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243.0000 Family Rosaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 334 (1789), nom. cons.
97-110 genera, ca. 7.500 spp., of them about 4.000 microspecies in Rubus, Alchemilla and Sorbus
Species listed in database: 7657; hybrids: 494
= Agrimoniaceae Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 395, 574 (1822)
= Alchemillaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 17 (1820)
= Amygdalaceae Marquis; Esq. Règne Vég. 49 (1820), nom. cons.
= Cercocarpaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 287 (1858)
= Chamaemoraceae Lilja; Skånes Fl., ed. 2: 349, 980 (1870)
= Coleogynaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 171 (1858)
= Cydoniaceae Schnizl.; Anal. Nat. Ordn. Gew. 14 (1856)
= Dryadaceae Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 395, 577 (1822)
= Fragariaceae Nestl.; Monogr. Potentilla [Nestler] 14 (1816)
= Lindleyaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 166 (1858)
= Malaceae Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 529 (1903), nom. cons.
= Mespilaceae Schultz Sch.; Nat. Syst. Pflanzenr. 509 (1832)
= Neilliaceae Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind. 1: 390 (1855)
= Potentillaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 231 (1820)
= Poteriaceae Raf.; Anal. Nat. 173 (1815)
= Prunaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 511 (1820)
= Pyraceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 268, 286 (1818)
= Rhodotypaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 172 (1858)
= Sanguisorbaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 231 (1820)
= Sorbaceae Brenner; Florist. Handb. 94 (1886)
= Spiraeaceae Bertuch; Taf. Allg. Naturgesch. Gewächs-Reich: Enum. 10, Syn. Tab. 3 (1801)
= Tormentillaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 636 (1820)
= Ulmariaceae Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 395, 588 (1822)
243.3866 Genus Hedlundia Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 33 (2017)
Aria x Sorbus
Species listed in database: 51; hybrids: 3
= xArsorbus Su Liu & Z.H.Feng; Phytoneuron 2024-86: 25 (2024)
= Sorbus sect.Lobatae Gabrieljan; Ryabiny Zapadnoi Azii i Gimalaev 119 (1978)
= Sorbus sect.Duales Zaik.; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 71: 813 (1986)
= Sorbus subgen.Soraria Májovský & Bernátová; Acta Hort. Regiotect. 4: 21 (2001)
species :
Hedlundia anglica (Hedl.) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 35 (2017)
Name: English Whitebeam (EN)
Distribution: England (SW-England: Devon, Somerset, Shropshire, Wales: Breconshire, Montgomeryshire, Denbighshire); Ireland (SW-Ireland)
10 GRB IRE
Remarks: S. waltersii is treated as separate species by Flora of Great Britain
Synonyms: hidden
= Pyrus anglica (Hedl.) Druce; List Brit. Pl., ed. 2: 41 (1928)
= Pyrus britannica M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 98 (2018), nom. nov.
= Sorbus anglica Hedl.; Nyt Mag. Naturvidensk. 52: 258 (1914)
= Sorbus mougeotii subsp. anglica Hedl.; Nyt Mag. Naturvidensk. 52: 258 (1914), nom. altern.
= Sorbus mougeotii var. anglica (Hedl.) C.E.Salmon; J. Bot. 68: 173 (1930)
= Sorbus waltersii P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 2: 521 (2014)
species :
Hedlundia armeniaca (Hedl.) Mezhenskyj; NULESU Coll. Fruit Ornament. Pl. 31 (2018)
Distribution: Crimea; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (Anatolia)
14 KRY 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedlundia caucasica (Zinserl.) Mezhenskyj; NULESU Coll. Fruit Ornament. Pl. 31 (2018)
= Pyrus armeniaca (Hedl.) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 95 (2018)
= Pyrus woronowii (Zinserl.) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 126 (2018)
= Sorbus armeniaca Hedl.; Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl., N. F. 35(1): 69 (1901)
= Sorbus caucasica var. yaltirikii A.Goksin; Biyol. Dergisi 27(1): 85 (1977), as ´yaltrkii´
= Sorbus caucasica Zinserl.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 4: 142 (1923)
= Sorbus woronowii Zinserl.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 9: 395, 495 (1939)
species :
Hedlundia arranensis (Hedl.) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 35 (2017)
Name: Arran Whitebeam (EN)
Distribution: England (SW-Scotland: Isle of Arran)
10 GRB
Conservation Status: 400 plants in two known sites, mostly Glen Diomhan Nature Reserve
Synonyms: hidden
= Pyrus arranensis (Hedl.) Druce; List Brit. Pl., ed. 2: 41 (1928)
= Sorbus arranensis Hedl.; Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl., N. F. 35(1): 60 (1901)
= Sorbus intermedia var. arranensis (Hedl.) Rehder; J. Arnold Arbor. 20: 95 (1939)
species :
Hedlundia austriaca (Beck) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 40 (2017)
Name: Österreichische Mehlbeere (DE)
Distribution: Austria; Czech Republic [I]; NE-Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; NE-Greece (Rodopi); W-Ukraine
11 AUT cze 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SLV SRB 14 UKR
Synonyms: hidden
= Aria austriaca (Beck) Fedor.; Ukrayins´k. Bot. Zhurn. 74(1): 10 (2017)
= Aria mougeotii var. austriaca Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich 2(1): 714 (1892)
= Pyrus austriaca (Beck) H.Lindb.; Öfvers. Finska Vetensk.-Soc. Förh. 48(13): 46 (1906), non A. Kern. 1896
= Pyrus pyrrhula M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 117 (2018), nom. nov. for Aria mougeotii var. austriaca Beck
= Sorbus aria subsp. austriaca (Beck) Bornm.; Mitth. Thüring. Bot. Vereins 30: 54 (1913)
= Sorbus aria subsp. austriaca (Beck) Soó; Acta Geobot. Hung. 1: 218 (1937)
= Sorbus aria var. austriaca (Beck) Rouy & E.G.Camus; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 7: 22 (1901)
= Sorbus austriaca (Beck) Hayek; Sched. Fl. Stiriac. Exsicc. 3: 9 (1905), isonym
= Sorbus austriaca (Beck) Hedl.; 65 (1901)
= Sorbus austriaca (Beck) Prain; Index Kew., Suppl. 3: 168 (1908)
= Sorbus mougeotii subsp. austriaca (Beck) Hayek; 748 (1926), isonym
= Sorbus mougeotii subsp. austriaca (Beck) Hedl.; Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl., N. F. 35(1): 65 (1901)
= Sorbus mougeotii var. austriaca (Beck) C.K.Schneid.; Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. [C.K.Schneider] 1(5): 694 (1906)
species :
Hedlundia borbasii (Jáv.) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 42 (2017)
Distribution: SW-Romania; W-Bulgaria; NE-Greece
13 BUL GRC ROM
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus borbasii Jáv.; Bot. Közlem. 14: 99 (1915)
= Pyrus borbasii (Jáv.) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 97 (2018)
species :
Hedlundia bosniaca (Hajrud., Frajman, Schönsw. & Bogunic) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 43 (2017)
Distribution: Bosnia & Hercegovina (Krug Planina)
13 BIH
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus bosniaca Hajrud., Frajman, Schönsw. & Bogunic; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 178(4): 682 (2015)
= Pyrus bosniaca (Hajrud., Frajman, Schönsw. & Bogunic) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 97 (2018)
species :
Hedlundia buekkensis (Soó) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 42 (2017)
Distribution: E-Slovakia; NE-Hungary
11 HUN SLO
Synonyms: hidden
= Pyrus buekkensis (Soó) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 98 (2018)
= Sorbus aria f. buekkensis (Soó) Kovanda; Dendrol. Sborn. 3: 45 (1962)
= Sorbus aria subsp. buekkensis Soó; Tisia 2: 222 (1937)
= Sorbus aria var. buekkensis (Soó) Buia; Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Roman. (Fl. Republ. Socialist. Romania) 4: 250 (1956)
= Sorbus buekkensis (Soó) Soó; Acta Biol. Acad. Sci. Hung. 3: 224 (1952), et ex Kárpáti, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 62: 194 (1960), cum descr. emend.
species :
Hedlundia carniolica (Kárpáti) comb.ined.
Distribution: Slovenia
13 SLV
Remarks: status uncertain
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus carniolica Kárpáti; Biol. Vestn. 16: 21 (1968)
= Pyrus carniolica (Kárpáti) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 100 (2018)
species :
Hedlundia croatica (Kárpáti) comb.ined.
Distribution: Croatia; Serbia; Kosovo
13 CRO KOS SRB
Remarks: status uncertain
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus croatica (Kárpáti) P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 2: 522 (2014)
= Sorbus austriaca subsp. croatica Kárpáti; Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 62: 177 (1960)
= Pyrus croatica (Kárpáti) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 101 (2018)
species :
Hedlundia cuneifolia (T.C.G.Rich) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 36 (2017)
Name: Llangollen Whitebeam (EN)
Distribution: England (N-Wales: Eglwyseg Mt., N of Llangollen)
10 GRB
Conservation Status: known only from a few trees
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus cuneifolia T.C.G.Rich; Watsonia 27(3): 209 (2009)
= Pyrus llangollenica M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 110 (2018), nom. nov.
species :
Hedlundia gauckleri (N.Mey.) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 39 (2017)
Name: Gauckler-Mehlbeere (DE)
Distribution: Germany (C-Bayern)
11 GER
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus gauckleri N.Mey.; Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. Sonderband 96 (2005)
= Pyrus gauckleri (N.Mey.) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 105 (2018)
species :
Hedlundia harziana (N.Mey.) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 40 (2017)
Name: Harzsche Mehlbeere (DE)
Distribution: Germany (Bayern)
11 GER
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus harziana N.Mey.; Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. Sonderband 100 (2005)
= Pyrus harziana (N.Mey.) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 106 (2018)
species :
Hedlundia hazslinszkyana (Soó) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 41 (2017)
Distribution: E-Slovakia; NE-Hungary
11 HUN SLO
Synonyms: hidden
= Pyrus hazslinszkyana (Soó) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 106 (2018)
= Sorbus aria var. hazslinszkyana Soó; Acta Geobot. Hung. 1(1): 218 (1936)
= Sorbus austriaca subsp. hazslinszkyana (Soó) Kárpáti; Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 62: 175 (1960)
= Sorbus hazslinszkyana (Soó) Májovský; Acta Hort. Regiotect. 2001(1): 20-21 (2001)
species :
Hedlundia hohenesteri (N.Mey.) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 40 (2017)
Name: Hohenester-Mehlbeere (DE)
Distribution: Germany (C-Bayern)
11 GER
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus hohenesteri N.Mey.; Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. Sonderband 103 (2005)
= Pyrus hohenesteri (N.Mey.) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 107 (2018)
species :
Hedlundia hornadensis (Mikolás) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 41 (2017)
Distribution: E-Slovakia (Kosice)
11 SLO
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus hornadensis Mikolás; Thaiszia 25(1): 22 (2015)
= Pyrus hornadensis (Mikolás) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 107 (2018)
species :
Hedlundia hybrida (L.) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 37 (2017)
Name: Swedish Service-tree (EN)
Distribution: England [I] (England [I], Wales [I], Isle of Man [I], Scotland [I]); Ireland [I] (Ireland [I], Northern Ireland [I]); Denmark [I]; Norway; Sweden (incl. Bornholm, Aland Isl.); Finland; Estonia; Latvia
10 den FIN grb ire NOR SWE 14 EST LAT
Synonyms: hidden
= Aria hybrida (L.) Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich 2(1): 711 (1892)
= Aria pinnatifida (Hook.) Lavallée; Énum. Arbres 101 (1877), nom. superfl.
= Aria pinnatifida [Ehrh.] Lavallée; Énum. Arbres 101 (1877), nom. illeg. superfl.
= Ariosorbus hybrida (L.) Mezhenskyj; Netraditsini Plodoy Kul´turi 28 (2012), pro hybr.
= Azarolus pinnatifida [Ehrh.] Borkh.; Theor. Prakt. Handb. Forstbot. 2: 1245 (1803), nom. illeg. superfl.
= Crataegus aria var. fennica L.; Fl. Suec., ed. 2 [Linnaeus] 167 (1755)
= Crataegus fennica (L.) Kalm; Fl. Suec., ed. 2 [Linnaeus] 167 (1755), nom. illeg.
= Crataegus hybrida L.; Fauna Suec., ed. 2: 557 (1761)
= Hahnia pinnatifida (Ehrh.) Medik.; Gesch. Bot. [Medikus] 82 (1793), nom. illeg. superfl.
= Lazarolus pinnatifida [Ehrh.] Borkh.; Arch. Bot. (Leipzig) 1: 88 (1798), nom. illeg. superfl.
= Pyrus aria subsp. fennica (Kalm) Syme; Engl. Bot., ed. 3B, 3: 247 (1864)
= Pyrus aria var. pinnatifida [Ehrh.] Hook.; Brit. Fl. [Hooker], ed. 4, 1: 197 (1838)
= Pyrus auriculata (Pers.) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 2: 636 (1825)
= Pyrus fennica (Kalm) Bab.; Man. Brit. Bot. [Babington], ed. 3: 111 (1851), nom. illeg.
= Pyrus hybrida (L.) Sm.; Fl. Brit. 2: 534 (1800), nom. illeg., non Moench 1785
= Pyrus pinnatifida Ehrh.; Beitr. Naturk. [Ehrhart] 6: 93 (1791), nom. illeg. superfl.
= Pyrus pinnatifida var. fastigiata Bean; Gard. Chron., Ser. 3, 41: 184 (1907)
= Sorbus aucuparia subsp. hybrida (L.) Bonnier & Layens; Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France 103 (1894)
= Sorbus auricula Dippel; Handb. Laubholzk. 3: 371 (1893), orth. var.
= Sorbus auriculata Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 2: 39 (1806)
= Sorbus fennica (Kalm) Fr.; Summa Veg. Scand. [Fries] 42 (1846), nom. illeg.
= Sorbus hybrida (L.) L.; Sp. Pl., ed. 2 [Linnaeus] 1: 684 (1762)
= Sorbus hybrida f. fastigiata (Bean) Rehder; J. Arnold Arbor. 1: 263 (1920)
= Sorbus hybrida var. laciniata Lavallée; Énum. Arbres 101 (1877), nomen
= Sorbus hybrida var. meinichii (Lindeb. ex Hartm.) Rehder; J. Arnold Arbor. 20: 94 (1939)
= Sorbus hybrida var. neuillyensis (Dippel) Cockerell; Amer. J. Sci., Ser. 4, 29: 77 (1910)
= Sorbus hybrida var. pinnatifida Lavallée; Énum. Arbres 101 (1877), nomen
= Sorbus hybrida var. superaucuparia Zabel; Handb. Laubholzben. [Beissner et al.] 196 (1903)
species :
Hedlundia kuznetzovii (Zinserl.) Mezhenskyj; NULESU Coll. Fruit Ornament. Pl. 31 (2018)
Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, S-Anatolia); Lebanon (C-Lebanon)
33 ARM GEO NCS 34 LEB TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus kusnetzovii Zinserl.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 9: 397 et 496 (1939)
= Pyrus kusnetzovii (Zinserl.) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 109 (2018)
species :
Hedlundia lancifolia (Hedl.) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 37 (2017)
Distribution: N-Norway (Nordland)
10 NOR
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus lancifolia Hedl. ex Dahl; Skr. Vidensk.-Selsk. Christiania, Math.-Naturvidensk. Kl. 6: 166 (1911 publ. 1912)
= Pyrus norvegica M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 114 (2018), nom. nov.
species :
Hedlundia legrei (Cornier) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 42 (2017)
Distribution: SE-France (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence)
12 FRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus legrei Cornier; Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon 78(1-2): 30 (29-36)(2009)
= Pyrus legrei (Cornier) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 110 (2018)
species :
Hedlundia leyana (Wilmott) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 35 (2017)
Name: Ley´s Whitebeam (EN)
Distribution: England (Wales: S-Breconshire: Darren Fach, Penmoellalt)
10 GRB
Conservation Status: only 20 specimens remaining in the wild on limestone cliffs
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus leyana Wilmott; Proc. Linn. Soc. London Sess. 146, 78 (1934)
= Pyrus leyana (Wilmott) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 110 (2018)
species :
Hedlundia lippertiana (N.Mey. & Meierott) N.Mey.; Fl. German. [M. Hassl.] 3: 662 (2024)
Name: Berchtesgadener Mehlbeere (DE)
Distribution: SE-Germany (Bayern); Austria (Salzburg)
11 AUT GER
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus lippertiana N.Mey. & Meierott; Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. 91: 51 (2021)
species :
Hedlundia lonetalensis (S.Hammel & Haynold) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 40 (2017)
Name: Lonetal-Mehlbeere (DE)
Distribution: Germany (E-Baden-Württemberg)
11 GER
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus lonetalensis S.Hammel & Haynold; Jahresh. Naturk. Württemberg 171: 79 (2015)
= Pyrus lonetalensis (S.Hammel & Haynold) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 110 (2018)
species :
Hedlundia luristanica (Bornm.) Mezhenskyj; NULESU Coll. Fruit Ornament. Pl. 32 (2018)
Distribution: Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkmenistan; Turkey (SE-Anatolia); Iran (Iranian Aserbaijan, W-Iran)
32 TKM 33 ARM AZE 34 IRN TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus aria subsp. luristanica Bornm.; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 28(2): 227 (1911)
= Sorbus luristanica (Bornm.) Schönb.-Tem.; Fl. Iranica [Rechinger] 66: 45, t. 16 (1969)
= Sorbus persica subsp. luristanica (Bornm.) Gabrieljan; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 23: 488 (1961)
species :
Hedlundia mayeri (Mikolás) comb.ined.
Distribution: Slovenia
13 SLV
Remarks: status uncertain
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus austriaca subsp. mayeri Kárpáti; Biol. Vestn. 16: 19 (1968)
= Sorbus mayeri (Kárpáti) Mikolás; Carinthia II 190/110: 384. 2000
species :
Hedlundia meinichii (Lindeb. ex Hartm.) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 39 (2017)
Distribution: Norway
10 NOR
Synonyms: hidden
= Pyrus meinichii (Lindeb.) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 111 (2018)
= Sorbus aucuparia subsp. meinichii Lindeb. ex Hartm.; Handb. Skand. Fl., ed. 11: 271 (1879)
= Sorbus meinichii (Lindeb.) Hedl.; Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl., N. F. 35(1): 49 (1901)
species :
Hedlundia minima (Ley) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 34 (2017)
Name: Least Whitebeam (EN)
Distribution: England (SC-Wales: S-Breconshire)
10 GRB
Conservation Status: less than 350 specimens remaining in the wild
Synonyms: hidden
= Pyrus minima Ley; J. Bot. 33: 84 (1895)
= Sorbus intermedia var. minima (Ley) Bean; Hand-list Trees & Shrubs Arb., ed. 4: 317 (1934)
= Sorbus minima (Ley) Hedl.; Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl., N. F. 35(1): 61 (1901)
species :
Hedlundia mougeotii (Soy.-Will. & Godr.) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 43 (2017)
Name: Vogesen-Mehlbeere
Distribution: Norway [c]; Sweden [c]; Germany (Bayern); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; W-Austria; Czech Republic [I]; Spain; Andorra; France; Italy; ?Slovenia
10 nor swe 11 AUT cze GER LIE SWI 12 ADO FRA SPA 13 ITA
Remarks: frequently cultivated in parks and cities
Synonyms: hidden
= Aria mougeotii (Soy.-Will. & Godr.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 16: 378 (1868)
= Ariosorbus mougeotii (Soy.-Will. & Godr.) Mezhenskyj; Netraditsini Plodoy Kul´turi 28 (2012)
= Hahnia mougeotii (Soy.-Will. & Godr.) C.K.Schneid.; Dendrol. Winterstud. 247 (1903)
= Hahnia suecica var. mougeotii (Soy.-Will. & Godr.) Dippel; Handb. Laubholzk. 3: 377 (1893)
= Pyrus mougeotii (Soy.-Will. & Godr.) Asch. & Graebn.; Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. [Ascherson & Graebner] 6(2): 93 (1906)
= Pyrus mougeotii (Soy.-Will. & Godr.) Beck; Fl. Hernstein, Kl. Ausg. 2: 392 (1886)
= Sorbus aria proles mougeotii (Soy.-Will. & Godr.) Rouy & E.G.Camus; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 7: 22 (1901)
= Sorbus aria subsp. mougeotii (Soy.-Will. & Godr.) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Fl. Països Catalans 413 (1984)
= Sorbus confusa var. fallacina (Royer) Rouy & E.G.Camus; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 7: 24 (1901)
= Sorbus fallacina Royer; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 30: 233 (1883)
= Sorbus mougeotii Soy.-Will. & Godr.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 5: 447 (1858)
= Sorbus quercifolia Hort.; Hand-List Trees & Shrubs Arb. 1: 187 (1894)
= Sorbus quernea Kovanda; Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Österreich 133: 335 (1996)
= Sorbus scandica Gren.; Fl. France [Grenier] 1: 573 (1849)
= Sorbus scandica var. fallacina (Royer) Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich 2(1): 713 (1892)
= Sorbus scandica var. mougeotii (Soy.-Will. & Godr.) Gillot; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 23(Sess. Extraord.): cxxxix (1876)
= Sorbus scandica var. mougeotii (Soy.-Will. & Godr.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. [2]: 241 (1879)
= Sorbus suecica var. mougeotii (Soy.-Will. & Godr.) Briq.; Bull. Trav. Soc. Bot. Genève 7: 99 (1894)
= Sorbus tomophylla Gand.; Fl. Lyon. [Gandoger] 90 (1875)
species :
Hedlundia neglecta (Hedl.) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 37 (2017)
Distribution: C-Norway (Nordland)
10 NOR
Synonyms: hidden
= Pyrus neglecta (Hedl.) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 113 (2018)
= Sorbus arranensis [infrasp.unranked] neglecta Hedl.; Skr. Vidensk.- Selsk. Christiania, Math.-Naturvidensk. Kl. 1914(4): 181 (1915)
= Sorbus arranensis f. neglecta (Hedl.) Nordh.; Norsk Fl. [Nordhagen] 340 (1940)
= Sorbus arranensis subsp. neglecta (Hedl.) O.C.Dahl; Skr. Vidensk.- Selsk. Christiania, Math.-Naturvidensk. Kl. 1914(4): 115 (1915)
= Sorbus neglecta (Hedl.) Hedl.; Uppsala Univ. Årsskr. 1945: 221 (1945)
species :
Hedlundia neopinnatifida (P.D.Sell) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 36 (2017)
Distribution: Great Britain [c]
10 grb
Remarks: obviously not known in the wild
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus neopinnatifida P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 2: 523 (2014)
= Pyrus neopinnatifida (P.D.Sell) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 113 (2018)
species :
Hedlundia pauca (M.Lepsí & P.Lepsí) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 42 (2017)
Distribution: Czech Republic (N-Bohemia)
11 CZE
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus pauca M.Lepsí & P.Lepsí; Preslia 85(1): 69 (2013)
= Pyrus pauca (M.Lepsí & P.Lepsí) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 115 (2018)
species :
Hedlundia pekarovae (Májovský & Bernátová) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 40 (2017)
Distribution: Slovakia (Zilina Region, Blatnica District)
11 SLO
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus pekarovae Májovský & Bernátová; Biologia (Bratislava) 51(1): 25 (1996)
= Pyrus pekarovae (Májovský & Bernátová) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 115 (2018)
species :
Hedlundia persica (Hedl.) Mezhenskyj; NULESU Coll. Fruit Ornament. Pl. 32 (2018)
Distribution: Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (E-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia); Iran (EC-Iran, NE-Iran: Mts., N-Iran, W-Iran)
32 KAZ KGZ TKM TZK UZB 33 ARM AZE 34 IRN TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Pyrus persica (Hedl.) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 115 (2018)
= Sorbus aria subsp. persica (Hedl.) Bornm.; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 19(2): 253 (1906)
= Sorbus persica f. macrocarpa Zaprjagaeva; Fl. Tadzhiksk. S.S.R. 4: 350 (1975)
= Sorbus persica f. pendula V.V.Byalt & Firsov; Hortus Botanicus 14: 45 (2019)
= Sorbus persica Hedl.; Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl., N. F. 35(1): 70 (1901)
= Sorbus persica var. khorassanica Bornm. & Gauba
species :
Hedlundia pseudofennica (E.F.Warb.) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 36 (2017)
Name: Arran Service-tree (EN)
Distribution: England (SW-Scotland: Isle of Arran)
10 GRB
Remarks: derived from S. arranensis x aucuparia
Conservation Status: about 400 specimens remaining in the wild
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus pseudofennica E.F.Warb.; Watsonia 4: 43 (1957)
= Pyrus pseudofennica (E.F.Warb.) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 117 (2018)
species :
Hedlundia pseudomeinichii (Ashley Robertson) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 36 (2017)
Name: False Rowan (EN)
Distribution: England (SW-Scotland: Isle of Arran)
10 GRB
Conservation Status: known only from a few trees
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus pseudomeinichii Ashley Robertson; Watsonia 26(1): 9 (2006)
= Pyrus pseudomeinichii (Ashley Robertson) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 117 (2018)
species :
Hedlundia pseudothuringiaca (Düll) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 39 (2017)
Name: Hersbrucker Mehlbeere (DE)
Distribution: Germany (C-Bayern)
11 GER
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus pseudothuringiaca Düll; Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. 34: 55 (1961)
= Pyrus pseudothuringiaca (Düll) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 117 (2018)
species :
Hedlundia pulchra (N.Mey.) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 40 (2017)
Name: Gößweinsteiner Mehlbeere (DE)
Distribution: Germany (C-Bayern)
11 GER
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus pulchra N.Mey.; Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. Sonderband 106 (2005)
= Pyrus pulchra (N.Mey.) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 117 (2018)
species :
Hedlundia ronnigeri (Jáv.) comb.ined.
Distribution: Slovakia
11 SLO
Remarks: status uncertain
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus ronnigeri Jáv.; Bot. Közlem. 14: 102 (1915)
species :
Hedlundia roopiana (Bordz.) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 43 (2017)
Distribution: Crimea; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (E-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia)
14 KRY 33 ARM AZE GEO 34 TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Pyrus roopiana (Bordz.) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 118 (2018)
= Sorbus dualis var. taurica K.P.Popov; Ukrayins´k. Bot. Zhurn. 16: 73 (1959), nom. inval.
= Sorbus dualis Zinserl.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 9: 402, 498 (1939)
= Sorbus roopiana Bordz.; Izv. Kievsk. Bot. Sada 12-13: 131 (1931)
species :
Hedlundia scannelliana (T.C.G.Rich) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 36 (2017)
Name: Scannell´s Whitebeam (EN)
Distribution: Ireland (SW-Ireland: Co. Kerry)
10 IRE
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus scannelliana T.C.G.Rich; Watsonia 27(3): 213 (2009)
= Pyrus scannelliana (T.C.G.Rich) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 120 (2018)
species :
Hedlundia scepusiensis (Kovanda) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 41 (2017)
Distribution: E-Slovakia (Kosice Region)
11 SLO
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus scepusiensis Kovanda; Willdenowia 16(1): 119 (1986)
= Pyrus scepusiensis (Kovanda) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 120 (2018)
species :
Hedlundia schwarziana (N.Mey.) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 40 (2017)
Name: Schwarz-Mehlbeere (DE)
Distribution: Germany (C-Bayern)
11 GER
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus schwarziana N.Mey.; Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. Sonderband 110 (2005)
= Pyrus schwarziana (N.Mey.) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 121 (2018)
species :
Hedlundia semipinnata (Borbás) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 41 (2017)
Distribution: Romania
13 ROM
Remarks: The only record of this taxon from Slovakia (Torna Karst region) belongs to a different, yet unidentified taxon
Synonyms: hidden
= Pyrus dacica (Borbás) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 101 (2018), nom. illeg.
= Pyrus dacica Asch. & Graebn.; Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. [Ascherson & Graebner] 6(2): 106 (1906)
= Sorbus dacica Borbás; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 37: 404 (1887)
= Sorbus semipinnata Borbás; Math. Természettud. Értes. 1: 85 (1883), non Pyrus semipinnata Bechst. 1821, nec Pyrus semipinnata Roth 1827
species :
Hedlundia sognensis (Hedl. ex Sennikov, Hjertson & Salvesen) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 37 (2017)
Distribution: Norway (Sogn og Fjordane)
10 NOR
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus sognensis Hedl. ex Sennikov, Hjertson & Salvesen; Ann. Bot. Fenn. 53(1-2): 7 (2016)
= Pyrus sognensis (Hedl. ex Sennikov, Hjertson & Salvesen) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 121 (2018)
= Sorbus lancifolia f. sognensis [Hedl.] Lid; Norsk Svensk Fl., ed. 2: 414 (1974), nom. inval. (Art. 39.1)
species :
Hedlundia subarranensis (Hyl. ex Sennikov, Hjertson & Salvesen) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 36 (2017)
Distribution: Norway (Hordaland)
10 NOR
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus subarranensis Hyl. ex Sennikov, Hjertson & Salvesen; Ann. Bot. Fenn. 53(1-2): 9 (2016)
= Pyrus subarranensis (Hyl. ex Sennikov, Hjertson & Salvesen) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 122 (2018)
species :
Hedlundia subpinnata (Hedl.) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 37 (2017)
Distribution: S-Norway
10 NOR
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus subpinnata Hedl.; Nyt Mag. Naturvidensk. 49: 198 (1911)
= Sorbus arranensis subsp. subpinnata (Hedl.) Sved., Junell & Sälldin; Index Sem. (Uppsala) 1931: 15 (1932)
= Pyrus subpinnata (Hedl.) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 122 (2018)
species :
Hedlundia subsimilis (Hedl.) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 37 (2017)
Distribution: S-Norway
10 NOR
Synonyms: hidden
= Pyrus subsimilis (Hedl.) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 122 (2018)
= Sorbus subsimilis Hedl.; Nyt Mag. Naturvidensk. 52: 257 (1914)
= Sorbus mougeotii subsp. subsimilis (Hedl.) Sved., Alm & Örtendahl; Index Sem. (Uppsala) 1933: 16 (1934)
species :
Hedlundia takhtajanii (Gabrieljan) Mezhenskyj; NULESU Coll. Fruit Ornament. Pl. 32 (2018)
Distribution: Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, SE-Anatolia)
33 ARM AZE 34 TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus persica var. acutilobata Gabrieljan; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 23: 488 (1961)
= Sorbus takhtajanii Gabr.; Biol. Zhurn. Armenii 22(2): 39 (1969)
= Pyrus takhtajanii (Gabrieljan) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 123 (2018)
species :
Hedlundia tamamschjanae (Gabrieljan) Mezhenskyj; NULESU Coll. Fruit Ornament. Pl. 32 (2018)
Distribution: Armenia; Turkey (E-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia)
33 ARM 34 TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus tamamschjanae Gabr.; Biol. Zhurn. Armenii 22(2): 43 (1969)
= Pyrus gabrieljanae M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 104 (2018), nom. nov.
species :
Hedlundia teodori (Liljef.) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 39 (2017)
Distribution: Sweden (Gotland)
10 SWE
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus teodori Liljef.; Acta Horti Berg. 16: 283 (1953)
= Pyrus teodori (Liljef.) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 123 (2018)
= Sorbus teodorii f. cinerae Liljef.; Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 66(2): 93 (1972)
= Sorbus teodorii f. elegans Liljef.; Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 66(2): 93 (1972)
species :
Hedlundia turkestanica (Hedl.) Mezhenskyj; NULESU Coll. Fruit Ornament. Pl. 32 (2018)
Distribution: Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Afghanistan (Badakshan)
32 KGZ TKM TZK UZB 34 AFG
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus turkestanica (Franch.) Hedl.; Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl., N. F. 35(1): 69 (1901)
= Pyrus turkestanica Franch.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 6, 16: 288 (1883)
species :
Hedlundia velebitica (Kárpáti) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 43 (2017)
Distribution: Croatia (Velebit)
13 CRO
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus velebitica Kárpáti; Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 62: 190 (1960)
= Pyrus velebitica (Kárpáti) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 125 (2018)
species :
Hedlundia ×abscondita (Kovanda) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 42 (2017)
Distribution: Czech Republic (Bohemia)
11 CZE
Remarks: Sorbus aucuparia x danubialis
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus ×abscondita Kovanda; Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Österreich 133: 339 (1996)
= Pyrus ×abscondita (Kovanda) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 94 (2018)
species :
Hedlundia ×motleyi (T.C.G.Rich) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 35 (2017)
Distribution: England (Wales: Merthyr Tydfil)
10 GRB
Remarks: Sorbus aucuparia x leyana
Conservation Status: known only from a few trees
Synonyms: hidden
= Sorbus ×motleyi T.C.G.Rich; Watsonia 27(3): 211 (2009)
= Pyrus ×motleyi (T.C.G.Rich) M.F.Fay & Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 113 (2018)
species :
Hedlundia ×thuringiaca (Ilse ex Nyman) Sennikov & Kurtto; Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 34 (2017)
Distribution: England (England, Wales, Isle of Man, Scotland); Ireland (NE-Northern Ireland); Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Sachsen, Thüringen); Switzerland; Austria; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; France; Corsica; Romania; USA [I] (Maine [I], New Hampshire [I], Vermont [I])
10 GRB IRE 11 AUT CZE GER HUN SLO SWI 12 COR FRA 13 ROM 75 usa
Remarks: Sorbus aucuparia x Sorbus aria
Synonyms: hidden
= Aria thuringiaca (Ilse ex Nyman) Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich 2: 711 (1892)
= Pyrus firma Osborn; Gard. Chron., Ser. 3, 77: 234 (1925)
= Pyrus pinnatifida Sm.; Engl. Bot. [Smith & Sowerby] t. 2331 (1811), partim
= Pyrus pinnatifida var. gibbsii Osborn; Gard. Chron., Ser. 3, 77: 234 (1925)
= Pyrus semipinnata Roth; Enum. Pl. Phan. Germ. 1(2): 438 (1827), nom. illeg., non Bechst (1821)
= Pyrus thuringiaca (Ilse ex Nyman) Ruhmer; Jahrb. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 1: 232 (1881)
= Pyrus thuringiaca Ilse; Jahrb. Königl. Akad. Gemeinnütz. Wiss. Erfurt, N. F. 4(Fl. Mittelthüringen): 109 (1866), nom. inval.
= Sorbus decurrens (Koehne) Hedl.; Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl., N. F. 35(1): 48 (1901)
= Sorbus hybrida f. gibbsii (Osborn) Rehder; Bibl. Cult. Trees 256 (1949)
= Sorbus hybrida var. gibbsii (Osborn) Bean; Hand-list Trees & Shrubs Arb., ed. 4: 317 (1934)
= Sorbus quercifolia Hedl.; Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl., N. F. 35(1): 45 (1901)
= Sorbus semipinnata Hedl.; Kongl. Svenska Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 35(1): 55 (1901), nom. illeg., non Borbás 1883
= Sorbus semipinnata var. decurrens (Koehne) Kárpáti; Index Hort. Bot. Univ. Hung. 4: 84 (1940)
= Sorbus semipinnata var. thuringiaca (Ilse ex Nyman) Hedl.; Kongl. Svenska Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 35(1): 57 (1901)
= Sorbus semipinnata var. thuringiaca (Ilse ex Nyman) Kárpáti; Index Hort. Bot. Univ. Hung. 4: 84 (1940), isonym
= Sorbus thuringiaca var. decurrens Koehne; Deut. Dendrol. 248 (1893)
= Sorbus thuringiaca var. subaria Rouy & E.G.Camus; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 7: 20 (1901)
= Sorbus thuringiaca var. subaucuparia Rouy & E.G.Camus; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 7: 20 (1901)
= Sorbus ×boscii Vivant ex Gamisans; Cat. Pl. Vasc. Corse 201 (1985)
= Sorbus ×hybrida var. thuringiaca Ilse ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. [2]: 241 (1879)
= Sorbus ×pinnatifida (Sm.) Düll; Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. 34: 58 (1961), et Taxon 65(2): 353 (2016)
= Sorbus ×pinnatifida nothomorph. decurrens (Koehne) Düll; 59 (1961)
= Sorbus ×pinnatifida nothomorph. thuringiaca (Ilse ex Nyman) Düll; Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. 34: 58 (1961)
= Sorbus ×pinnatifida nothovar. quercifolia (Hedl.) Kutzelnigg; 467 (2011), nom. inval.
= Sorbus ×pinnatifida nothovar. thuringiaca (Ilse ex Nyman) Kutzelnigg; 467 (2011), nom. inval.
= Sorbus ×semipinnata Kárpáti; 84 (1940), nom. inval.
= Sorbus ×thuringiaca (Ilse) Fritsch; Sched. Fl. Exs. Austro-Hung. [Kerner] 7: 16 (1896)
= Sorbus ×thuringiaca subsp. boscii (Vivant ex Gamisans) Lambinon & Kerguélen; Candollea 43(1): 406 (1988) [nothosubsp.]
= xArsorbus ×thuringiaca (Nyman) Z.H.Feng & Su Liu; Phytoneuron 2024-86: 25 (2024)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.04 (April 1st, 2025)

Covering 356,269 accepted species,
8,782 hybrids, 48,090 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,002,497 synonyms,
in total 1,415,638* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life