V.N.Vassil.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 6: 39 (1970)

= Betula kossogolica V.N.Vassil.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 22: 84 (1963)

= Betula kotulae Zaver.; Ukrayins´k. Bot. Zhurn. 21(5): 83 (1964)

= Betula laciniata (Hartm.) Rchb.; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 12: 3 (1850), nom. illeg.

= Betula laciniata var. crispa Rchb.; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 13: 3 c., t. 627 (1850)

= Betula lobulata Kit.; Linnaea 32: 351 (1863)

= Betula ludmilae V.N.Vassil.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 22: 89 (1963)

= Betula microlepis V.N.Vassil.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 21: 97 (1961)

= Betula microlepis var. moldavica Osadchii; Izv. Akad. Nauk Moldavsk. S.S.R., Ser. Biol. Khim. Nauk 1973(6): 11 (1973)

= Betula mongolica V.N.Vassil.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 19: 92 (1959)

= Betula montana V.N.Vassil.; Spisok Rast. Gerb. Fl. S.S.S.R. Bot. Inst. Vsesojuzn. Akad. Nauk 11: 99 (1949)

= Betula odorata var. sudetica (Rchb.) P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 1: 685 (2018)

= Betula oxycoviensis Besser; Prim. Fl. Galiciae Austriac. 2: 289 (1809)

= Betula oxycoviensis var. majuscula Kindb.; Bot. Not. 1909: 120 (1909)

= Betula palmata Borkh.; Theor. Prakt. Handb. Forstbot. 1: 500 (1800)

= Betula palmata var. bircalensis (Mela) Tzvelev; Fl. Vostochnoi Evropy (2004)

= Betula palmata var. crispa (Rchb.) Tzvelev; Fl. Vostochnoi Evropy 11: 75 (2004)

= Betula palmata var. lobulata (C.Andersson) Tzvelev; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 34: 58 (20 June 2002) (2002)

= Betula pendula f. atrata (Domin) J.Hejtm.; 248 (1956)

= Betula pendula f. bircalensis (Mela) Hämet-Ahti; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 65: 9 (1989)

= Betula pendula f. crispa (Rchb.) Hämet-Ahti; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 65: 9 (1989)

= Betula pendula f. cuneata C.K.Schneid.; Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. [C.K.Schneider] 1: 112 (1906)

= Betula pendula f. dalecarlica (L.f.) Dippel; Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 167 (1891)

= Betula pendula f. elegans Dippel; Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 167 (1891)

= Betula pendula f. fastigiata (Clemenc.) Rehder; Bibl. Cult. Trees 97 (1949)

= Betula pendula f. gracilis (Rehder) Rehder; Bibl. Cult. Trees 97 (1949)

= Betula pendula f. palmeri Hämet-Ahti; Ann. Bot. Fenn. 29: 329 (1992)

= Betula pendula f. pyramidalis Dippel; Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 167 (1891)

= Betula pendula f. tristis C.K.Schneid.; Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. [C.K.Schneider] 1: 112 (1904)

= Betula pendula f. viscosa (Bean) Rehder; J. Arnold Arbor. 1: 60 (1919)

= Betula pendula f. youngii C.K.Schneid.; Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. [C.K.Schneider] 1: 112 (1904)

= Betula pendula subsp. etnensis (Raf.) Zangh.; Fl. Ital. [Zàngheri] 1: 79 (1976)

= Betula pendula var. carelica (Merckl.) Hämet-Ahti; Ann. Bot. Fenn. 21: 209 (1984)

= Betula pendula var. cuneata (C.K.Schneid.) P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 1: 685 (2018)

= Betula pendula var. dalecarlica (L.f.) L.H.Bailey; Stand. Cycl. Hort. 1: 408 (1927)

= Betula pendula var. etnensis (Raf.) P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 1: 685 (2018)

= Betula pendula var. gracilis Rehder; Cycl. Amer. Hort. [L.H.Bailey] 1: 498 (1914)

= Betula pendula var. laciniata (Hartm.) Tidestr.; Elys. Marian., Ferns 3: 55 (1910)

= Betula pendula var. lapponica (Lindq.) Hämet-Ahti; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 65: 9 (1989)

= Betula pendula var. meridionalis G.Moreno & Peinado; Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 45: 359 (1988)

= Betula pendula var. microlepis (I.V.Vassil.) Doluch.; Fl. Gruzii, ed. 2, 3: 24 (1975)

= Betula pendula var. tristis (C.K.Schneid.) Rehder; Cycl. Amer. Hort. [L.H.Bailey] 1: 498 (1914)

= Betula pinnata var. hybrida Lundmark; Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 130 (1790)

= Betula platyphylloides V.N.Vassil.; Spisok Rast. Gerb. Fl. S.S.S.R. Bot. Inst. Vsesojuzn. Akad. Nauk 16: 81 (1966)

= Betula platyphylloides var. microphylla Osadchii; Izv. Akad. Nauk Moldavsk. S.S.R., Ser. Biol. Khim. Nauk 1973(6): 12 (1973)

= Betula pseudopendula V.N.Vassil.; Trudy Inst. For. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 37: 134 (1958)

= Betula pubescens var. verrucosa (Ehrh.) Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 174 (1831)

= Betula purpurea (W.Paul) H.J.Veitch; Gard. Chron., n. s. 3: 795 (1875)

= Betula szaferi Jent.-Szaf. ex Staszk.; Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae 55: 364 (1986)

= Betula talassica Poljakov; Byull. Glavn. Bot. Sada 6: 54 (1950)

= Betula tiulinae V.N.Vassil.; Trudy Inst. For. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 37: 128 (1958)

= Betula transbaicalensis V.N.Vassil.; Trudy Inst. For. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 37: 129 (1958)

= Betula tristis Dippel; Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 174 (1891), pro syn.

= Betula uschkanensis Sukaczev; Uschnanyi Proikh. Baikala [Lomakin] 186 (1952), nomen

= Betula verrucosa lusus tristis (C.K.Schneid.) Asch. & Graebn.; Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. [Ascherson & Graebner] 4: 393 (1910)

= Betula verrucosa Ehrh.; Beitr. Naturk. [Ehrhart] 5: 161 (1790)

= Betula verrucosa f. bircalensis Mela; Lyhk. Kasvioppi Kasvio 117 (1877)

= Betula verrucosa f. dalecarlica (L.f.) H.J.P.Winkl.; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.61, Heft 19 (Betulac.): 76 (1904)

= Betula verrucosa f. elegans (Dippel) H.J.P.Winkl.; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.61, Heft 19 (Betulac.): 76 (1904)

= Betula verrucosa f. expansa Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13: 76 (1861)

= Betula verrucosa f. fastigiata K.Koch; Dendrologie 2(1): 657 (1872)

= Betula verrucosa f. lobata (Regel) Anders ex H.J.P.Winkl.; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.61, Heft 19 (Betulac.): 77 (1904)

= Betula verrucosa f. viscosa Bean; Trees & Shrubs Brit. Isles 1: 264 (1914)

= Betula verrucosa subsp. ambigua Hampe ex Kindb.; Bot. Not. 1909: 115 (1909)

= Betula verrucosa subsp. borealis Kindb.; Bot. Not. 1909: 115 (1909)

= Betula verrucosa subsp. fallax Kindb.; Bot. Not. 1909: 115 (1909)

= Betula verrucosa var. arbuscula (Fr.) H.J.P.Winkl.; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.61, Heft 19 (Betulac.): 77 (1904)

= Betula verrucosa var. dalecarlica (L.f.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. Suppl. 2: 282 (1890)

= Betula verrucosa var. elegans (Dippel) Schelle; Handb. Laubholzben. [Beissner et al.] 54 (1903)

= Betula verrucosa var. elegans-laciniata Adamov; Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 44: 346 (1932)

= Betula verrucosa var. frutescens Kindb.; Bot. Not. 1909: 115 (1909)

= Betula verrucosa var. hybrida (Blom) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 672 (1881), nom. superfl.

= Betula verrucosa var. incisa Brenner; Florist. Handb. 168 (1886)

= Betula verrucosa var. laciniata Kindb.; Bot. Not. 1909: 115 (1909)

= Betula verrucosa var. lapponica Lindq.; Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 41: 62 (1947)

= Betula verrucosa var. lobulata (Kit.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. Suppl. 2: 282 (1890)

= Betula verrucosa var. microphylla (Hartm.) Fiek; Fl. Schlesien [Fiek] 399 (1891)

= Betula verrucosa var. odorata Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 672 (1881)

= Betula verrucosa var. pendula (Roth) T.Marsson; 429 (1869), nom. illeg.

= Betula verrucosa var. pyramidalis Adamov; Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 44: 346 (1932)

= Betula verrucosa var. saxatilis Lindq.; Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 41: 66 (1947)

= Betula verrucosa var. vulgaris H.J.P.Winkl.; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.61, Heft 19 (Betulac.): 75 (1904), nom. illeg.

= Betula verrusosa f. serrata Mörner; Bot. Not. 1889: 189 (1889)

= Betula virgultosa Fr. ex Regel; Nov. Mem. Moskovsk. Obshch. lsp. Prír. 13: 115 (1861)

= Betula vladimirii V.N.Vassil.; Trudy Inst. For. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 37: 125 (1958)

variant :

var. fontqueri (Rothm.) G.Moreno & Peinado; Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 45: 359 (1988)

Distribution: Spain; Morocco

12 SPA 20 MOR

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula alba var. fontqueri (Rothm.) Maire & Weiller; Fl. Afrique N. 7: 82 (1961)

= Betula fontqueri Rothm.; Bol. Soc. Brot., Sér. 2, 14: 149 (1940)

= Betula fontqueri subsp. parvibracteata (Peinado, G.Moreno & A.Velasco) Rivas Mart. & Ladero; Itinera Geobot. 15(2): 698 (2002)

= Betula parvibracteata Peinado, G.Moreno & A.Velasco; Willdenowia 13: 350 (1983 publ. 1984)

= Betula pendula subsp. fontqueri (Rothm.) G.Moreno & Peinado; Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 45: 359 (1988)

= Betula pendula var. parvibracteata (Peinado, G.Moreno & A.Velasco) G.Moreno & Peinado; Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 45: 359 (1988)

variant :

var. oycowiensis (Besser) C.K.Schneid.; Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. [C.K.Schneider] 1: 112 (1904)

Distribution: SE-Poland

11 POL

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula alba var. oycowiensis (Besser) Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(2): 398 (1865)

= Betula oycowiensis Besser; Prim. Fl. Galiciae Austriac. 2: 289 (1809)

= Betula oycowiensis var. majuscula Kindb.; Bot. Not. 1909: 120 (1909)

= Betula pendula f. oycowiensis (Besser) Dippel; Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 167 (1891)

= Betula pendula var. oycowiensis (Besser) Dippel; Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 167 (1891)

= Betula verrucosa subsp. oycowiensis (Besser) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 672 (1881)

= Betula verrucosa var. oycowiensis (Besser) H.J.P.Winkl.; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.61, Heft 19 (Betulac.): 77 (1904)

subspecies :

subsp. mandshurica (Regel) Ashburner & McAll.; Gen. Betula 291 (2013)

Name: Asian white birch, Resin birch

Distribution: Siberia (Buryatia, Chita, Yakutia); Russian Far East (Amur, Kamchatka, Kuril Isl., Magadan, Primorye, Sakhalin); China (Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan); Tibet; Mongolia; North Korea; Japan; Alaska; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Northern Territories, Ontario, Saskatchewan, Yukon); USA [I] (Maine [I], New York [I])

30 SIB 31 RFE 36 CHI TIB 37 MON 38 JAP NKO 70 ASK CDN 71 CDN 72 CDN 75 usa

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula ajanensis Kom.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 2: 130 (1921)

= Betula alaskana Sarg.; Bot. Gaz. 31: 236 (1901), non Lesq. (1882)

= Betula alba subsp. mandshurica Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(2): 399, pl. 7, f. 15. 15 (1865)

= Betula alba var. humilis Regel; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16(2): 166 (1864)

= Betula alba var. japonica Miq.; Prolus. Fl. Jap. 68 (1866)

= Betula alba var. kamtschatica Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(2): 400 (1865)

= Betula alba var. mandshurica (Regel) Franch.; Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., Sér. 2, 7: 91 (1884)

= Betula alba var. resinifera Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(2): 398 (1865)

= Betula alba var. tauschii Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(2): 399 (1865)

= Betula austrosichotensis V.N.Vassil. & V.I.Baranov; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 21: 60 (1984)

= Betula cajanderi subsp. minutifolia Kozhevn.; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 59: 504 (1974)

= Betula cajanderi Sukaczev; Acta Forest. Fenn. 34(13): 3 (1929)

= Betula demetrii I.V.Vassil.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 21: 95 (1961)

= Betula grandifolia Litv.; Trudy Bot. Muz. Imp. Akad. Nauk 2: 98 (1905), nom. illeg.

= Betula grandifolia var. pubescens Kuzen.; Trudy Bot. Muz. Imp. Akad. Nauk 12: 64 (1914)

= Betula japonica (Miq.) Siebold ex H.J.P.Winkl.; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.61, Heft 19 (Betulac.): 78 (1904), nom. illeg.

= Betula japonica var. kamtschatica (Regel) H.J.P.Winkl.; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.61, Heft 19 (Betulac.): 79 (1904)

= Betula japonica var. mandshurica (Regel) H.J.P.Winkl.; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.61, Heft 19 (Betulac.): 78 (1904)

= Betula japonica var. pluricostata H.J.P.Winkl.; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.61, Heft 19 (Betulac.): 79 (1904)

= Betula japonica var. resinifera (Regel) H.J.P.Winkl.; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.61, Heft 19 (Betulac.): 79 (1904)

= Betula japonica var. sachalinensis Koidz.; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 27: 563 (1913)

= Betula japonica var. tauschii (Regel) H.J.P.Winkl.; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.61, Heft 19 (Betulac.): 78 (1904)

= Betula kamtschatica (Regel) C.-A.Jansson; Acta Horti Gothob. 25: 130 (1962), nom. illeg.

= Betula kenaica var. japonica (Miq.) Lindq.; Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 41: 75 (1947)

= Betula latifolia var. cuneifolia Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 42: 17 (1928)

= Betula latifolia var. kamtschatica (Regel) Makino & Nemoto; Fl. Japan. [Makino & Nemoto], ed. 2: 184 (1931)

= Betula latifolia var. mandshurica (Regel) Nakai; Rep. Veg. Kami-Kochi 38 (1928)

= Betula latifolia var. pluricostata (H.J.P.Winkl.) Makino & Nemoto; Fl. Japan. [Makino & Nemoto], ed. 2: 184 (1931)

= Betula mandshurica (Regel) Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 29: 42 (1915)

= Betula mandshurica var. japonica (Miq.) Rehder; Man. Cult. Trees, ed. 2: 130 (1940)

= Betula mandshurica var. kamtschatica (Regel) Rehder; J. Arnold Arbor. 19: 73 (1938)

= Betula neoalaskana Sarg.; J. Arnold Arbor. 3: 206 (1922)

= Betula papyrifera subsp. humilis (Reg.) A.E.Murray; Kalmia 12: 18 (1982)

= Betula papyrifera subsp. neoalaskana (Sarg.) A.E.Murray; Kalmia 13: 4 (1983)

= Betula papyrifera var. humilis (Regel) Fernald & Raup; Rhodora 47: 321 (1945)

= Betula papyrifera var. neoalaskana (Sarg.) Raup; Contr. Arnold Arbor. 6: 152 (1934)

= Betula pendula f. microdonta C.K.Schneid.; Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. [C.K.Schneider] 1: 113 (1904)

= Betula pendula subsp. kamtschatica (Regel) M.Schemberg; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 70(8): 1064 (1985)

= Betula pendula var. japonica (Miq.) Rehder; Cycl. Amer. Hort. [L.H.Bailey] 1: 159 (1900)

= Betula pendula var. tauschii (Regel) Rehder; Stand. Cycl. Hort. 1: 498 (1914)

= Betula platyphylla f. laciniata (Miyabe & Tatew.) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 13: 385 (1937)

= Betula platyphylla subsp. kamtschatica (Regel) Vorosch.; Florist. Issl. Razn. Raionakh S.S.S.R. [A.K.Skvortsov] 162 (1985)

= Betula platyphylla subsp. mandshurica (Regel) Kitag.; Lin. Fl. Manshur. 165 (1939)

= Betula platyphylla subsp. minutifolia (Kozhevn.) Kozhevn.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 18: 236 (1981)

= Betula platyphylla Sukaczev; Trudy Bot. Muz. Imp. Akad. Nauk 8: 220 (1911)

= Betula platyphylla var. brunnea J.X.Huang; Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 6(2): 125 (1986)

= Betula platyphylla var. cuneifolia (Nakai) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 13: 385 (1937)

= Betula platyphylla var. japonica (Miq.) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 13: 384 (1937)

= Betula platyphylla var. kamtschatica (Regel) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 13: 385 (1937)

= Betula platyphylla var. mandshurica (Regel) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 13: 385 (1937)

= Betula platyphylla var. phellodendroides S.L.Tung; Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 1(1-2): 136 (1981)

= Betula platyphylla var. pluricostata (H.J.P.Winkl.) Tatew.; Bull. Forest. Soc. Hokkaido 32(384): 636 (1934)

= Betula platyphylla var. tauschii (Regel) Tatew.; Bull. Forest. Soc. Hokkaido 32(384): 636 (1934)

= Betula resinifera Britton; Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 2: 165 (1903), nom. illeg.

= Betula tauschii (Regel) Koidz.; Fl. Symb. Orient.-Asiat. 35 (1930)

= Betula tauschii f. laciniata Miyabe & Tatew.; Fl. Hokkaido 4: 464 (1934)

= Betula tauschii var. cuneifolia (Nakai) Nemoto; Fl. Japan. [Makino & Nemoto], Suppl. 125 (1936)

= Betula tauschii var. kamtschatica (Regel) Koidz.; Fl. Symb. Orient.-Asiat. 35 (1930)

= Betula tauschii var. pluricostata (H.J.P.Winkl.) Koidz.; Fl. Symb. Orient.-Asiat. 35 (1930)

= Betula verrucosa var. japonica (Miq.) A.Henry; Trees Great Britain [Elwes & Henry] 4: 967 (1909)

= Betula verrucosa var. platyphylla (Sukaczev) Lindq.; Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 41: 71 (1947)

subspecies :

subsp. szechuanica (C.K.Schneid.) Ashburner & McAll.; Gen. Betula 295 (2013)

Name: Szechuan white birch

Distribution: China (N-Yunnan, Sichuan, Gansu, Qinghai); USA [I] (Massachusetts [I])

36 CHI 75 usa

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula japonica var. rockii Rehder; J. Arnold Arbor. 9: 25 (1928)

= Betula japonica var. szechuanica C.K.Schneid.; Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. [C.K.Schneider] 3: 44 (1917)

= Betula mandshurica var. rockii (Rehder) Rehder; J. Arnold Arbor. 19: 74 (1938)

= Betula mandshurica var. szechuanica (C.K.Schneid.) Rehder; Man. Cult. Trees, ed. 2: 130 (1940)

= Betula platyphylla var. rockii (Rehder) Rehder; J. Arnold Arbor. 20: 411 (1939)

= Betula platyphylla var. szechuanica (C.K.Schneid.) Rehder; J. Arnold Arbor. 20: 311 (1939)

= Betula rockii (Rehder) C.-A.Jansson; Acta Horti Gothob. 25: 120 (1962)

= Betula szechuanica (C.K.Schneid.) C.-A.Jansson; Acta Horti Gothob. 25: 113 (1962)

species :

Betula populifolia Marshall; Arbust. Amer. 19 (1785)

Name: Gray birch

Distribution: Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Isl., Québec); USA (Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Virginia, Vermont, West Virginia)

72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA 78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula acuminata Ehrh.; Beitr. Naturk. [Ehrhart] 6: 98 (1791)

= Betula alba subsp. populifolia (Marshall) Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38: 399 (1865)

= Betula alba var. populifolia (Marshall) Spach; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 2, 15: 187 (1841)

= Betula cuspidata Schrad. ex Regel; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16(2): 164 (1864) (pro syn.)

= Betula excelsa var. canadensis Wangenh.; Beytr. Teut. Forstwiss. 86 (1787)

= Betula lenta var. populifolia (Marshall) Castigl.; Viagg. Stati Uniti 2: 207 (1790)

= Betula populifolia f. incisifolia Fernald; Rhodora 47: 304 (1945)

= Betula populifolia f. laciniata (Loudon); Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.61, Heft 19 (Betulac.): 80 (1904)

= Betula populifolia f. pendula (Loudon) H.J.P.Winkl.; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.61, Heft 19 (Betulac.): 80 (1904)

= Betula populifolia f. purpurea (Ellw. & P.Barry) C.K.Schneid.; Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. [C.K.Schneider] 1: 112 (1904)

= Betula populifolia purpurea Ellw. & P.Barry; Nursery Cat. (Ellwanger & Barry) 1892: 53 (1892)

= Betula populifolia var. laciniata Loudon; Arbor. Frutic. Brit. 3: 1707 (1838)

= Betula populifolia var. pendula Loudon; Arbor. Frutic. Brit. 3: 1707 (1838)

= Betula populifolia var. purpurea (Ellw. & P.Barry) Rehder; Cycl. Amer. Hort. [L.H.Bailey] 1: 159 (1900)

species :

Betula potamophila V.N.Vassil.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 7: 105 (1970 publ. 1971)

Distribution: Tajikistan

32 TZK

species :

Betula potaninii Batalin; Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 13(1): 101-102 (1893)

Distribution: China (SE-Gansu, Shaanxi, N-Sichuan, W-Sichuan, Yunnan)

36 CHI

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula jiulungensis P.C.Li ex Q.Lin; Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 27(3): 267 (2007)

= Betula potaninii var. trichogemma L.C.Hu; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 17(2): 91 (1979)

= Betula trichogemma (L.C.Hu) T.Hong; Sylva Sinica 2: 2133 (1985)

= Betula wilsonii Bean; Trees & Shrubs Brit. Isles 1: 264 (1914)

species :

Betula psammophila V.N.Vassil.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 7: 97 (1970 publ. 1971)

Distribution: Kazakhstan

32 KAZ

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula psammophila f. subcordata V.N.Vassil.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 7: 97 (1970 publ. 1971), nom. inval.

species :

Betula pubescens Ehrh.; Beitr. Naturk. [Ehrhart] 6: 98 (1791)

subspecies :

subsp. pubescens

Name: Moor-Birke (DE), Downy birch (EN)

Distribution: Iceland; England (England, Wales, Isle of Man, Scotland, Outer Hebrides, Orkney Isl., Shetland Isl., Isles of Scilly); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; Andorra; France; Channel Isl. [I] (Guernsey [I], Jersey [I]); Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Romania; S-European Russia; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; W-European Russia; Ukraine; Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, W-Siberia, Yakutia); Russian Far East (Khabarovsk); Kazakhstan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Turkey (E-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia); Canada [I] (British Columbia [I], Nova Scotia [I], Ontario [I]); USA [I] (Connecticut [I], Georgia [I], Indiana [I], Massachusetts [I], Maryland [I], Maine [I], Michigan [I], Montana [I], New Jersey [I], New York [I], Ohio [I], Pennsylvania [I], Rhode Island [I], Vermont [I], West Virginia [I])

10 DEN FIN GRB ICE IRE NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX POL SLO SWI 12 ADO cis FRA POR SPA 13 BIH CRO ITA MNT ROM SLV SRB 14 BLR EST LAT LIT RUS UKR 30 SIB 31 RFE 32 KAZ 33 GEO NCS 34 TUR 71 cdn 72 cdn 73 usa 75 usa 78 usa

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula acuminata Kindb.; Bot. Not. 1909: 119 (1909), nom. illeg.

= Betula alba lusus asplenifolia Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 84 (1861)

= Betula alba lusus ledebourii Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 81 (1861)

= Betula alba lusus macrophylla Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 82 (1861)

= Betula alba lusus parvifolia Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 84 (1861)

= Betula alba lusus pendula Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 81 (1861), nom. illeg.

= Betula alba lusus rhombifolia (Tausch) Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 78 (1861)

= Betula alba f. friesii Regel; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16(2): 167 (1968)

= Betula alba f. hornemannii (Regel) Regel; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16(2): 167 (1868)

= Betula alba f. pubescens (Ehrh.) Bolzon; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n. s. 21: 176 (1914), nom. illeg.

= Betula alba f. rhombifolia (Tausch) Regel; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16(2): 167 (1868)

= Betula alba L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 982 (1753) (nom. rej.)

= Betula alba subsp. glutinosa (Trautv. ex Regel) Holub; Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 24: 426 (1989)

= Betula alba subsp. odorata (Bechst.) Dippel; Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 172 (1891)

= Betula alba subsp. pubescens (Ehrh.) Celak.; 128 (1871), isonym

= Betula alba subsp. pubescens (Ehrh.) Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(2): 402 (1865), nom. illeg.

= Betula alba var. communis Hartm.; Handb. Skand. Fl. 341 (1820)

= Betula alba var. fragilis Lilj.; Utkast Sv. Fl. 192 (1792)

= Betula alba var. friesii Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(2): 404 (1865)

= Betula alba var. frutescens Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 495 (1822)

= Betula alba var. glutinosa Trautv. ex Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 78 (1861)

= Betula alba var. hornemannii Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(2): 403 (1865)

= Betula alba var. lupulina Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 495 (1822)

= Betula alba var. ovata Neilr.; Fl. Nied.-Oesterr. 235 (1859)

= Betula alba var. parvifolia (Regel) Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(2): 403 (1865)

= Betula alba var. pubescens (Ehrh.) Hartm.; Handb. Skand. Fl. 341 (1820), isonym

= Betula alba var. pubescens (Ehrh.) Spach; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 2, 15: 187 (1841), isonym

= Betula alba var. pubescens (Ehrh.) W.D.J.Koch & Ziz; Cat. Fl. Palat. 16 (1814)

= Betula alba var. rhombifolia (Tausch) Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(2): 404 (1865)

= Betula alba var. torfacea Custor; Flora (Regensburg) 20(Beibl. 1): 41 (1837)

= Betula alba var. urticifolia Loudon; Arbor. Frutic. Brit. 3: 1692 (1838)

= Betula alba var. vulgaris Aiton; Hort. Kew. [W.Aiton] 3: 336 (1789)

= Betula ambigua Hampe ex Rchb.; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 12: 2 (1850)

= Betula andreji V.N.Vassil.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 19: 90 (1959)

= Betula asplenifolia Regel; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16(2): 167 (1868), pro syn.

= Betula aurea Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 201 (1840)

= Betula baicalia V.N.Vassil.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 18: 73 (1957)

= Betula broccembergensis Bechst.; Forstbot. 297 (1814)

= Betula callosa Notø; Tromso Mus. Aarsh. 23: 158 (1901)

= Betula canadensis K.Koch; Dendrologie 2(2): 656 (1873)

= Betula concinna Gunnarsson; C. A. M. Lindm., SV. Fanerogamfl. 202 (1918)

= Betula coriifolia Tausch ex Regel; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16(2): 168 (1864)

= Betula cryptocarpa Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 109 (1857)

= Betula dalecarlica L.f.; Suppl. Pl. [Linnaeus f.] 416 (1782)

= Betula friesii Larss. ex Hartm.; Handb. Skand. Fl., ed. 3: 376 (1838)

= Betula friesii var. oxyodontia Kindb.; Bot. Not. 1909: 118 (1909)

= Betula friesii var. subalpina Larss. ex Kindb.; Bot. Not. 1909: 118 (1909)

= Betula glabra Dumort.; Fl. Belg. [Dumortier] 11 (1827)

= Betula glauca Wender.; Schriften Ges. Beförd. Gesammten Naturwiss. Marburg 2: 263 (1831), et Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 4: 291 (1846)

= Betula glutinosa subsp. pubescens (Ehrh.) Hartm.; 136 (1846), nom. illeg.

= Betula glutinosa var. pubescens (Ehrh.) Bab.; 282 (1843), nom. illeg.

= Betula hackelii Opiz ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 201 (1840)

= Betula harcynica Wender. ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 201 (1840)

= Betula jacutica V.N.Vassil.; Trudy Inst. For. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 37: 137 (1958)

= Betula krylovii G.V.Krylov; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 39: 251 (1954)

= Betula laciniata Blom; Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 7: 156 (1786)

= Betula laciniata Thunb.; Betula [Thunberg] 10 (1807), nom. illeg.

= Betula lenta Du Roi; Harbk. Baumz. 1: 92 (1772)

= Betula lucida Courtois; Rev. Fl. Spa 252 (1825)

= Betula macrostachya Schrad. ex Regel; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16: 187 (1869)

= Betula major Gilib.; Exerc. Phyt. 2: 400 (1792), opus utique oppr.

= Betula media Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 107 (1857)

= Betula megalocarpa Laest.; Bot. Not. 1857: 106 (1857)

= Betula megaloptera Kindb.; Bot. Not. 1909: 119 (1909)

= Betula microdontia Kindb.; Bot. Not. 1909: 119 (1909)

= Betula nigricans Wender.; Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 4: 291 (1846)

= Betula odorata Bechst.; Arch. Bot. (Leipzig) 2: 73 (1799)

= Betula odorata f. incisa Kindb.; Bot. Not. 1909: 116 (1909)

= Betula odorata subsp. integrifolia Larss. ex Kindb.; Bot. Not. 1909: 116 (1909)

= Betula odorata subsp. pubescens (Ehrh.) C.Hartm.; 148 (1866), nom. illeg.

= Betula odorata subsp. subalpina (Laest.) Ahlfv.; Sver. Fl. 591 (1901)

= Betula odorata var. alpigena Blytt; Haandb. Norges Fl. 402 (1874)

= Betula ovata K.Koch; Linnaea 22: 333 (1849)

= Betula palmiformis Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 105 (1857)

= Betula platyodontia Kindb.; Bot. Not. 1909: 118 (1909)

= Betula pontica Loudon; Encycl. Pl. (new ed.) 720 (1855)

= Betula populifolia Aiton; Hort. Kew. [W.Aiton] 3: 336 (1789), nom. illeg.

= Betula pubescens proles murithii (Gaudin ex Regel) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 13: 519 (1912)

= Betula pubescens f. amoena Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 110 (1856)

= Betula pubescens f. auriculata Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 108 (1856)

= Betula pubescens f. barbara Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 105 (1856)

= Betula pubescens f. columnaris T.Ulvinen; Ann. Bot. Fenn. 36: 34 (1999)

= Betula pubescens f. cordata Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 111 (1856)

= Betula pubescens f. curtipendula Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 109 (1856)

= Betula pubescens f. depressa Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 110 (1856)

= Betula pubescens f. dumetorum Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 108 (1856)

= Betula pubescens f. falcata Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 105 (1856)

= Betula pubescens f. helvola Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 108 (1856)

= Betula pubescens f. hibernifolia T.Ulvinen; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 65: 133 (1989)

= Betula pubescens f. hirsuta Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 111 (1856)

= Betula pubescens f. horrida Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 110 (1856)

= Betula pubescens f. latisquama Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 105 (1856)

= Betula pubescens f. ludens Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 110 (1856)

= Betula pubescens f. mellifera Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 108 (1856)

= Betula pubescens f. nemoralis Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 107 (1856)

= Betula pubescens f. nemorosa Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 107 (1856)

= Betula pubescens f. obtusata Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 105 (1856)

= Betula pubescens f. parallela Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 108 (1856)

= Betula pubescens f. parvifolia (Regel) Gunnarsson; Lindm., 202 (1918)

= Betula pubescens f. pendula Schelle; Handb. Laubholzben. [Beissner et al.] 53 (1903)

= Betula pubescens f. pendula-nana Schelle; Handb. Laubholzben. [Beissner et al.] 53 (1903), nomen

= Betula pubescens f. populifomis Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 111 (1856)

= Betula pubescens f. reticulata Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 111 (1856)

= Betula pubescens f. rubra T.Ulvinen; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 65: 135 (1989)

= Betula pubescens f. stenocarpa Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 109 (1856)

= Betula pubescens f. suberecta Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 110 (1856)

= Betula pubescens f. submontana Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 105 (1856)

= Betula pubescens f. torminalis Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 109 (1856)

= Betula pubescens f. turgida Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 109 (1856)

= Betula pubescens f. urticifolia (Loudon) Schelle; Handb. Laubholzben. [Beissner et al.] 52 (1903)

= Betula pubescens subsp. callosa (Notø) Á.Löve & D.Löve; Acta Horti Gothob. 20: 140 (1956)

= Betula pubescens subsp. concinna (Gunnarsson) Á.Löve & D.Löve; Acta Horti Gothob. 20: 140 (1956)

= Betula pubescens subsp. glutinosa (Trautv. ex Regel) Berher; Fl. Vosges, éd. 2: 205 (1887)

= Betula pubescens subsp. murithii (Gaudin ex Regel) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. Suppl. 2: 282 (1890)

= Betula pubescens subsp. nigricans Maire ex Just; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23: 228 (1896)

= Betula pubescens subsp. odorata (Bechst.) E.F.Warb.; Fl. Brit. Isles [Clapham et al.] 729 (1952)

= Betula pubescens subsp. ovalifolia (Sukaczev) Printz; Veg. Siber.-Mongol. Front. 198 (1921)

= Betula pubescens subsp. rhombifolia (Tausch) Printz; Veg. Siber.-Mongol. Front. 199 (1921)

= Betula pubescens subsp. subarctica (Orlova) Á.Löve & D.Löve; Bot. Not. 114: 51 (1961)

= Betula pubescens subsp. suecica Gunnarsson; Sv. Fanerogamfl. 203 (1918)

= Betula pubescens var. appressa Kallio & Y.Mäkinen; Ann. Univ. Turku., A 60: 58 (1978)

= Betula pubescens var. cryptocarpa Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 109 (1857)

= Betula pubescens var. denudata Gren. & Godr.; Fl. France [Grenier] 3: 148 (1855)

= Betula pubescens var. friesii (Larss. ex Hartm.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 672 (1881)

= Betula pubescens var. glabra Fiek ex C.K.Schneid.; Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. [C.K.Schneider] 1: 117 (1904)

= Betula pubescens var. glutinosa (Trautv. ex Regel) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 672 (1881)

= Betula pubescens var. leopoliensis Zapal.; 155 (1907)

= Betula pubescens var. lucida (Courtois) Wesm.; Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique 2: 147 (1863)

= Betula pubescens var. media Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 107 (1857)

= Betula pubescens var. megalocarpa Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 106 (1857)

= Betula pubescens var. murithii (Gaudin ex Regel) Gremli; Excursionsfl. Schweiz, Ed. 7: 365 (1893)

= Betula pubescens var. nigricans (Wender.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 672 (1881)

= Betula pubescens var. oblongifolia Wimm. & Grab.; Fl. Siles. 2(2): 348 (1829)

= Betula pubescens var. ovalifolia Sukaczev; Izv. Imp. Akad. Nauk 8: 233 (1914)

= Betula pubescens var. palmiformis Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 105 (1857)

= Betula pubescens var. rhombifolia (Tausch) Sukaczev; Izv. Imp. Akad. Nauk 8: 233 (1914)

= Betula pubescens var. rustica Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 104 (1857)

= Betula pubescens var. sibakademica (Baran.) Kuzen.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 5: 296 (1936)

= Betula pubescens var. silvatica Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 108 (1857)

= Betula pubescens var. silvestris Laest.; Bot. Not. 1857: 107 (1857)

= Betula pubescens var. subaequalis Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 109 (1857)

= Betula pubescens var. subalpina Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 110 (1857)

= Betula pubescens var. vestita Gren. & Godr.; Fl. France [Grenier] 3: 148 (1855)

= Betula reticulata Laest. ex Regel; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16(2): 169 (1864)

= Betula rotundata Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich 1: 262 (1890)

= Betula sajanensis V.N.Vassil.; Trudy Inst. For. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 37: 131 (1958)

= Betula silvatica Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 108 (1857)

= Betula silvestris Laest.; Bot. Not. 1857: 107 (1857)

= Betula sokolowii Regel; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16(2): 163 (1864)

= Betula stenocarpa Kindb.; Bot. Not. 1909: 117 (1909)

= Betula subaequalis Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 109 (1857)

= Betula subalpina Laest.; Bot. Not. 1857: 110 (1857)

= Betula subarctica Orlova; Fl. Murmansk. Obl. 3: 124, 365 (1956)

= Betula subarctica var. pojarkovae Tzvelev; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 34: 62 (2002)

= Betula subodorata Kindb.; Bot. Not. 1909: 118 (1909)

= Betula tomentosa Reitter & Abeleven; Abbild. Deut. Holzart. 1: 17 (1805)

= Betula torfacea (Custor) Schleich.; Cat. Pl. Helv., ed. 4: 9 (1821)

= Betula tricholepidea Kindb.; Bot. Not. 1909: 118 (1909)

= Betula tricholepidea subsp. stenoptera Kindb.; Bot. Not. 1909: 118 (1909)

= Betula urticifolia (Loudon) Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 115 (1861)

= Betula virgata Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 395 (1796)

= Betula ×aurata var. rhombifolia (Tausch) Tzvelev; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 34: 60 (2002)

variant :

var. carpatica (Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) W.D.J.Koch; Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 660 (1837)

Distribution: Norway; Sweden; Finland; Germany (Brandenburg, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Portugal; Spain; France; Romania; European Russia; Ukraine

10 FIN NOR SWE 11 CZE GER SLO SWI 12 FRA POR SPA 13 ROM 14 RUS UKR

Remarks: not always recognized and connected to the nominate form with many transitional forms. Therefore best treated as boreomontane variety

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula alba lusus carpatica (Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 79 (1861)

= Betula alba subsp. glutinosa Syme; 186 (1868)

= Betula alba var. carpatica (Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) Jess.; Deut. Excurs.-Fl. 445 (1879)

= Betula alba var. carpatica (Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(2): 404 (1865), nom. superfl.

= Betula alba var. denudata (Gren.) Syme; 186 (1868)

= Betula alba var. glabrata (Wahlenb.) Muñoz Garm. & Pedrol; Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 44: 599 (1987)

= Betula alba var. glutinosa (Fr.) Moore & More; 274 (1866)

= Betula alba var. pontica P.Watson; Dendrol. Brit. 2: t. 94 (1825)

= Betula borysthenica Klokov; Bot. Zhurn. (Kiev) 3: 18 (1947)

= Betula carpatica f. duplicatoserrata Kindb.; Bot. Not. 1909: 117 (1909)

= Betula carpatica var. cuneifolia Dumort.; Fl. Belg. [Dumortier] 11 (1827), nom. inval.

= Betula carpatica var. hercynica Rchb.; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 12: 2 (1850)

= Betula carpatica var. incisa Berdau ex Zapal.; 155 (1907)

= Betula carpatica var. intermedia Zapal.; 155 (1907)

= Betula carpatica var. rhomboidea Dumort.; Fl. Belg. [Dumortier] 11 (1827), nom. inval.

= Betula carpatica var. transsilvanica Schur; 169 (1851), nom. inval.

= Betula carpatica Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 4: 464 (1805)

= Betula coriacea Gunnarsson; Sv. Fanerogamfl. 201 (1918), nom. illeg.

= Betula glutinosa Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 497 (1822), nom. illeg.

= Betula murithii Gaudin ex Regel; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16(2): 168 (1868)

= Betula odorata subsp. carpatica (Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) F.Aresch.; 143 (1866)

= Betula pubescens subsp. carpatica (Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) Asch. & Graebn.; Fl. Nordostdeut. Flachl. 253 (1898), isonym

= Betula pubescens subsp. carpatica (Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) Simonk.; 491 (1887)

= Betula pubescens subsp. glutinosa (Syme) Berher; 205 (1887)

= Betula pubescens var. carpatica (Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) Wimm. & Grab.; Fl. Siles. 2(2): 348 (1829), nom. superfl.

= Betula pubescens var. denudata Gren.; Fl. France [Grenier] 3: 148 (1855)

= Betula pubescens var. glabrata M.Loehr; 616 (1852), nom. illeg.

= Betula pubescens var. glabrata Wahlenb.; Fl. Carpat. Princ. 306 (1814)

= Betula ×pseudocarpatica Simonk.; Enum. Fl. Transsilv. 491 (1887)

variant :

var. fragrans Ashburner & McAll.; Gen. Betula 328 (2013)

Distribution: England (N-England, Wales, Scotland, Outer Hebrides, Isle of Man); Ireland (SW- & N-Ireland, Northern Ireland)

10 GRB IRE

variant :

var. golitsinii (V.N.Vassil.) Tzvelev; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 34: 61 (20 June 2002) (2002)

Distribution: European Russia

14 RUS

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula golitsinii V.N.Vassil.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 98 (1965)

variant :

var. pumila (Zanoni ex Murray) Govaerts; World Checkl. Seed Pl. 2(1): 10 (1996)

Name: Northern birch (EN)

Distribution: Iceland; Norway; Sweden; Finland; N-European Russia; Siberia (Altai, W-Siberia); Kazakhstan; Greenland; USA (Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont)

10 FIN ICE NOR SWE 14 RUS 30 SIB 32 KAZ 70 GNL 75 USA

Remarks: not to be confused with B. pumila L.; populations in Great Britain are now assigned to var. fragrans

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula alba subsp. tortuosa (Ledeb.) Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(2): 404 (1865)

= Betula alba var. pumila Zanoni ex Murray; Prodr. Stirp. Goett. 77 (1770)

= Betula borealis Spach; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 2, 15: 196 (1841)

= Betula czerepanovii N.I.Orlova; Vestn. Leningradsk. Univ. 1978(3): 60 (1978)

= Betula czerepanovii var. nasarovii Tzvelev; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 34: 63 (20 June 2002) (2002)

= Betula odorata f. tortuosa (Ledeb.) Stefánsson; 75 (1901)

= Betula odorata var. tortuosa (Ledeb.) Rosenv.; Meddel. Grønland 3: 707 (1892)

= Betula pubescens f. tortuosa (Ledeb.) Stefánsson; 85 (1924)

= Betula pubescens subsp. borealis (Spach) Á.Löve & D.Löve; Univ. Colorado Stud., Ser. Biol. 17: 20 (1965)

= Betula pubescens subsp. czerepanovii (N.I.Orlova) Hämet-Ahti; Phytocoenologia 15: 450 (1987)

= Betula pubescens subsp. tortuosa (Ledeb.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 672 (1881)

= Betula pubescens var. czerepanovii (N.I.Orlova) Hämet-Ahti; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 65: 9 (1989)

= Betula pubescens var. tiliifolia Laest.; Bot. Not. 1856: 106 (1857)

= Betula pubescens var. tortuosa (Ledeb.) Koehne; Deut. Dendrol. 109 (1893)

= Betula pumila var. borealis (Spach) Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38: 410 (1865)

= Betula tortuosa Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 3: 652 (1850)

= Betula tortuosa var. pubescens Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 93 (1861)

variant :

var. kusmisscheffii (Regel) Gürke; Pl. Eur. 2: 49 (1897) [nothovar.]

Distribution: Finland; N-European Russia

10 FIN 14 RUS

Remarks: Betula pubescens var. pubescens x pubescens var. pumila

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula alba nothovar. kusmisscheffii Regel; Gartenflora 9: 303 (1860)

= Betula tortuosa var. kusmischeffii (Regel) Regel; Gartenflora 9: 311, t. 303 (1860)

= Betula tortuosa var. kusmisscheffii (Regel) Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 92 (1861)

= Betula ×kusmisscheffii (Regel) Sukaczev; Izv. Imp. Akad. Nauk 8: 233 (1914)

variant :

var. litwinowii (Doluch.) Ashburner & McAll.; Gen. Betula 326 (2013)

Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (E-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia)

33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula browicziana Güner; Doga Bilim Derg, A, 2 Biyol. 9: 270 (1985)

= Betula caucasica Litv. ex Leskov; Bot. Zhurn. S.S.S.R. 17: 259 (1932), nomen

= Betula lazistanica Browicz; Arbor. Körnickie 20: 42, 44 (1975), nomen

= Betula litwinowii Doluch.; Notul. Syst. Geogr. Thbilissiensis 7: 14 (1939)

= Betula litwinowii var. recurvata I.V.Vassil.; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 36: 617 (1951)

= Betula recurvata (I.V.Vassil.) V.N.Vassil.; Spisok Rast. Gerb. Fl. S.S.S.R. Bot. Inst. Vsesojuzn. Akad. Nauk 16: 82 (1966)

= Betula transcaucasica V.N.Vassil.; Spisok Rast. Gerb. Fl. S.S.S.R. Bot. Inst. Vsesojuzn. Akad. Nauk 18: 43 (1970)

subspecies :

subsp. celtiberica (Rothm. & Vasc.) Rivas Mart.; Trab. Dept. Bot. Fisiol. Veg. Madrid 3: 78 (1971)

Distribution: England (England, Wales); Spain; Portugal

10 GRB 12 POR SPA

Remarks: status uncertain, a stabilized tetraploid derived from B. pubescens x pendula

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula celtiberica Rothm. & Vasc.; Bol. Soc. Brot., Sér. 2, 14: 147 (1940)

species :

Betula pumila L.; Mant. Pl. 1: 124 (1767)

Name: Bog birch (EN)

Distribution: Canada (Labrador, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Isl., Québec); St. Pierre et Miquelon; USA (Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Maine, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Wisconsin)

72 CDN SPM 74 USA 75 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula grayi Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(2): 406 (1865)

= Betula neoborealis Lepage; Naturaliste Canad. 84: 56 (1957)

= Betula obovata E.J.Butler; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 427 (1909)

= Betula pulchella Dippel; Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 182 (1891), pro syn.

= Betula pumila f. glabrescens (Regel) Regel; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16(2): 173 (1868)

= Betula pumila f. latipes (H.J.P.Winkl.) Lepage; Naturaliste Canad. 103: 220 (1976)

= Betula pumila f. pubescens H.J.P.Winkl.; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.61, Heft 19 (Betulac.): 72 (1904)

= Betula pumila f. subcycla Lepage; Naturaliste Canad. 103: 220 (1976)

= Betula pumila var. fastigiata Rehder; Stand. Cycl. Hort. 1: 499 (1914)

= Betula pumila var. glabra Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 112 (1861)

= Betula pumila var. glabrescens Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(2): 410 (1865)

= Betula pumila var. latipes H.J.P.Winkl.; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.61, Heft 19 (Betulac.): 72 (1904)

= Betula pumila var. setarioides H.J.P.Winkl.; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.61, Heft 19 (Betulac.): 72 (1904)

= Betula quebeccensis Burgsd.; Neue Schriften Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 5: 196 (1784)

= Chamaebetula pumila (L.) Opiz; Lotos 5: 259 (1855)

variant :

var. glandulifera Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38: 410 (1865)

Distribution: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Northern Territories, Ontario, Québec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); USA (California, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, New York, Oregon, Vermont, Washington State, Wisconsin)

70 CDN 71 CDN 72 CDN 73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 76 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula alba subsp. glandulifera (Regel) Á.Löve & D.Löve; Taxon 31(1): 121 (1982)

= Betula glandulifera (Regel) E.J.Butler; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 425 (1909)

= Betula glandulosa var. glandulifera (Regel) Gleason; Phytologia 4: 23 (1952)

= Betula glandulosa var. hallii (Howell) C.L.Hitchc.; Vasc. Pl. Pacif. N. W. [C.L.Hitchcock et al.] 2: 77 (1964)

= Betula hallii Howell; Fl. N.W. Amer. [Howell] 614 (1902)

= Betula nana var. glandulifera (Regel) B.Boivin; Naturaliste Canad. 94: 231 (1967)

= Betula pumila f. glandulifera (Regel) H.J.P.Winkl.; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.61, Heft 19 (Betulac.): 72 (1904)

= Betula pumila f. hallii (Howell) Brayshaw; Occas. Pap. British Columbia Prov. Mus. 18: 151 (1976)

= Betula pumila subsp. glandulifera (Regel) Á.Löve & D.Löve; Taxon 31: 121 (1982)

= Betula pumila var. glandulifera Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(2): 410 (1865)

variant :

var. renifolia Fernald; Rhodora 28: 190 (1926)

Distribution: USA (Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont)

75 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula nana var. renifolia (Fernald) B.Boivin; Naturaliste Canad. 94: 231 (1967)

species :

Betula raddeana Trautv.; Trudy Glavn. Bot. Sada 5: 129 (1887)

Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Azerbaijan

33 AZE GEO NCS

Conservation Status: IUCN I

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula aischatiae E.S.Husseinov; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 126 (1971)

= Betula maarensis V.N.Vassil. & Husseinova; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 129 (1971)

= Betula victoris E.S.Husseinov; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 128 (1971)

species :

Betula saksarensis Polozhij & A.T.Malzeva; Sist. Zametki Mater. Gerb. Krylova Tomsk. Gosud. Univ. Kuybysheva 85(27): 15 (1974 publ. 1975)

Distribution: Siberia (Krasnoyarsk)

30 SIB

species :

Betula saviczii V.N.Vassil.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 7: 125 (1970 publ. 1971)

Distribution: Kazakhstan

32 KAZ

species :

Betula schmidtii Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(2): 412 (1865)

Name: Eisen-Birke (DE)

Distribution: Russian Far East (Primorye); China (E-Jilin, NE-Liaoning); North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Honshu)

31 RFE 36 CHI 38 JAP KOR NKO

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula punctata H.Lév. ex Nakai; Fl. Sylv. Kor. 2: 34 (1915)

= Betula schmidtii f. angustifolia (Makino & Nemoto) Sugim. ex H.Ohba; Fl. Jap. [Iwatsuki et al., eds.] 2a: 36 (2006)

= Betula schmidtii f. lancea (Nakai) M.Kim; Korean Endemic Pl. 300 (2004)

= Betula schmidtii var. angustifolia Makino & Nemoto; Fl. Japan. [Makino & Nemoto], ed. 2: 185 (1931)

= Betula schmidtii var. lancea Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 33: 46 (1919)

species :

Betula skvortsovii McAll. & Ashburner; Gen. Betula 161 (2013)

Distribution: China (Qinghai)

36 CHI

species :

Betula sunanensis Y.J.Zhang; Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 13(1): 68 (1993)

Distribution: China (Gansu)

36 CHI

species :

Betula tianschanica Rupr.; Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 4: 72 (1867)

Distribution: Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Afghanistan (Badakshan, Parwan, Wakhan); China (Xinjiang)

32 KAZ KGZ TZK UZB 34 AFG 36 CHI

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula alajica Litv.; Trudy Bot. Muz. Imp. Akad. Nauk 12: 92 (1914)

= Betula alatavica Musch.; Trudy Kazakhsk. Sel´skhoz. Inst. 4: 198 (1953)

= Betula alba subsp. soongorica Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 41(1): 422 (1868)

= Betula alba var. microphylla Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 51: 223 (1868)

= Betula alba var. schugnanica B.Fedtsch.; Trudy Bot. Muz. Imp. Akad. Nauk 1: 163 (1902)

= Betula alba var. soongorica (Regel) Dippel; Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 174 (1891)

= Betula bornmuelleri V.N.Vassil.; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 48: 904 (1963)

= Betula bucharica V.N.Vassil.; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 48: 905 (1963)

= Betula crassijulis Musch.; Trudy Kazakhsk. Sel´skhoz. Inst. 4: 196 (1953)

= Betula darvasica Ovcz., Czukav. & Shibkova; Fl. Tadzhiksk. S.S.R. 3: 123, 655 (1968)

= Betula dolicholepis Ovcz., Czukav. & Shibkova; Fl. Tadzhiksk. S.S.R. 3: 126, 655 (1968)

= Betula hissarica V.N.Vassil.; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 48: 903 (1963)

= Betula jarmolenkoana Golosk.; Vestn. Akad. Nauk Kazakhsk. S.S.R. 2(131): 92 (1956)

= Betula kirghisorum Sawicz; Vestn. Tiflissk. Bot. Sada 25: 11 (1912)

= Betula korshinskyi Litv.; Trudy Bot. Muz. Imp. Akad. Nauk 12: 89 (1914)

= Betula lipskyi V.N.Vassil.; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 48: 905 (1963)

= Betula margusarica V.N.Vassil.; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 48: 904 (1963)

= Betula murgabica V.N.Vassil.; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 48: 904 (1963)

= Betula ovczinnikovii V.N.Vassil.; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 48: 903 (1963)

= Betula pamirica Litv.; Trudy Bot. Muz. Imp. Akad. Nauk 12: 91 (1914)

= Betula procurva Litv.; Trudy Bot. Muz. Imp. Akad. Nauk 12: 93 (1914)

= Betula procurva subsp. lipskyi (V.N.Vassil.) Ovcz.; Fl. Tadzhiksk. S.S.R. 3: 130 (1968)

= Betula procurva subsp. schugnanica (B.Fedtsch.) Ovcz.; Fl. Tadzhiksk. S.S.R. 3: 132 (1968)

= Betula procurva subsp. sogdiana Ovcz.; Fl. Tadzhiksk. S.S.R. 3: 132 (1968), no Latin descr.

= Betula pseudoalajica V.N.Vassil.; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 48: 904 (1963)

= Betula pubentissima V.N.Vassil.; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 48: 904 (1963)

= Betula pubescens var. songarica Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 41(1): 995 (1869)

= Betula regeliana V.N.Vassil.; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 48: 904 (1963)

= Betula saposhnikovii subsp. jarmolenkoana (Golosk.) Ovcz. & Czukav.; Fl. Tadzhiksk. S.S.R. 3: 140 (1968)

= Betula saposhnikovii subsp. murgabica (V.N.Vassil.) Ovcz. & Czukav.; Fl. Tadzhiksk. S.S.R. 3: 140 (1968)

= Betula saposhnikovii Sukaczev; Izv. Imp. Akad. Nauk 8: 235 (1914)

= Betula schugnanica (B.Fedtsch.) Litv.; Trudy Bot. Muz. Imp. Akad. Nauk 12: 93 (1914)

= Betula seravschanica V.N.Vassil.; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 48: 903 (1963)

= Betula stenolepis V.N.Vassil.; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 48: 903 (1963), nom. illeg.

= Betula tadzhikistanica V.N.Vassil.; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 48: 903 (1963)

= Betula tianschanica subsp. margusarica (V.N.Vassil.) Ovcz.; Fl. Tadzhiksk. S.S.R. 3: 139 (1968)

= Betula turkestanica Litv.; Trudy Bot. Muz. Imp. Akad. Nauk 12: 90 (1914)

= Betula turkestanica var. tamarhutica Vass. & Dzhang.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 18: 18 (1957)

= Betula tuturinii V.N.Vassil.; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 48: 905 (1963)

species :

Betula utilis D.Don; Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 58 (1825)

subspecies :

subsp. utilis

Name: Himalayan Birch (EN)

Distribution: England [I] (England [I], Wales [I], Scotland [I]); Ireland [I] (Northern Ireland [I]); China (Gansu, Hubei, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan); Tibet; N-Pakistan; Nepal; Bhutan; N-India (Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, West Bengal); Myanmar

10 grb ire 36 CHI TIB 40 BHU IND NEP PAK 41 MYA

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula albosinensis var. septentrionalis C.K.Schneid.; Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. [C.K.Schneider] 2: 458 (1916)

= Betula bhojpattra Koehne; Deut. Dendrol. 108 (1893)

= Betula bhojpattra var. latifolia Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(2): 416 (1865)

= Betula bhojpattra Wall.; Pl. Asiat. Rar. [Wallich] 2: 7 (1830)

= Betula castanae Buch.-Ham. ex Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 5: 559 (1888) (pro syn.)

= Betula jinpingensis P.C.Li; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 17(1): 89 (1979)

= Betula utilis var. glandulifera Regel; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16(2): 177 (1864)

= Betula utilis var. latifolia Regel; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16(2): 177 (1864)

= Betula utilis var. prattii Burkill; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26(178): 499 (1899)

variant :

var. occidentalis (Kitam.) Ashburner & A.D.Schill.; Plantsman 7: 121 (1985)

Distribution: Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Afghanistan (Badakshan, Kabul, Kunar / Nuristan); NE-Pakistan; NW-India (Jammu & Kashmir)

32 KGZ TZK UZB 34 AFG 40 IND PAK

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula chitralica Browicz; Fl. Iranica [Rechinger] 96: 3 (1972)

= Betula jacquemontii subsp. occidentalis (Kitam.) Browicz; Fl. Iranica [Rechinger] 96: 5 (1972)

= Betula kunarensis Browicz; Fl. Iranica [Rechinger] 96: 2 (1972)

= Betula pyrolifolia V.N.Vassil.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 7: 111 (1970 publ. 1971)

= Betula utilis subsp. occidentalis Kitam.; Results Kyoto Univ. Sci. Exped. Karakoram 3: 37 (1964)

= Betula utilis var. parva Kitam.; Results Kyoto Univ. Sci. Exped. Karakoram 3: 37 (1964)

subspecies :

subsp. albosinensis (Burkill) Ashburner & McAll.; Gen. Betula 264 (2013)

Distribution: China (S-Gansu, Hebei, Henan, W-Hubei, S-Ningxia, Qinghai, S-Shaanxi, Shanxi, E-Sichuan)

36 CHI

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula albosinensis Burkill; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26(178): 497 (1899)

= Betula bhojpattra var. sinensis Franch.; J. Bot. [Morot] 13(7): 207 (1899)

= Betula utilis var. sinensis (Franch.) H.J.P.Winkl.; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.61, Heft 19 (Betulac.): 62 (1904)

subspecies :

subsp. jacquemontii (Spach) Ashburner & McAll.; Gen. Betula 261 (2013)

Distribution: Afghanistan (Wakhan, Kunar / Nuristan); C-Nepal; W-Nepal; India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Kumaon)

34 AFG 40 IND NEP

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula bhojpattra var. glandulifera Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(2): 416 (1865)

= Betula bhojpattra var. jacquemontii (Spach) Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 118 (1861)

= Betula jacquemontii Spach; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 2, 15: 189 (1841)

= Betula utilis subsp. intermedia Kitam.; Results Kyoto Univ. Sci. Exped. Karakoram 3: 36 (1964)

= Betula utilis var. jacquemontii (Spach) H.J.P.Winkl.; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.61, Heft 19 (Betulac.): 62 (1904)

species :

Betula wuyiensis J.B.Xiao; J. Nanjing Forest Univ., Nat. Sci. Ed. 30(2): 125 (2006)

Distribution: China (Fujian)

36 CHI

Remarks: status uncertain

species :

Betula zinserlingii V.N.Vassil.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 7: 117 (1970 publ. 1971)

Distribution: Kyrgyzstan

32 KGZ

species :

Betula ×aurata Borkh.; Theor. Prakt. Handb. Forstbot. 1: 378 (1800)

Name: Bastard-Birke (DE), Hybrid Birch (EN)

Distribution: England (England, Wales, Scotland); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen); Czech Republic; Slovakia; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; European Russia; etc.

10 GRB IRE 11 CZE GER SLO 14 BLR EST LAT LIT RUS

Remarks: Betula pendula x pubescens

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula obscura Kotula ex Fiek; Jahresber. Schles. Ges. Vaterl. Cult. 65: 314 (1887 publ. 1888)

= Betula pendula var. obscura (Kotula ex Fiek) Olsavská; Fl. Slovenska 5(3): 149 (2006)

= Betula verrucosa subsp. obscura (Kotula ex Fiek) Á.Löve & D.Löve; Bot. Not. 114: 51 (1961)

= Betula verrucosa var. obscura (Kotula ex Fiek) Gürke; Pl. Eur. 2: 48 (1897)

= Betula ×aschersoniana Hayek; 105 (1908)

= Betula ×atrata Domin; Bull. Int. Acad. Tcheque Sci., Cl. Sci. Math. Nat. Med. 28: 249 (1927)

= Betula ×hybrida Blom; Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 7: 186 (1786)

= Betula ×kateninii Tzvelev; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 34: 66 (2002)

= Betula ×obscura Kotula; Jahresber. Schles. Ges. Vaterl. Cult. 65: 314 (1888)

= Betula ×rhombifolia Tausch; Flora (Regensburg) 38: 752 (1838)

species :

Betula ×avatshensis Kom.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 166 (1914)

Distribution: Russian Far East (Kamchatka)

31 RFE

Remarks: Betula ermanii x platyphylla var. japonica.

species :

Betula ×bottnica Mela; Lyhk. Kasvioppi Kasvio, ed. 3: 314 (1895)

Distribution: Finland; European Russia; etc.

10 FIN 14 RUS

Remarks: Betula nana x pendula

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula ×fennica Dörfl.; Exsicc. (Herb. Norm.) 1902: no. 4375 (1902)

species :

Betula ×caerulea Blanch.; Betula [Blanchard] 1: 1 (1904)

Name: Blue birch

Distribution: Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Isl., Québec); USA (Connecticut, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont)

72 CDN 75 USA

Remarks: Betula papyrifera var. cordifolia x populifolia

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula ×caerulea var. blanchardii Sarg.; Man. Trees 202 (1905)

= Betula ×caerulea var. cunninghamii B.Boivin; Naturaliste Canad. 94: 230 (1967)

= Betula ×caerulea var. grandis Blanch.; Betula [Blanchard] 1: 1 (1904)

= Betula ×caerulea-grandis Blanch.; Betula [Blanchard] 1: 1 (1904)

species :

Betula ×dosmannii McAll.; Gen. Betula 71 (2013)

Distribution: Japan

38 JAP

Remarks: Betula ermanii x maximowicziana

species :

Betula ×dugleana Lepage; Naturaliste Canad. 103: 226 (1976)

Distribution: Alaska; Canada (Saskatchewan)

70 ASK 71 CDN

Remarks: Betula glandulosa x neoalaskana

species :

Betula ×dutillyi Lepage; Naturaliste Canad. 79: 124 (1952)

Name: Dutilly´s birch

Distribution: Canada (Labrador, Newfoundland, Québec)

72 CDN

Remarks: Betula glandulosa x minor

species :

Betula ×eastwoodiae Sarg.; Bot. Gaz. 67: 216 (1919)

Distribution: Alaska; Canada (Northern Territories, Saskatchewan, Yukon); USA (CO)

70 ASK CDN 71 CDN 73 USA

Remarks: Betula glandulosa x occidentalis

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula ×arbuscula Dugle; Canad. J. Bot. 44: 983 (1966)

species :

Betula ×heptapotamica V.N.Vassil.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 7: 115 (1970 publ. 1971)

Distribution: Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan

32 KGZ UZB

Remarks: Betula fruticosa x pubescens

species :

Betula ×hornei E.J.Butler; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 425 (1909)

Distribution: Alaska; Canada (Saskatchewan)

70 ASK 71 CDN

Remarks: Betula kenaica x nana

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula ×ungavensis Lepage; Naturaliste Canad. 103: 226 (1976)

species :

Betula ×intermedia (Hartm.) E.Thomas ex Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 6: 176 (1830)

Distribution: N-Europe; Germany (Bayern, Niedersachsen); N-European Russia; Siberia (W-Siberia); etc.

11 GER 14 RUS 30 SIB

Remarks: Betula nana x pubescens

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula alba var. intermedia (Hartm.) Wahlenb.; Fl. Suec. [Wahlenberg] 2: 624 (1826)

= Betula carpatica var. microphylla Regel; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16(2): 73 (1868)

= Betula glutinosa var. pseudalpestris Regel; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16(2): 73 (1868)

= Betula glutinosa var. pseudoalpestris Björnstr.; Grunddr. Pitea Lappm. Växtfys. 35 (1856)

= Betula humilis var. watsonii Spach; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 2, 15: 194 (1841)

= Betula nana var. alpestris (Fr.) Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13: 103 (1861)

= Betula nana var. intermedia Hartm.; Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 1818: 148 (1818)

= Betula odorata var. alpestris (Fr.) Rosenv.; Meddel. Grønland 3: 708 (1892)

= Betula ×alpestris Fr.; Summa veg. Scand. [Fries] 1: 212 (1845)

= Betula ×alpestris var. communis Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(2): 409 (1865)

= Betula ×alpestris var. cuneifolia Kindb.; Bot. Not. 1909: 121 (1909)

= Betula ×alpestris var. rhombifolia Larss. ex Kindb.; Bot. Not. 1909: 121 (1909)

= Betula ×alpina Kindb.; Bot. Not. 1909: 121 (1909), nom. illeg.

= Betula ×harcynica Wender.; Schriften Ges. Beförd. Gesammten Naturwiss. Marburg 2: 263 (1831)

= Betula ×humilis Fr. ex Regel; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16(2): 172 (1868), nom. inval.

= Betula ×hybrida Bechst.; Arch. Bot. (Leipzig) 2: 74 (1799), nom. illeg.

= Betula ×hybrida var. affinis Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13: 97 (1861)

= Betula ×hybrida var. cuneata Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 98 (1861)

= Betula ×hybrida var. kochii Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13: 97 (1861)

= Betula ×hybrida var. rhombifolia Regel; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13: 97 (1861)

= Betula ×intermedia nothosubsp. seideliana (Missbach) P.A.Schmidt; Sächs. Florist. Mitt. 10: 7 (2006)

= Betula ×intermedia Thomas ex Rchb.; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 12: t. 624, f. 1283 (1850)

= Betula ×intermedia var. alpestris (Fr.) H.J.P.Winkl. ex C.K.Schneid.; Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. [C.K.Schneider] 1: 108 (1904)

= Betula ×lagopina Hartm. ex Regel; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16(2): 173 (1864)

= Betula ×pallescens Larss. ex Kindb.; Bot. Not. 1909: 121 (1909)

= Betula ×seideliana Missbach; Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 14: 121 (1908)

= Betula ×subtricholepidea Kindb.; Bot. Not. 1909: 120 (1909)

variant :

var. sukatschewii (Soczava) Govaerts; World Checkl. Seed Pl. 2(1): 10 (1996) [nothovar.]

Distribution: N-European Russia (N-Urals)

14 RUS

Remarks: B. nana x pubescens var. pumila

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula ×alpestris nothovar. sukatschewii (Soczava) Govaerts; World Checkl. Seed Pl. 2(1): 10 (1996)

= Betula ×seideliana f. supercarpatica Missbach; Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 14: 121 (1908)

= Betula ×seideliana f. supernana Missbach; Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 14: 121 (1908)

= Betula ×sukatschewii Soczava; Ocherk. Fitosots. Fitogeogr. 393 (1929)

species :

Betula ×jackii C.K.Schneid.; Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. [C.K.Schneider] 1: 102 (1904)

Distribution: USA (Massachusetts)

75 USA

Remarks: Betula lenta x pumila

species :

Betula ×minor (Tuck.) Fernald; Rhodora 47: 306 (1945)

Name: Dwarf white birch

Distribution: Canada (Labrador, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec); USA (Maine, New Hampshire, New York)

72 CDN 75 USA

Remarks: Betula cordifolia x glandulosa

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula alba var. minor (Tuck.) Fernald; Amer. J. Sci., Ser. 4, 14: 178 (1902)

= Betula papyracea var. minor Tuck.; Amer. J. Sci. Arts 45: 31 (1843)

= Betula pubescens subsp. minor (Tuck.) Á.Löve & D.Löve; Acta Horti Gothob. 20: 140 (1956)

= Betula ×saxophila Lepage; Naturaliste Canad. 103: 221 (1976)

species :

Betula ×paramushirensis Barkalov; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 69(12): 1685 (1984)

Distribution: Russian Far East (Kuril Isl.)

31 RFE

Remarks: Betula ermanii x pumila

species :

Betula ×plettkei Junge; Verh. Naturwiss. Vereins Hamburg, Ser. 3, 13: 39 (1905)

Distribution: Europe

Error

Remarks: Betula nana x pendula

species :

Betula ×purpusii C.K.Schneid.; Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. [C.K.Schneider] 1: 102 (1904)

Distribution: Canada (Ontario); USA (Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Wisconsin)

72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA

Remarks: Betula alleghaniensis x pumila

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula ×murrayana B.V.Barnes & Dancik; Canad. J. Bot. 63: 226 (1985)

species :

Betula ×raymundii Lepage; Naturaliste Canad. 84: 57 (1957)

Name: Raymund´s birch (EN)

Distribution: Canada (Québec)

72 CDN

Remarks: Betula populifolia x pumila

species :

Betula ×sandbergii Britton; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 166 (1904)

Distribution: Canada (British Columbia, Labrador, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Ontario, Saskatchewan); USA (Iowa, Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, Wisconsin)

71 CDN 72 CDN 73 USA 74 USA 75 USA

Remarks: Betula papyrifera x pumila var. glandulifera

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula ×borggreveana Zabel ex H.J.P.Winkl.; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.61, Heft 19 (Betulac.): 94 (1904)

= Betula ×sandbergii f. maxima Rosend.; Minnesota Bot. Stud. 4: 455 (1916)

= Betulax sandbergii nothovar. fernaldii Lepage; Naturaliste Canad. 103: 229 (1976)

species :

Betula ×sargentii Dugle; Canad. J. Bot. 44: 961 (1966)

Distribution: Alaska; Canada (Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, Québec, Saskatchewan); USA (Idaho, Oregon)

70 ASK 71 CDN 72 CDN 73 USA

Remarks: Betula glandulosa x pumila

species :

Betula ×uliginosa Dugle; Canad. J. Bot. 44: 951 (1966)

Distribution: Canada (Alberta)

71 CDN

Remarks: Betula pendula ssp. mandshurica x glandulosa

species :

Betula ×utahensis (Britton) Dugle; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 165 (1904)

Distribution: Canada (British Columbia, Saskatchewan); USA (Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Utah, Washington State, Wyoming)

71 CDN 73 USA 76 USA

Remarks: Betula occidentalis x papyrifera

Synonyms: hidden

= Betula fontinalis var. piperi (Britton) Sarg.; J. Arnold Arbor. 1: 65 (1919)

= Betula fontinalis var. utahensis (Britton) Garrett; Spring Fl. Wasatch, ed. 3: 19 (1917)

= Betula microphylla var. utahensis (Britton) M.E.Jones; Contr. W. Bot. 13: 22 (1910)

= Betula occidentalis subsp. fecunda (Fernald) A.E.Murray; Kalmia 12: 18 (1982)

= Betula occidentalis var. fecunda Fernald; Rhodora 47: 317 (1945)

= Betula ×andrewsii A.Nelson; Bot. Gaz. 43: 281 (1907)

= Betula ×commixta Sarg.; Bot. Gaz. 67: 216 (1919)

= Betula ×piperi Britton; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 31: 165 (1904)

species :

Betula ×vologdensis Tzvelev; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 34: 70 (20 June 2002) (2002)

Distribution: N-European Russia

14 RUS

Remarks: Betula humilis x nana

species :

Betula ×warnstorfii C.K.Schneid.; Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. [C.K.Schneider] 1: 108 (1904)

Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern); etc.

11 GER

Remarks: Betula humilis x pubescens

species :

Betula ×winteri Dugle; Canad. J. Bot. 44: 986 (1966)

Distribution: Alaska; Canada (Saskatchewan)

70 ASK 71 CDN

Remarks: Betula pendula ssp. mandshurica x papyrifera

species :

Betula ×zamjatninii V.V.Byalt & Firsov; Hortus Botanicus 13: 163 (2018)

Distribution: NW-European Russia

14 RUS

species :

Betula ×zimpelii Junge; Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 10: 153 (1904)

Distribution: Europe

Error

Remarks: Betula humilis x pendula

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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.03 (March 6th, 2025)

Covering 356,112 accepted species,
8,776 hybrids, 48,085 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,002,454 synonyms,
in total 1,415,427* names

[about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus*" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life

Contact

How to Cite:

Search

+ Family

Filter

Order

Family (7)

Genus (6)

Display options

A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.03 (March 6th, 2025)

Covering 356,112 accepted species, 8,776 hybrids, 48,085 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,002,454 synonyms, in total 1,415,427* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life

Covering 356,112 accepted species,
8,776 hybrids, 48,085 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,002,454 synonyms,
in total 1,415,427* names

[about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus*" are deliberately omitted]