330.0000 Family Violaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg.: 57 (1802), nom. cons.

32 genera, ca. 1050 spp. Systematics following Wahlert et al. 2015

Species listed in database: 1072; hybrids: 203

330.2006 Genus Viola L.; Sp. Pl. 2: 933 (1753)

Distribution: cosmopolitan, but chiefly temp. regions. Systematics and synonymy see Marcussen et al. 2022. There remain many undescribed species in the Andes. Also, many synonymized species in sect. Borealiamericanae (Appalachians) deserve resurrection (H. E. Ballard).

Species listed in database: 645; hybrids: 202

species :

Viola abbreviata J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores; Int. Rock Gard. 110: 36, figs. 21, 28, 35, 43, 49-51, 53-56, 61-62 (2019)

Distribution: Argentina (Neuquén, Mendoza)

85 ARG

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 8 Sempervivum

species :

Viola abyssinica Steud. ex Oliv.; Fl. Trop. Afr. 1: 105 (1868)

Distribution: SE-Nigeria; Cameroon; Bioko Isl. [Fernando Poo]; E-D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; Burundi; South Sudan; Ethiopia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; E-Zambia; Malawi; E-Zimbabwe; Mozambique; South Africa (Limpopo); Madagascar

22 NGA 23 BIO BUR CMN RWA ZAI 24 ETH SSU 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 SAF 29 MDG

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 17 Abyssinium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola abyssinica var. usambarensis R.E.Fr.; Acta Horti Berg. 8: 5 (1923)

= Viola emirnensis Bojer ex Oliv.; Fl. Trop. Afr. 1: 105 (1868)

= Viola zongia Tul.; Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. V. 9: 300 (1868)

species :

Viola acanthophylla Leyb. ex Reiche; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 16: 442 (1893)

Distribution: Chile (Metropolitana de Santiago)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 3 Grandiflos

species :

Viola acrocerauniensis Erben; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 22: 493 (1986)

Distribution: Albania

13 ALB

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola acuminata Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. 1: 252 (1842)

Distribution: Siberia (Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk); Russian Far East (Amur, Khabarovsk, Kuril Isl., Primorye, Sakhalin); China (Anhui, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, ?Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Zhejiang); Mongolia; North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu)

30 SIB 31 RFE 36 CHI 37 MON 38 JAP KOR NKO

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola acuminata f. alba Moriya; J. Geobot. 8: 91 (1960)

= Viola acuminata f. glaberrima (H.Hara) Kitam.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 20: 196 (1962)

= Viola acuminata f. shikokuensis Maek. ex H.Hara; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 195 (1954)

= Viola acuminata subsp. grandistipulata (W.Becker) Espeut; Botanica Pacifica 9(1): 18 (2020)

= Viola acuminata var. brevistipulata (W.Becker) Kitag.; Neo-Lineam. Fl. Manshur.: 451 (1979)

= Viola acuminata var. dentata W.Becker; Fedtsch., Fl. Asiat. Ross. 8: 49 (1915)

= Viola acuminata var. glaberrima H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 12: 220 (1936)

= Viola acuminata var. intermedia Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 280 (1916)

= Viola canina lusus brevipetiolata (Regel) Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(II): 492 (1862)

= Viola canina var. acuminata (Ledeb.) Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34: 247 (1861)

= Viola canina var. brevipetiolata Regel; Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 4(4): 25 (1861)

= Viola laciniosa A.Gray; Narr. Capt. L. M. Perry´s Exped. 2: 308 (1856)

= Viola micrantha proles brevistipulata W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 383 (1917)

= Viola micrantha proles grandistipulata W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 383 (1917)

= Viola micrantha Turcz.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 5: 183 (1832), nom. illeg.

= Viola turczaninowii Juz.; Komarov, Fl. USSR 15: 395 (1949)

variant :

var. austroussuriensis (W.Becker) Kitag.; Neo-Lineam. Fl. Manshur.: 451 (1979)

Distribution: Russian Far East

31 RFE

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola acuminata subsp. austroussuriensis W.Becker; Fl. Aziat. Ross. 8: 49 (1915)

= Viola acuminata var. austroussuriensis (W.Becker) Espeut; Botanica Pacifica 9(1): 18 (2020), isonym

= Viola austroussuriensis (W.Becker) Kom.; Alis. Key Pl. Far East. Reg. URSS 2: 767 (1932)

= Viola micrantha lusus austroussuriensis (W.Becker) W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 384 (1917)

variant :

var. pilifera C.J.Wang; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 13(3): 257 (1991)

Distribution: China (Gansu)

36 CHI

species :

Viola acutifolia (Kar. & Kir.) W.Becker; B. Fedtsch. Fl. Asiat. Ross. No. 8, 96 (1915), et Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 263 (1916)

Distribution: Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; China (Xinjiang)

32 KAZ KGZ TZK UZB 36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola biflora var. acutifolia Kar. & Kir.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 15: 163 (1842)

= Viola uniflora var. kareliniana Maxim.; Enum. Pl. Mongolia: 81 (1889)

species :

Viola adenothrix Hayata; Icon. Pl. Formosan. 3: 23 (1913)

Distribution: Taiwan

38 TAI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola kosanensis Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 87 (1922)

= Viola royleana Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 87 (1922)

= Viola rupicola Merr.; Enum. Philipp. Fl. Pl. 3: 106 (1923)

species :

Viola adunca Sm.; Cycl. [A. Rees] (London ed.) 37: Viola n. 63 (1817)

Name: Hookedspur violet

Distribution: Alaska; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Northern Territories, Nunavut, Ontario, Québec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); St. Pierre et Miquelon; USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Iowa, Idaho, Massachusetts, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Vermont, Washington State, Wisconsin, Wyoming); Mexico (Chiapas, Chihuahua, Sonora)

70 ASK CDN 71 CDN 72 CDN SPM 73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Lophion aduncum (Sm.) Nieuwl. & Lunell; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 4: 478 (1916)

= Lophion aduncum var. glabrum (Brainerd) Nieuwl. & Lunell; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 4: 478 (1916)

= Viola adunca f. albiflora Vict. & J.Rousseau; Contr. Inst. Bot. Univ. Montréal 36: 20 (1940)

= Viola adunca f. candida Lepage; Naturaliste Canad. 79: 180 (1942)

= Viola adunca f. glabra (Brainerd) G.N.Jones; Univ. Wash. Publ. Biol. 5: 194 (1936)

= Viola adunca subsp. ashtonae M.S.Baker; Madroño 3: 233 (1936)

= Viola adunca subsp. oxyceras (S.Watson) Piper; Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 11: 395 (1906)

= Viola adunca subsp. radicosa M.S.Baker; Madroño 3: 234, pl. 11, fig. 5 (1936)

= Viola adunca subsp. uncinulata (Greene) Applegate; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 22: 282 (1939)

= Viola adunca var. cascadensis (M.S.Baker) C.L.Hitchc.; Vasc. Pl. Pacif. N. W. (C. L. Hitchcock & al.) 3: 440 (1961)

= Viola adunca var. glabra Brainerd; Rhodora 15: 109 (1913)

= Viola adunca var. kirkii V.G.Duran; Leafl. W. Bot. 10: 319 (1966)

= Viola adunca var. longipes Rydb.; Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 1: 263 (1900)

= Viola adunca var. uncinulata (Greene) C.L.Hitchc.; Vasc. Pl. Pacif. N. W. (C. L. Hitchcock & al.) 3: 440 (1961)

= Viola canina var. adunca (Sm.) A.Gray; Bot. Gaz. 11: 292 (1886)

= Viola canina var. longipes (Nutt.) S.Watson; Watson, Bot. California 1: 56 (1876)

= Viola canina var. oxyceras S.Watson; Watson, Bot. California 1: 56 (1876)

= Viola canina var. puberula S.Watson; A. Gray, Manual, ed. 6: 81 (1890)

= Viola cardaminefolia Greene; Pittonia 4: 289 (1901)

= Viola cascadensis M.S.Baker; Leafl. West. Bot. 5: 173 (1949)

= Viola clarkiae A.Nelson; Bot. Gaz. 54: 412 (1912)

= Viola compacta Greene; Pittonia 4: 286 (1901)

= Viola cordulata Greene; Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 2: 33 (1910)

= Viola demissa Greene; Pl. Baker. 3: 10 (1901)

= Viola desertorum Greene; Pittonia 4: 291 (1901)

= Viola drepanophora Greene; Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 2: 32 (1910)

= Viola fulcrata Greene; Pittonia 4: 285 (1901)

= Viola huronensis Greene; Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 2: 96 (1910)

= Viola inamoena Greene; Pl. Baker. 3: 11 (1901)

= Viola longipes Nutt.; Torr. & A. Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 140 (1838)

= Viola mamillata Greene; Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 2: 33 (1910)

= Viola minima M.S.Baker; Leafl. W. Bot. 5: 141 (1949)

= Viola montanensis Rydb.; Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 1: 263 (1900)

= Viola monticola Rydb.; Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 1: 264 (1900), nom. illeg., non Jord.

= Viola odontophora Rydb.; Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 1: 264 (1900)

= Viola oreocallis Greene; Pittonia 4: 288 (1901)

= Viola oreophila Greene; Pittonia 4: 307 (1901)

= Viola oxyceras (S.Watson) Greene; Pittonia 3: 255 (1897)

= Viola oxysepala Greene; Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 2: 34 (1910)

= Viola petrophila Greene; Pittonia 4: 286 (1901)

= Viola puberula (S.Watson) Howell; Fl. N. W. Amer. [Howell] 1: 72 (1897)

= Viola retroscabra Greene; Pittonia 4: 290 (1901)

= Viola subvestita Greene; Erythea 5: 39 (1897)

= Viola sylvestris var. puberula (S.Watson) E.Sheld.; Bull. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. 9: 17 (1894)

= Viola tidestromii Greene; Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 2: 34 (1910)

= Viola uncinulata Greene; Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 2: 97 (1910)

= Viola unguiculata Greene; Pittonia 4: 291 (1901)

= Viola verbascula Greene; Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 2: 32 (1910)

variant :

var. bellidifolia (Greene) H.D.Harr.; Man. Pl. Colorado 377, 641 (1954)

Distribution: Canada (British Columbia); USA (Colorado, Montana, Wyoming)

71 CDN 73 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola bellidifolia Greene; Pittonia 4: 292 (1901)

species :

Viola aduncoides Á.Löve & D.Löve; Bot. Not. 128(4): 516 (1975 publ. 1976)

Distribution: Canada (Yukon, N. W. Territories, British Columbia, Saskatchewan)

70 CDN 71 CDN

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola aethnensis (DC.) Strobl; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 27: 226 (1877)

subspecies :

subsp. aethnensis

Name: Ätna-Veilchen (DE), Etna Violet (EN)

Distribution: Sicily (Etna)

13 SIC

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola calcarata subsp. aethnensis (DC.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 81 (1878)

= Viola calcarata var. aethnensis DC.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 302 (1824)

= Viola gracilis var. aethnensis (DC.) Guss.; Fl. Sicul. Prodr. 1: 255 (1827)

= Viola heterophylla subsp. aethnensis (Parl.) W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 26(2): 326 (1910)

subspecies :

subsp. messanensis (W.Becker) Merxm. & W.Lippert; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 13: 504 (1977)

Distribution: S-Italy; NE-Sicily

13 ITA SIC

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola aethnensis subsp. calabra (A.Terracc.) Peruzzi; Inform. Bot. Ital. 42(2): 531 (2010)

= Viola bertolonii subsp. messanensis (W.Becker) A.Schmidt; Flora (Regensb.) 154: 159 (1964)

= Viola calabra (A.Terracc.) Ricceri & Moraldo; Boll. Accad. Gioenia Sci. Nat. Catania 51(no. 381): FP 191 (2018)

= Viola ferdinandea Ricceri & Moraldo; Boll. Accad. Gioenia Sci. Nat. Catania 51(no. 381): FP 199, fig. 10 (2018)

= Viola gracilis var. calabra A.Terracc.; Annuario Reale Ist. Bot. Roma 4(1): 77 (1890)

= Viola heterophylla subsp. messanensis (W.Becker) W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 26(2): 325 (1910)

= Viola heterophylla var. messanensis W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 18(2): 359 (1905)

subspecies :

subsp. splendida (W.Becker) Merxm. & W.Lippert; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 13: 504 (1977)

Distribution: S-Italy (mountains near Salerno)

13 ITA

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola alburnica Ricceri & Moraldo; Boll. Accad. Gioenia Sci. Nat. Catania 51(no. 381): FP 187 (2018)

= Viola cervatiana Ricceri & Moraldo; Boll. Accad. Gioenia Sci. Nat. Catania 51(no. 381): FP 193, fig. 6 (2018)

= Viola cilentana Ricceri & Moraldo; Boll. Accad. Gioenia Sci. Nat. Catania 51(no. 381): FP 195, fig. 7 (2018)

= Viola gaviolii Ricceri & Moraldo; Boll. Accad. Gioenia Sci. Nat. Catania 51(no. 381): FP 202, fig. 12 (2018)

= Viola gracilis var. pubescens A.Terracc.; Prodr. Fl. Lucan. 1: 53 (1893)

= Viola heterophylla subsp. splendida (W.Becker) W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 26(2): 325 (1910)

= Viola sirinica Ricceri & Moraldo; Boll. Accad. Gioenia Sci. Nat. Catania 51(no. 381): FP 220, fig. 21 (2018)

= Viola splendida W.Becker; Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2, 2: 750 (1902)

= Viola tricolor var. lutea Fiori; Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital., n.s., 6: 211 (1899)

= Viola vulturis Ricceri & Moraldo; Boll. Accad. Gioenia Sci. Nat. Catania 51(no. 381): FP 226, fig. 25 (2018)

species :

Viola aetolica Boiss. & Heldr.; Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Or. Nov. 3(6): 24 (1859)

Distribution: North Macedonia; Albania; Greece (mountains of NW-, C-Greece, N-Peloponnisos, Rodopi)

13 ALB GRC NMA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola alpestris subsp. aetolica (Boiss. & Heldr.) W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 26(2): 345 (1910)

= Viola heterosepala Boiss. & Heldr.; Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 6: 23 (1859)

= Viola saxatilis subsp. aetolica (Boiss. & Heldr.) Hayek

species :

Viola affinis Leconte; Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 2: 138 (1826)

Name: Sand violet

Distribution: Canada (Ontario, Québec); USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin, West Virginia)

72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA 77 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola affinis f. albiflora L.K.Henry; Castanea 18: 45 (1953)

= Viola affinis var. chalcosperma Griscom; Rhodora 38: 49 (1936)

= Viola affinis var. subarctica J.Rousseau; Canad. J. Res., Sect. C, Bot. Sci. 28: 245 (1952)

= Viola sororia subsp. affinis (Leconte) R.J.Little; Phytologia 72(2): 78 (1992), without basionym ref., et Phytologia 80(4): 295 (1996)

= Viola sororia var. affinis (Leconte) L.E.McKinney; Sida, Bot. Misc. 7: 39 (1992)

species :

Viola aizoon Reiche; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 16: 443 (1892)

Distribution: Chile (Biobío, Nuble)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 8 Sempervivum

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola cyathiformis W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 21: 355 (1925)

species :

Viola alaica Vved.; Acta Univ. As. Med. Ser. VIII b, Bot. Fasc. 3, 79 (1928)

Distribution: Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan

32 KGZ TZK UZB

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola oxycentra Juz.; Komarov, Fl. USSR 15: 682 (1949)

species :

Viola alba Besser; Prim. Fl. Galic. 1: 171 (1809)

subspecies :

subsp. alba

Name: Weißes Veilchen (DE)

Distribution: Sweden (Øland); Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Sachsen [I]); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Spain; Andorra; Baleares; France; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Greece (scattered mainland, Samothraki, Kerkyra, Kefalonia, Evvoia); European Russia; Moldova; Turkey

10 SWE 11 AUT CZE GER HUN LIE POL SLO SWI 12 ADO BAL FRA SPA 13 BIH CRO GRC KOS NMA SLV SRB 14 MLD RUS 34 TUR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola alba f. incurva Pau; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 1895: 155 (1896)

= Viola alba f. virescens (Jord.) Rhiner; 196 (1893)

= Viola alba subsp. stevenii (Besser) Gremli; 105 (1874)

= Viola alba subsp. thessala (Boiss. & Spruner) Hayek; Prodr. Fl. Penins. Balcan. 1: 502 (1925)

= Viola alba subsp. virescens (Jord. ex Boreau) P.Fourn.; Fl. Compl. Plaine Franç.: 53 (1928), isonym

= Viola alba subsp. virescens (Jord.) Murr; 202 (1923)

= Viola alba var. besseri (Rupr.) Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich 2(1): 513 (1892), nom. illeg.

= Viola alba var. picta (Moggr.) Espeut; Monde Pl., 464: 16 (1999)

= Viola alba var. pungens Gren.; 177 (1847)

= Viola alba var. scotophyllodes Wiesb. ex Dichtl; Deutsche Bot. Monatsschr. 3: 45 (1885)

= Viola alba var. virescens (Jord. ex Boreau) P.Fourn.; Quatre Fl. France: 445 (1936), isonym

= Viola alba var. virescens (Jord.) Gremli; 86 (1878)

= Viola hirta subsp. ausonensis Sennen; Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat. 32: 111 (1932), nom. alt.

= Viola hirta var. picta Moggr.; Contr. Fl. Mentone: 54 (1864)

= Viola martii subsp. alba (Besser) Döll; 648 (1843)

= Viola nigricans Schur ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 78 (1878), nom. inval.

= Viola odorata subsp. alba (Besser) Bonnier; Bonnier & R. C. V. Douin, 14 (1913), isonym

= Viola odorata var. alba (Besser) Dumort.; Fl. Belg. 116 (1827), nom. illeg.

= Viola odorata var. alba (Besser) Klett & Richt.; 230 (1830), isonym

= Viola odorata var. inodora Cambess. ex N.E.Br.; Sm., Engl. Bot., ed. 3B(Suppl. 1/4): 29 (1892), nom. nud.

= Viola praecox Heuff. ex Fuss; Fl. Transsilv.: 81 (1866)

= Viola thessala Boiss. & Spruner; Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1, 8: 51 (1849)

= Viola virescens Jord. ex Boreau; Fl. Centre France, ed. 3 (Boreau) 2: 77 (1857)

variant :

var. scotophylla (Jord.) Gremli; 86 (1878)

Name: Dunkelblütiges Weißes Veilchen (DE)

Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Sachsen [I]); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Hungary; N-Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; European Russia; Northern Caucasus

11 AUT GER HUN LIE SWI 13 CRO ITA SLV 14 RUS 33 NCS

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola alba proles scotophylla (Jord.) Samp.; Ann. Sci. Acad. Polytecn. Porto 4: 120 (1909)

= Viola alba f. albiflora (Wiesb. ex Dichtl) Gams; 647 (1925)

= Viola alba f. scotophylla (Jord.) Rhiner; 197 (1893)

= Viola alba subsp. scotophylla (Jord.) Gremli; 105 (1874)

= Viola alba subsp. scotophylla (Jord.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 78 (1878), isonym

= Viola alba var. albiflora Wiesb. ex Dichtl; Deutsche Bot. Monatsschr. 3: 45 (1885)

= Viola alba var. scotophylla (Jord.) Ces.; Comp. Fl. Ital. 2(33): 806 (1884)

= Viola alba var. violacea Wiesb. ex Dichtl; Deutsche Bot. Monatsschr. 3: 45 (1885)

= Viola multicaulis var. scotophylla (Jord.) Caldesi; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 11: 336 (1879)

= Viola odorata var. scotophylla (Jord.) Lange; Willk. & Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. 3: 696 (1878)

= Viola scotophylla f. albiflora (Wiesb. ex Dichtl) Murr; 102 (1900)

= Viola scotophylla f. violacea (Wiesb. ex Dichtl) Murr; 102 (1900)

= Viola scotophylla Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 7: 9 (1849)

subspecies :

subsp. bonaefidei Orell & Romo; But. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., 59 Bot. 8: 85 (1991) [nothossp.]

Distribution: Baleares

12 BAL

Remarks: Viola alba ssp. dehnhardtii x suavis ssp. barceloi

subspecies :

subsp. cretica (Boiss. & Heldr.) Marcussen; Pl. Syst. Evol. 237(1-2): 71 (2003)

Distribution: Crete (mountains)

13 KRI

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola cretica Boiss. & Heldr.; Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Or. Nov. 2(8): 51 (1849)

= Viola cretica subsp. glabra A.Tiniakou

subspecies :

subsp. dehnhardtii (Ten.) W.Becker; Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. 8(2): 257 (1902)

Distribution: France; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; Greece (scattered mainland, also Andros, Tinos, Naxos, Kerkyra, Ionian Isl., Sporades); Ukraine; Crimea; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Georgia [Caucasus]; Azerbaijan; East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Chios, Ikaria, Samos); Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq); Iran (N-Iran); Cyprus (C-Mountains); Syria (coastal W-Syria)

12 COR FRA SAR 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA NMA ROM SIC SLV SMA 14 KRY UKR 20 ALG MOR TUN 33 AZE GEO 34 CYP EAI IRN IRQ SYR TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola alba proles esterelensis (Chanay & Millière) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 31 (1896)

= Viola alba var. dehnhardtii (Ten.) Litard.; Briq., Prodr. Fl. Corse 2(2): 191 (1935)

= Viola alba var. lactea Espeut; Monde Pl., 464: 17 (1999), nom. nov.

= Viola armena Boiss. & A.Huet; Boiss., Diagn. ser. 2, 5: 48 (1856)

= Viola cadevallii Pau; Mem. Acad. Ci. Artes Barcelona ser. 3, 2: 62 (1896)

= Viola dehnhardtii f. cadevallii (Pau) W.Becker; Bot. Zhurn. (St. Petersburg) 5: 24 (1910), nom. superfl.

= Viola dehnhardtii f. glaberrima W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 26: 24 (1909)

= Viola dehnhardtii subvar. cadevallii (Pau) Litard.; Briq., Prodr. Fl. Corse 2(2): 194 (1935)

= Viola dehnhardtii Ten.; Ind. Sem. Hort. Neap. (1830) 12, ex ej. Syll. 117

= Viola dehnhardtii var. albiflora W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 26(1): 23 (1909), nom. illeg.

= Viola dehnhardtii var. atlantica Braun-Blanq. & Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 14: 73 (1923)

= Viola dehnhardtii var. burgalensis Sennen & Pau; Bol. Soc. Aragonesa Ci. Nat. 6: 24 (1907)

= Viola dehnhardtii var. cadevallii (Pau) W.Becker; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 56: 187 (1906)

= Viola dehnhardtii var. gomarica Emb. & Maire; Jahand. et al., Cat. Pl. Maroc 2: 506 (1932)

= Viola esterelensis Chanay & Millière; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 6(2): 184 (1879)

= Viola hirta subsp. dehnhardtii (Ten.) Arcang.; Comp. Fl. Ital., ed. 2,: 296 (1894)

= Viola lauzuricae Marcet; Bol. Real Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 45: 234 (1947)

= Viola maroccana (Maire) Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afr. Nord 23: 168 (1932)

= Viola odorata subsp. dehnhardtii (Ten.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 78 (1878)

= Viola odorata var. dehnhardtii (Ten.) Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 1: 458 (1867)

= Viola pentelica Vierh.; Verh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 64: 266 (1914)

= Viola pyrenaica var. maroccana Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 13: 14 (1922)

subspecies :

subsp. neusii Orell & Romo; But. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., 59 Bot. 8: 83 (1991) [nothossp.]

Distribution: Baleares

12 BAL

Remarks: Viola alba ssp. dehnhardtii x jaubertiana

species :

Viola albanica Halácsy; Consp. Fl. Graec. 1: 141 (1900)

Distribution: Albania; NW-Greece (Mt. Grammos to Mt. Smolikas and Mt. Timphi)

13 ALB GRC

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola albida Palib.; Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 17(1): 30 (1899)

Distribution: Russian Far East (Primorye); China (Anhui, ?Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, ?Nei Mongol, Shandong, ?Shanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang); North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Kyushu)

31 RFE 36 CHI 38 JAP KOR NKO

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola albida f. rugata (Y.N.Lee) M.Kim; Korean Endemic Pl. 528 (2017)

= Viola albida f. variegata F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 105 (1954)

= Viola albida f. viridis Y.N.Lee; Bull. Korea Pl. Res. 6: 4 (2006)

= Viola albida var. chaerophylloides (Regel) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 195 (1954)

= Viola albida var. rugata Y.N.Lee; Bull. Korea Pl. Res. 5: 16 (2005)

= Viola albida var. suavis Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 49: 419 (1935)

= Viola chaerophylloides (Regel) Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 19: 17 (1902), isonym

= Viola chaerophylloides (Regel) W.Becker; Bull. Herb. Boissier, ser. 2, 2(2): 856 (1902)

= Viola chaerophylloides f. viridis (Y.N.Lee) M.Kim; Korean Endemic Pl. 528 (2017)

= Viola dentariifolia H.Boissieu; Bull. Herb. Boissier, sér. 2, 1: 1076 (1901)

= Viola dissecta subvar. albida (Palib.) Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 26(305): 155 (1912)

= Viola dissecta var. albida (Palib.) Nakai; Icon. Pl. Koisik. 1: 93, t. 47 (1912)

= Viola dissecta var. chaerophylloides (Regel) Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 26(305): 153 (1912)

= Viola napellifolia Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36(424): 86, 93 (1922)

= Viola pinnata f. pedata Miq.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 152 (1866)

= Viola pinnata f. trisectopinnatifida Miq.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 152 (1866)

= Viola pinnata var. chaerophylloides Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34: 222 (1861)

= Viola prionantha var. incisa Kitag.; Rep. Inst. Sci. Res. Manchoukuo 6(4): 123 (1942)

= Viola sieboldiana var. chaerophylloides (Regel) Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 32(382): 226 (1918)

= Viola ×savatieri f. detonsa (Kitag.) Kitag.; Neolin. Fl. Manshur.: 459 (1979)

= Viola ×savatieri var. detonsa Kitag.; Lin. Fl. Manshur.: 324 (1939)

variant :

var. eizanensis (Makino) Espeut; Botanica Pacifica 9(1): 23 (2020)

Distribution: Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)

38 JAP

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola chaerophylloides f. simplicifolia Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 19: 17 (1905)

= Viola chaerophylloides var. eizanensis (Makino) Ohwi; Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 33: 80 (1953)

= Viola dissecta subvar. simplicifolia (Makino) Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 26: 155 (1912)

= Viola dissecta var. eizanensis Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 26: 155 (1912)

= Viola eizanensis (Makino) Makino; J. Jap. Bot. 1: 15 (1917)

= Viola eizanensis f. simplicifolia (Makino) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 199 (1954)

= Viola eizanensis var. simplicifolia (Makino) Makino; J. Jap. Bot. 1: 16 (1917)

= Viola pinnata f. triphylla Miq.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 152 (1866)

variant :

var. sieboldiana (Maxim.) Espeut; Botanica Pacifica 9(1): 23 (2020)

Distribution: Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)

38 JAP

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola albida f. sieboldiana (Maxim.) H.Hara; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 195 (1954)

= Viola albida var. sieboldiana (Maxim.) Espeut; Botanica Pacifica 9(1): 23 (2020)

= Viola chaerophylloides f. sieboldiana (Maxim.) F.Maek. & T.Hashim.; J. Jap. Bot. 43: 162 (1968)

= Viola chaerophylloides var. sieboldiana (Maxim.) Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 19: 87 (1905)

= Viola dissecta f. sieboldiana (Maxim.) Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 26: 154 (1912)

= Viola dissecta var. sieboldiana (Maxim.) Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 282 (1916)

= Viola napellifolia var. sieboldiana (Maxim.) Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: (86), (93) (1922)

= Viola pinnata var. sieboldiana Maxim.; Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg ser. 3, 23: 313 (1877)

= Viola sieboldiana (Maxim.) Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 19: 144 (1905)

species :

Viola alexandrowiana (W.Becker) Juz.; Komarov, Fl. USSR 15: 412 (1949)

Distribution: Siberia (Buryatia, Irkutsk); Mongolia

30 SIB 37 MON

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola phalacrocarpa subsp. alexandrowiana W.Becker; Fl. Aziatik Ross. 8: 72 (1915)

species :

Viola alexejana Kamelin & Junussov; Dokl. Akad. Nauk Tadzh. SSR 23(4): 208 (1980)

Distribution: Tajikistan

32 TZK

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

species :

Viola allchariensis Beck; Jahres-Kat. Wien. Bot. Tauschver. 1894: 6 (1894)

subspecies :

subsp. allchariensis

Distribution: C-North Macedonia

13 NMA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae. Not in N-Greece fide Strid (2024)

subspecies :

subsp. gostivarensis W.Becker & Bornm.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 75 (1921)

Distribution: NW-North Macedonia

13 NMA

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola gostivariensis (W.Becker & Bornm.) Bornm.; Magyar Bot. Lap. 32: 141 (1933)

species :

Viola alliariifolia Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 32 (1922)

Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido)

38 JAP

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola brevistipulata var. renifolia (Koidz.) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 198 (1954)

= Viola glabella var. renifolia Koidz.; Icon. Pl. Koisikav. 3: 113 (1917)

species :

Viola allochroa Botsch.; Not. Syst. Herb. Inst. Bot. & Zool. Acad. Sci. Uzbekistan. 11: 10 (1948)

Distribution: Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan (Tianshan)

32 KAZ KGZ UZB

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

species :

Viola alpina Jacq.; Enum. Stirp. Vindob. 159 (1762)

Distribution: E-Austria; Poland; Slovakia; Romania

11 AUT POL SLO 13 ROM

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola baumgarteniana Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 87 (1866)

= Viola microphylla Schur; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 8: 394 (1858), nom. illeg.

species :

Viola altaica Ker Gawl.; Edwards´s Bot. Reg. 54 (1815)

Name: Altai-Veilchen (DE)

Distribution: Germany [I]; Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, W-Siberia); Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; China (Xinjiang); Mongolia

11 ger 30 SIB 32 KAZ KGZ TZK 36 CHI 37 MON

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Mnemion grandiflorum Spach; Hist. Nat. Vég. (Spach) 5: 514 (1836)

= Viola monochroa Klokov; Komarov, Fl. USSR 15: 688 (1949)

= Viola pallasii Fisch. ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. 1: 886 (1821), nom. inval.

= Viola speciosa Schrad. ex Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 2: 708 (1832), pro syn.

species :

Viola amamiana Hatus.; Sci. Rep. Yokosuka City Mus. 15: 13 (1969)

Distribution: Ryukyu Isl.

38 NNS

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 1 Diffusae

species :

Viola ambigua Waldst. & Kit.; Pl. Rar. Hung. 2: 208 (1804)

Name: Steppen-Veilchen (DE)

Distribution: Germany; Austria; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; ?Slovenia; Croatia; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Romania; Bulgaria; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; Moldova; Ukraine; Crimea; Siberia (W-Siberia); Kazakhstan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]

11 AUT CZE GER HUN SLO 13 BUL CRO KOS NMA ROM SRB 14 KRY MLD RUS UKR 30 SIB 32 KAZ 33 GEO NCS

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ambigua subsp. campestris (M.Bieb.) Gams; 643 (1925)

= Viola campestris M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 171 (1808)

= Viola revoluta Heuff. ex Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 705 (1832)

= Viola suaveolens E.P.Perrier & Songeon; Billot, Annot. Fl. France Allemagne: 183 (1860), pro syn.

species :

Viola amurica W.Becker; B. Fedtsch. Fl. Asiat. Ross. No. 8, 62 (1915), et Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 230-231 (1916)

Distribution: Siberia (Yakutia); Russian Far East (Amur, Primorye); China (NE-Heilongjiang, E-Jilin)

30 SIB 31 RFE 36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 4 Bilobatae

species :

Viola anagae Gilli; Feddes Repert. 89(9-10): 595 (1978 publ. 1979)

Name: Anaga-Veilchen (DE); Violeta de Anaga (ES)

Distribution: Canary Isl. (Tenerife)

21 CNY

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola angkae Craib; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1925: 14 (1925)

Distribution: N-Thailand

41 THA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

species :

Viola angustifolia Phil.; Linnaea 28: 612 (1856)

Distribution: Chile (Metropolitana de Santiago)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 3 Grandiflos

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola wikipedia J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores; Int. Rock Gard. 117(ed. 1): 47 (2019), nom. superfl.

species :

Viola anitae J.M.Watson; Int. Rock Gard. 108: [89], figs.13, 14, 42, 46, 47, 53-57, 59, 63 (2018)

Distribution: Argentina (Neuquén)

85 ARG

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 6 Rhizomandinium

species :

Viola annamensis Baker f.; J. Nat. Hist. Soc. Thailand 4: 128 (1921)

Distribution: China (Guangxi, Yunnan); NE-Thailand; C-Vietnam; Borneo (Kalimantan)

36 CHI 41 THA VIE 42 BOR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. Australasiaticae. V. rheophila could be a separate species.

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola rheophila Okamoto; Bull. Osaka Mus. Nat. Hist. 37: 10 (1984)

species :

Viola apoensis Elmer; Leaflets Philipp. Bot. 8: 2878 (1915)

Distribution: Philippines (Mindanao); New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea)

42 NWG PHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 1 Diffusae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola diffusa subsp. apoensis (Elmer) D.M.Moore; Fl. Males., Ser. 1, 7(1): 202 (1971)

species :

Viola appalachiensis L.K.Henry; Castanea 18: 131 (1953)

Name: Appalachian violet

Distribution: USA (Maryland, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, West Virginia)

75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola allegheniensis L.K.Henry; Castanea 18: 53 (1953), non Roem. & Schult.

= Viola walteri var. appalachiensis (L.K.Henry) L.E.McKinney ex S.P.Grund & B.L.Isaac; Castanea 72(1): 59 (2007)

species :

Viola araucaniae W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 181 (1922)

Distribution: Chile (Araucanía)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 9 Subandinium

species :

Viola arborescens L.; Sp. Pl. 935 (1753)

Distribution: SW-Portugal; Spain; Baleares; France; Sardinia; Morocco; Algeria

12 BAL FRA POR SAR SPA 20 ALG MOR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 15 Xylinosium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola arborescens f. albido-tomentosa W.Becker; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 56: 189 (1906)

= Viola arborescens f. integrifolia (Ging.) Pau; Not. Bot. Fl. Españ. 6: 24 (1895), nom. illeg.

= Viola arborescens f. latifolia (DC.) Fern.Casado; Lagascalia 14(1): 136 (1986)

= Viola arborescens f. willkommii Fern.Casado; Lagascalia 14(1): 136 (1986), without type, as nom. nov.

= Viola arborescens var. compacta (Willk.) Pau; Not. Bot. Fl. Españ. 6: 24 (1895)

= Viola arborescens var. compacta Willk.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 41: 87 (1891)

= Viola arborescens var. elongata Willk.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 41: 87 (1891)

= Viola arborescens var. integrifolia Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 299 (1824)

= Viola arborescens var. intermedia Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 4 (1896)

= Viola arborescens var. latifolia Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 299 (1824)

= Viola arborescens var. serratifolia Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 299 (1824)

= Viola fruticans Bubani; Fl. Pyren. (Bubani) 3: 111 (1901)

= Viola longiviola Pourr. ex Schult.; Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. ed. 15[bis]. 5: 380 (1819)

= Viola saxicola Schult.; Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. ed. 15[bis]. 5: 380 (1819)

= Viola suberosa Desf.; Fl. Atlant. 2: 313 (1799)

= Viola tuberosa Steud.; Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 2: 773 (1841), nom. inval.

species :

Viola argentina W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 184 (1922)

Distribution: Argentina (Cordoba, La Rioja, San Juan)

85 ARG

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

species :

Viola arguta Humb. & Bonpl. ex Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg. 5: 391 (1819)

Distribution: Colombia (Cesar, Magdalena); Ecuador; Peru

82 CLM 83 ECU PER

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 1 Leptidium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola arguta subsp. meridionalis W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 22(2): 93 (1907)

= Viola arguta var. glaberrima W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 22(2): 92 (1907)

= Viola arguta var. meridionalis (W.Becker) L.B.Sm. & A.Fernández; Caldasia 6: 164 (1954)

= Viola corchorifolia Dombey ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 304 (1824)

= Viola punicea Ruiz & Pav. ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 304 (1824)

species :

Viola arsenica Beck; Jahres-Kat. Wien. Bot. Tauschver. 1894: 6 (1894)

Distribution: S-North Macedonia (Alsar, 40 km SW of Prilep)

13 NMA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola arvensis Murray; Prodr. Stirp. Götting. 73 (1770)

subspecies :

subsp. arvensis

Name: Acker-Stiefmütterchen (DE), European field pansy (EN)

Distribution: England; Ireland; Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; Andorra; France; Channel Isl.; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Malta; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (widespread N-Greece, rare C- & S-Greece, Thasos, Samothraki); Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; W-European Russia; Moldova; Ukraine; Crimea; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Madeira [I] (Madeira Isl. [I]); Canary Isl. [I] (Tenerife [I], La Gomera [I], La Palma Isl. [I]); South Africa [I]; Siberia (Altai, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, W-Siberia); Russian Far East [I] (Kamchatka [I], Primorye [I], Sakhalin [I]); Kazakhstan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, W-Anatolia); China [I]; Mongolia; South Korea [I]; Australia [I] (New South Wales [I], Victoria [I], Tasmania [I]); New Zealand [I]; Greenland [I]; Canada (Alberta [I], British Columbia [I], Manitoba [I], New Brunswick [I], Newfoundland [I], Nova Scotia [I], Ontario [I], Prince Edward Isl. [I], Québec [I], Saskatchewan [I]); St. Pierre et Miquelon [I]; USA [I] (Arkansas [I], California [I], Connecticut [I], Delaware [I], Georgia [I], Iowa [I], Idaho [I], Illinois [I], Indiana [I], Kansas [I], Kentucky [I], Louisiana [I], Massachusetts [I], Maryland [I], Maine [I], Michigan [I], Minnesota [I], Missouri [I], Mississippi [I], Montana [I], North Carolina [I], Nebraska [I], New Hampshire [I], New Jersey [I], New York [I], Ohio [I], Oregon [I], Pennsylvania [I], Rhode Island [I], South Carolina [I], Tennessee [I], Utah [I], Virginia [I], Vermont [I], Washington State [I], Wisconsin [I], West Virginia [I]); Colombia [I]; Ecuador [I]; Bolivia [I]; Argentina [I]; Chile [I] (Ñuble [I], Biobío [I], Araucanía [I], Los Rios [I], Los Lagos [I]); Falkland Isl. [I]

10 DEN FIN GRB IRE NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 ADO CIS COR FRA POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MLT MNT NMA ROM SIC SLV SMA SRB TUE 14 BLR EST KRY LAT LIT MLD RUS UKR 20 ALG MOR TUN 21 cny mdr 27 saf 30 SIB 31 rfe 32 KAZ 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 TUR 36 chi 37 MON 38 kor 50 aus 51 nzl 70 gnl 71 CDN 72 CDN spm 73 usa 74 usa 75 usa 76 usa 78 usa 82 clm 83 bol ecu 85 arg cle 91 fal

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Mnemion agreste (Jord.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n.s., 16: 341 (1868)

= Mnemion arvense (Murray) Nieuwl.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 217 (1914)

= Mnemion gracilescens (Jord.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n.s., 16: 342 (1868)

= Mnemion obtusifolium (Jord.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n.s., 16: 341 (1868)

= Mnemion segetale (Jord.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n.s., 16: 341 (1868)

= Viola agrestis Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 2: 15 (1846)

= Viola anglica Drabble; J. Bot. 64: 269 (1926)

= Viola arvatica Jord.; Mém. Acad. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci. 1: 24 (1852)

= Viola arvensis f. subpatens C.G.Westerl.; Bot. Not. 1906: 23 (1906)

= Viola arvensis f. timbalii (Jord.) Font Quer; Treb. Mus. Ci. Nat. Barcelona, Sèr. Bot. 5(5): 19 (1924)

= Viola arvensis subsp. andina W.Becker; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37: 591 (1906)

= Viola arvensis subsp. communis Wittr.; Acta Horti Berg. 2(1

= Viola arvensis subsp. curtisepala Wittr.; Acta Horti Berg. 2(1

= Viola arvensis subsp. patens Wittr.; Acta Horti Berg. 2(1

= Viola arvensis subsp. sublilacina Wittr.; Acta Horti Berg. 2(1

= Viola arvensis var. anglica (Drabble) P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 1: 692 (2018)

= Viola arvensis var. arvatica (Jord.) P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 1: 692 (2018)

= Viola arvensis var. deseglisei (Jord. ex Boreau) P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 1: 692 (2018)

= Viola arvensis var. flava DC.; Lam. & A. DC., Fl. Franç., éd. 3, 6: 618 (1815)

= Viola arvensis var. latifolia (Drabble) P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 1: 692 (2018)

= Viola arvensis var. ruralis (Jord.) Besnou; Fl. Manche: 45 (1881)

= Viola arvensis var. segetalis (Jord.) Besnou; Fl. Manche: 45 (1881)

= Viola arvensis var. segetalis (Jord.) P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 1: 692 (2018), isonym

= Viola atlantica Pomel; Nouv. Mat. Fl. Atl. 215 (1874)

= Viola aurasiaca Pomel; Nouv. Mat. Fl. Atl. 2: 342 (1875)

= Viola deseglisei Jord. ex Boreau; Fl. Centre France, éd. 3, 2: 82 (1857)

= Viola gracilescens Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 2: 20 (1846)

= Viola gracilis var. aurasiaca (Pomel) Batt.; Fl. Algèrie [Batt. & Trabut] Dicot.: 105 (1888)

= Viola latifolia Drabble; J. Bot. 64: 266 (1926)

= Viola longifolia Lázaro Ibiza; Revista Real Acad. Ci. Madrid, ser. 2, 17(7-12): 51 (1919), nom. illeg.

= Viola obtusifolia Jord.; Mém. Acad. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci. 1: 23 (1852)

= Viola segetalis Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 2: 12 (1846)

= Viola tricolor var. arvensis Wahlenb.; Fl. Upsaliensis: 287 (1820)

= Viola timbalii Jord.; Mém. Acad. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci. 1: 22 (1852)

= Viola tricolor proles arvensis (Murray) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 44 (1896)

= Viola tricolor f. gracilescens (Jord.) Brenner; Meddeland. Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 19: 79 (1893), nom. illeg.

= Viola tricolor f. ruderalis Brenner; Meddeland. Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 19: 81 (1893)

= Viola tricolor f. segetalis (Jord.) Brenner; Meddeland. Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 19: 79 (1893)

= Viola tricolor f. turgida Brenner; Meddeland. Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 19: 78 (1893)

= Viola tricolor subsp. arvensis (Murray) Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 2: 210 (1828)

= Viola tricolor subsp. arvensis (Murray) Wigand; Fl. Kurhessen: 82 (1859)

= Viola tricolor subsp. banatica (Kit.) Simonk.; 112 (1887)

= Viola tricolor var. agrestis (Jord.) Brenner; Meddeland. Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 19: 81 (1893)

= Viola tricolor var. arvensis (Murray) Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 1: 465 (1867), isonym

= Viola tricolor var. arvensis (Murray) DC.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 303 (1824), isonym

= Viola tricolor var. arvensis (Murray) Pio; 30 (1813)

= Viola tricolor var. arvensis DC. ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 303 (1824), nom. illeg.

= Viola tricolor var. bannatica (Kit.) Rchb.; 709 (1832)

= Viola tricolor var. bicolor Merrem; 104 (1809)

= Viola tricolor var. gracilenta Brenner; Meddeland. Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 19: 79 (1893)

= Viola tricolor var. gracilescens (Jord.) Gren.; 183 (1847)

= Viola tricolor var. intermedia Wender.; 62 (1846)

= Viola tricolor var. montana Lázaro Ibiza; Revista Real Acad. Ci. Madrid 17: 402, 404 (1919)

= Viola tricolor var. parviflora Hayne; t. 4 (1813)

= Viola tricolor var. segetalis (Jord.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 80 (1878)

= Viola tricolor var. timbalii (Jord.) Gaut.; Cat. Rais. Fl. Pyr.-Or.: 96 (1898)

subspecies :

subsp. megalantha Nauenb.; Untersuch. Variab. Ökol. & Syst. Viola tricolor-Gruppe Mitteleuropa: 81 (1986), nom. inval., et Haussknechtia 12: 53 (2010)

Name: Großblütiges Acker-Stiefmütterchen (DE)

Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Niedersachsen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Sachsen); Switzerland; Austria; Hungary; France; Italy; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; European Russia; Ukraine

11 AUT GER HUN SWI 12 FRA 13 ITA 14 BLR EST LAT LIT RUS UKR

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola megalantha (Nauenb.) G.H.Loos; Jahrb. Bochum. Bot. Vereins 1: 129 (2010)

= Viola megalantha (Nauenb.) Landolt; Fl. Indicativa 270 (2010), isonym, nom. inval.

species :

Viola athois W.Becker; Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2, 2: 854 (1902)

Name: Athos-Veilchen (DE)

Distribution: NE-Greece (Mt. Athos)

13 GRC

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola atropurpurea Leyb.; Anales Univ. Chile 159 (1858)

Name: Escarapela, carabello [Chile]

Distribution: Argentina (Mendoza, Neuquen, San Juan); Chile (Valparaíso, Metropolitana de Santiago, O´Higgins, Maule)

85 ARG CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 8 Sempervivum

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola lehmannii subsp. cordifolia W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 22(2): 92 (1907)

species :

Viola aurantiaca Leyb.; Flora 47: 41 (1864)

Distribution: Chile (Metropolitana de Santiago, Maule)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola curicoensis W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 183 (1922)

species :

Viola aurata Phil.; Anales Univ. Chile 81: 492 (1892)

Name: Estrellita [Chile]

Distribution: Chile (Coquimbo)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 9 Subandinium

species :

Viola aurea Kellogg; Proc. Calif. Acad. 2: 185, f. 54 (1863)

subspecies :

subsp. aurea

Name: Golden violet

Distribution: USA (California, Nevada)

76 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola purpurea subsp. aurea (Kellogg) J.C.Clausen; Madroño 17: 295 (1964)

= Viola purpurea var. aurea (Kellogg) M.S.Baker ex Jeps.; Fl. Calif. (Jeps.) 2: 521 (1936)

subspecies :

subsp. arizonensis M.S.Baker & J.C.Clausen; Madroño 12: 11 (fig. 2) (1953)

Distribution: USA (Arizona)

76 USA

subspecies :

subsp. mohavensis M.S.Baker & J.C.Clausen; Madroño 12: 9 (-11) (1953)

Distribution: USA (Arizona, California, Nevada)

76 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola purpurea subsp. mohavensis (M.S.Baker & Clausen ex S.F.Blake) Clausen; Madroño 17: 295 (1964)

= Viola purpurea var. mohavensis (Baker & Clausen) J.T.Howell; Mentzelia 1: 8 (1975)

species :

Viola auricolor Skottsb.; Kongl. Svenska Vetensk. Acad. Handl., n.f., 56(5): 130, 260 (1916)

Distribution: Argentina (Chubut, Santa Cruz); Chile (Aisén)

85 ARG CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 8 Sempervivum

species :

Viola auricula Leyb.; Flora 47: 40 (1864)

Distribution: Chile (Metropolitana de Santiago)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 9 Subandinium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola auriculata Leyb.; Anales Univ. Chile (1863) II. 672, ex Phil.f. Cat. Pl. Vasc. Chil. 20

species :

Viola austrosinensis Y.S.Chen & Q.E.Yang; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 158(4): 756 (2008)

Distribution: China (Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan)

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. Australasiaticae

species :

Viola austroyunnanensis Y.S.Chen; Phytotaxa 613(2): 154 (2023)

Distribution: China (Yunnan)

36 CHI

species :

Viola babunensis Erben; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 21(2): 600 (1985)

Distribution: North Macedonia

13 NMA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola bakeri Greene; Pittonia 3: 307 (1898)

Name: Baker´s violet

Distribution: USA (California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington State)

73 USA 76 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola bakeri subsp. shastensis M.S.Baker; Madroño 15: 203 (1960)

= Viola nuttallii var. bakeri (Greene) C.L.Hitchc.; Vasc. Pl. Pacif. N. W. (C. L. Hitchcock & al.) 3: 447 (1961)

= Viola praemorsa var. bakeri (Greene) J.T.Howell; Mentzelia 1: 8 (1975)

species :

Viola balansae Gagnep.; Humbert, Suppl. Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 1: 177 (1939), gallice, et in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 85: 599 (1939), latine

Distribution: N-Vietnam

41 VIE

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. Australasiaticae

species :

Viola bangii Rusby; Mem. Torr. Bot. Club 6: 5 (1896)

Distribution: Ecuador; ?Peru; Bolivia (La Paz)

83 BOL ECU

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 8 Sempervivum

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola nivalis Benth.; Pl. Hartw. [Bentham] 160 (1845), nom. illeg.

species :

Viola banksii K.R.Thiele & Prober; Muelleria 18: 15 (2003)

Distribution: Australia (New South Wales, Queensland); New Zealand [I]

50 AUS 51 nzl

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 5 Erpetion

Synonyms: hidden

= Erpetion reniforme Sweet; Brit. Flow. Gard, t. 170 (1826)

= Viola hederacea f. reniformis (Sweet) Voss; Vilm. Blumengärtn. ed. 3. 1: 93 (1894)

= Viola hederacea var. elatines DC.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 305 (1824)

= Viola reniformis (Sweet) R.Br. ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 305 (1824)

species :

Viola baoshanensis W.S.Shu, W.Liu & C.Y.Lan; Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 42(3): 118, fig. 1 (2003)

Distribution: China (Hunan)

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

species :

Viola barhalensis G.Knoche & Marcussen; Phytotaxa 275(1): 14 (2016)

Distribution: Turkey

34 TUR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

species :

Viola barroetana W.Schaffn. ex Hemsl.; Diagn. Pl. Nov. 20 (1879)

Distribution: Mexico (Aguascalientes, Durango, Guanajuato, Jalisco, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Tamaulipas, Zacatecas)

79 MEX

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

species :

Viola baxteri House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. 254: 500 (1924)

Distribution: USA (New York, etc.)

75 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola beamanii Calderón; Phytologia 52(2): 105 (1982)

Distribution: Mexico (Mexico State, Veracruz)

79 MEX

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 4 Mexicanae

species :

Viola beati J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores; Willdenowia 49(1): 36 (2019)

Distribution: NW-Argentina

85 ARG

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 11 Xylobasis

species :

Viola beckeriana J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores; Rock Gard. Quart. 71(2): 166 (2013)

Distribution: Argentina (Mendoza)

85 ARG

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 8 Sempervivum

species :

Viola beckiana Fiala; Glasn. Mus. Bosni Herceg. 7: 423 (1895)

Distribution: Bosnia & Hercegovina

13 BIH

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola beckwithii Torr. & A.Gray; Pacif. Rail. Rep. 2: 119, t. 1 (1856)

Name: Beckwith´s violet

Distribution: USA (California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah)

73 USA 76 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola beckwithii subsp. glabrata M.S.Baker; Madroño 12: 18 (1953)

= Viola beckwithii var. cachensis C.P.Sm.; Muhlenbergia 7: 136 (1911)

= Viola decora Kellogg; Pacif. Rural Press (1879), ex Curran, in Bull. Calif. Acad. 1: III 131 (1885)

species :

Viola behboudiana Rech.f. & Esfand.; Anz. Oesterr. Akad. Wiss. Math.-Nat. 87: 297 (1950)

Distribution: Iran (S-Iran); Pakistan (Baluchistan, Sind)

34 IRN 40 PAK

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 13 Sclerosium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola makranica Omer & Qaiser; Pakistan J. Bot. 17(1): 137 (1985)

species :

Viola belophylla Boissieu; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55: 467 (1908)

Distribution: China (Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan)

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola monbeigii W.Becker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928(6): 248 (1928)

species :

Viola bertolonii Pio; De Viola 34 (1813)

Distribution: SE-France; NW-Italy

12 FRA 13 ITA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola heterophylla Bertol.; Rar. Lig. [Ital.] Pl. 3: 53 (1810), nom. illeg.

= Viola heterophylla subsp. ovatifolia (W.Becker) W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 26(2): 325 (1910)

= Viola heterophylla var. ovatifolia W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 18(2): 359 (1905)

species :

Viola betonicifolia Sm.; Rees, Cyclop. 37(1): Viola n. 7 (1817)

Distribution: Ukraine [I]; Uzbekistan; Tajikistan; Afghanistan (Paktia / Khost); China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, ?Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, ?Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); SE-Tibet; Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); Taiwan; Pakistan (Kurram, N. W. Frontier Prov., Murree, Hazara, Chitral, Swat, Baltistan); Nepal; Bhutan; India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar, West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Sikkim, Poonch, Kashmir, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Meghalaya, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Sikkim); Sri Lanka; Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia; Sumatra; Sulawesi; Philippines; Java; Lesser Sunda Isl.; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Alor, Bali, Timor); Australia (South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania)

14 ukr 32 TZK UZB 34 AFG 36 CHI TIB 38 JAP TAI 40 BAN BHU IND NEP PAK SRL 41 MYA THA VIE 42 JAW LSI MLY PHI SUL SUM 50 AUS

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola albescens (Nakai) Makino; Yagai-Shokub.-Dzufu 2: 25 (1932)

= Viola betonicifolia subsp. australiensis W.Becker; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 54 Beibl. 120: 166 (1917), nom. superfl.

= Viola betonicifolia subsp. nepalensis (Ging.) W.Becker; B. Jahrb. 54 (Beibl. 120): 166 (1917)

= Viola betonicifolia var. albescens (Nakai) F.Maek. & T.Hashim.; J. Jap. Bot. 43: 162 (1968)

= Viola betonicifolia var. cordifolia H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 49: 133 (1974)

= Viola betonicifolia var. longiscapa DC.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 294 (1824)

= Viola betonicifolia var. yuanfengia S.S.Ying; New Taxa New Names 1: 82 (2019)

= Viola caespitosa D.Don; Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 205 (1825)

= Viola hissarica Juz.; Komarov, Fl. USSR 15: 682 (1949)

= Viola inconspicua subsp. dielsiana W.Becker; Beibl. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 120: 172 (1917)

= Viola longiscapa DC. ex G.Don; Gen. Hist. 1: 322 (1831)

= Viola lungtungensis S.S.Ying; New Taxa New Names 2: 60 (2022)

= Viola mandshurica f. pubescens Araki; J. Jap. Bot. 26: 262 (1951)

= Viola mandshurica var. albescens Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 60 (1922)

= Viola nilagirica Turcz.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 36: I. 556 (1863)

= Viola oblongosagittata f. pubescens (Araki) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 225 (1954)

= Viola oblongosagittata var. albescens (Nakai) T.Hashim.; J. Jap. Bot. 31: 282 (1956)

= Viola oblongosagittata var. violascens Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 37 (1922)

= Viola patrinii Matsum. & Hayata; J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 22: 30 (1906) (non DC.)

= Viola patrinii var. caespitosa (D.Don) Ridl.; J. Bot. 73(1): 17-18 (1935)

= Viola patrinii var. napaulensis Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 293 (1824)

= Viola phyteumifolia DC. ex G.Don; Gen. Hist. 1: 322 (1831)

= Viola walkeri Wight; Ill. Ind. Bot. 1: 42 (1838)

species :

Viola bhutanica H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot., 48(12): 356 (1973)

Distribution: S-Tibet; Bhutan

36 TIB 40 BHU

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

species :

Viola biflora L.; Sp. Pl. 936 (1753)

Name: Zweiblütiges Veilchen (DE), Twinflower violet (EN)

Distribution: Norway; Sweden; Finland; Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Sachsen, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; N-Spain; Andorra; France; +Monaco; Corsica; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Romania; Bulgaria; C-European Russia; N-European Russia; W-European Russia; Ukraine; Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, W-Siberia, Yakutia); Russian Far East (Amur, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Kuril Isl., Magadan, Primorye, Sakhalin); Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Afghanistan (Kunar / Nuristan, Paktia / Khost); China (Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan); Tibet; Mongolia; North Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Yakushima Isl.); Taiwan; Taiwan; Pakistan (Kurram, Chitral, Hazara, Gilgit, Astor, Baltistan); Nepal; Bhutan; India (Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, West Bengal); Myanmar (Magway); N-Sumatra; Alaska; Canada (Yukon); USA (Colorado)

10 FIN NOR SWE 11 AUT CZE GER HUN LIE POL SLO SWI 12 ADO COR FRA MCO SPA 13 BIH BUL CRO ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SLV SRB 14 RUS UKR 30 SIB 31 RFE 32 KAZ KGZ TZK UZB 34 AFG 36 CHI TIB 37 MON 38 JAP NKO NNS TAI 40 BHU IND NEP PAK 41 MYA 42 SUM 70 ASK CDN 73 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Chrysion biflorum (L.) Spach; Hist. Veg. Phan. 5: 510 (1836)

= Dischidium biflorum (L.) Opiz; Seznam, 38 (1852)

= Viola biflora f. glabrifolia Hid.Takah.; Bull. Kanagawa Pref. Mus., Nat. Sci. 1(7): 6 (1974)

= Viola biflora var. acuminata Maxim.; Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 11: 62 (1890)

= Viola biflora var. cuspidata Pau; Not. Bot. Fl. Españ. 1: 9 (1887)

= Viola biflora var. grandifolia Lázaro Ibiza; Revista Real Acad. Ci. Madrid 17: 269 (1919), nom. illeg.

= Viola biflora var. hirsuta W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36(2): 42 (1918)

= Viola biflora var. nudicaulis W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36(2): 42-43 (1918)

= Viola biflora var. parvifolia Lázaro Ibiza; Revista Real Acad. Ci. Madrid 17: 269 (1919)

= Viola biflora var. uniflora DC.; Lam. & A. DC., Fl. Franç., ed. 3, 5: 808 (1805)

= Viola biflora var. valdepilosa Hand.-Mazz.; Symb. Sin. 7(2): 381 (1931)

= Viola biflora var. vegeta (Nakai) Hid.Takah.; Bull. Kanagawa Pref. Mus., Nat. Sci. 1(7): 6 (1974)

= Viola chingiana W.Becker; Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 38: 117 (1925)

= Viola crassa var. tayemonii (Hayata) S.S.Ying; Coloured Ill. Fl. Taiwan 4: 10 (1992)

= Viola crassa var. vegeta Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 42: 565 (1928)

= Viola kanoi Sasaki; Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 19: 104 (1929)

= Viola lutea Lam.; Fl. Franç. (Lam.) 2: 680 (1779)

= Viola nudicaulis (W.Becker) S.Y.Chen; Fl. Xizang. 3: 297 (1986), no basionym ref.

= Viola schachimardanica Khalk.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Inst. Bot. Akad. Nauk Uzb. SSR. 19: 58 (1974)

= Viola schulzeana W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 261-262 (1916)

= Viola tayemonii Hayata; Icon. Pl. Formosan. 6: 3 (1916)

= Viola uniflora Krock.; 516 (1790) non L.

= Viola wallichiana subsp. brevicornis W.Becker ex Limpr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 12: 440 (1922)

species :

Viola binayensis Okamoto & K.Ueda; M. Kato, Taxon. Stud. Pl. Seram Is.: et in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 143 (1986), without latin descr. or type, 37(1-3): 1 (1986), with latin descr. & type

Distribution: Moluccas (Seram)

42 MOL

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

species :

Viola bissetii Maxim.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 54: I. 5 (1879)

Distribution: Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)

38 JAP

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola bissetii f. albiflora Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: (91) (1922)

= Viola bissetii var. kiusiana Terao; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 28(1-3): 63 (1977)

= Viola vaginata var. angustifolia Yatabe; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 5: (319) (1891)

species :

Viola blanda Willd.; Hort. Berol, t. 24 (1804)

Name: Sweet white violet

Distribution: Canada (Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Isl., Québec, Saskatchewan); USA (Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, North Carolina, North Dakota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin, West Virginia)

71 CDN 72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola alsophila Greene; Pittonia 4: 7 (1899)

= Viola amoena Leconte; Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 2: 144 (1826), nom. illeg.

= Viola blanda var. amoena Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.; Prelim. Cat.: 6 (1888)

= Viola blanda var. palustriformis A.Gray; Bot. Gaz. 11: 255 (1886)

= Viola burtonii Reeks; List Fl. Pl. Ferns Newfoundland: 2 (1873), nom. prov.

= Viola leconteana G.Don; Gen. Hist. 1: 324 (1831)

species :

Viola bocquetiana Yild.; Ot Sist. Bot. Dergisi 1(1): 2 (1994)

Distribution: Turkey

34 TUR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

species :

Viola boissieuana Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 16: 127 (1902)

Distribution: Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)

38 JAP

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola boissieuana var. pseudoselkirkii (Nakai) Yahara; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Bot. 14(2): 96 (1987)

= Viola pseudoselkirkii Nakai; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 72: 195 (1925)

= Viola sieboldii subsp. boissieuana (Makino) F.Maek. & T.Hashim.; J. Jap. Bot. 43: 162 (1968)

= Viola sieboldii var. pseudoselkirkii (Nakai) F.Maek. & T.Hashim.; J. Jap. Bot. 43: 162 (1968)

species :

Viola boliviana Britton; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 16: 18 (1889)

Distribution: Peru; Bolivia (Cochabamba, La Paz, Santa Cruz); Argentina (Jujuy)

83 BOL PER 85 ARG

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 1 Leptidium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola bangiana W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 22(2): 89 (1907)

= Viola boliviana f. albiflora Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 8 (1898)

= Viola crinita Wedd. ex W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 22(2): 88 (1907)

= Viola huanucoensis W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 186 (1922)

= Viola truncata W.Becker; Bot. Centralbl. 22(2): 94 (1907)

species :

Viola bornmuelleri Erben; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 21(2): 574 (1985)

Distribution: North Macedonia

13 NMA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola brachyphylla W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 20: 73 (1924)

Distribution: North Macedonia

13 NMA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae. Probably a stabilized hybrid involving V. eximia. Not in N-Greece.

species :

Viola breviflora Jungsim Lee & M.Kim; Korean J. Pl. Taxon. 44(2): 84 (2014)

Distribution: South Korea

38 KOR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola breviflora f. albiflora M.Kim; Korean Endemic Pl. 529 (2017)

species :

Viola brevipes (M.S.Baker) Marcussen; ined.

Distribution: Alaska; Greenland; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, Newfoundland, Northern Territories, Nunavut, Ontario, Québec, Saskatchewan); USA (California, Colorado, Idaho, Maine, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, Wyoming); Mexico (Chiapas)

70 ASK CDN GNL 71 CDN 72 CDN 73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 76 USA 79 MEX

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola palustris subsp. brevipes M.S.Baker; Madroño 3: 235, pl. 11, fig. 6 (1936)

= Viola palustris var. brevipes (M.S.Baker) R.J.Davis; Madroño 11: 144 (1951)

species :

Viola brevistipulata (Franch. & Sav.) W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 265 (1916)

Distribution: Russian Far East (Kuril Isl., Primorye); Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu)

31 RFE 38 JAP

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola brevistipulata f. albescens E.Hama; Violets of Japan: 181 (1987)

= Viola brevistipulata f. ciliata (M.Kikuchi) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 198 (1954)

= Viola brevistipulata f. pubescens (Nakai) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 198 (1954)

= Viola brevistipulata subsp. minor (Nakai) F.Maek. & T.Hashim.; J. Jap. Bot. 43: 161 (1968)

= Viola brevistipulata var. ciliata M.Kikuchi; Rep. (Annual) Gakugei Fac. Iwate Univ. 1: 79 (1950)

= Viola brevistipulata var. kishidae (Nakai) F.Maek. & T.Hashim.; J. Jap. Bot. 43: 161 (1968)

= Viola brevistipulata var. minor Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 47: 260 (1933)

= Viola brevistipulata var. pubescens Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 42: 556 (1928)

= Viola flaviflora Nakai; J. Jap. Bot. 15: 401 (1939)

= Viola kishidae Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 69 (1922)

= Viola pubescens var. brevistipulata Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 288 (1878)

variant :

var. acuminata Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 42: 557, 591 (1928)

Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu)

38 JAP

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola brevistipulata f. acuminata (Nakai) S.Watan.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 19: 27 (1961)

= Viola brevistipulata f. glabra S.Watan.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 19: 28 (1961)

= Viola brevistipulata f. incisa S.Watan.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 19: 28 (1961)

= Viola brevistipulata f. parviflora S.Watan.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 19: 28 (1961)

= Viola brevistipulata var. ciliata (Nakai ex Tatew.) S.Watan.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 19: 28 (1961), nom. illeg.

= Viola brevistipulata var. incisa (S.Watan.) F.Maek. & T.Hashim.; J. Jap. Bot. 43: 161 (1968)

= Viola flaviflora var. acuminata (Nakai) Nakai; J. Jap. Bot. 15: 403 (1939)

= Viola hidakana f. ciliata (Nakai ex Tatew.) S.Watan.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 17: 27 (1957)

= Viola hidakana var. ciliata Nakai ex Tatew.; J. Sapporo Soc. Agric. 26: 281 (1934)

variant :

var. crassifolia (Koidz.) F.Maek. ex S.Akiyama, H.Ohba & Tabuchi; Fl. Japan, 2c: 187 (1999)

Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido)

38 JAP

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola decumbens J.F.Gmel.; Syst. Nat. ed. 13[bis].: 413 (1791), nom. illeg.

= Viola glabella var. crassifolia Koidz.; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 31: 139 (1917)

= Viola yubariana Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 31 (1922)

variant :

var. hidakana (Nakai) S.Watan.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 19: 28 (1961)

Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido)

38 JAP

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola brevistipulata subsp. hidakana (Nakai) S.Watan.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 19: 27 (1961)

= Viola brevistipulata var. yezoana Toyok. ex H.Nakai, H.Igarashi & H.Ohashi; J. Jap. Bot. 71(6): 357 (1996) (nom. nov. for V. hidakana var. ciliata)

= Viola hidakana Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 30 (1922)

= Viola selkirkii f. laciniata (Nakai) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 217 (1954)

= Viola yezoensis f. takahasii (Makino) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 224 (1954)

variant :

var. laciniata (Boiss.) W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 266 (1916)

Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido)

38 JAP

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola brevistipulata f. laciniata (H.Boissieu) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 198 (1954)

= Viola laciniata (Boissieu) Koidz.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 7: 113, cum descr. ampl. (1938)

= Viola uniflora var. laciniata H.Boissieu; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 47: 323 (1900)

= Viola yamamotoi Koidz. ex Yamam.; (1939)

species :

Viola bridgesii Britton; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 16: 18 (1889)

Distribution: Bolivia (La Paz)

83 BOL

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 1 Leptidium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola cummingii W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 22(2): 94 (1907)

species :

Viola brittoniana Pollard; Bot. Gaz. 26: 332 (1898), et Man. Fl. N. States [Britton] 635 (1901)

Name: Northern coastal violet

Distribution: USA (Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Virginia)

75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola atlantica Britton; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24(2): 92 (1897) non Pomel 1874

= Viola pedatifida subsp. brittoniana (Pollard) L.E.McKinney; Sida, Bot. Misc. 7: 22 (1992)

= Viola pedatifida var. brittoniana (Pollard) R.J.Little & L.E.McKinney; J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 4(1): 225 (2010)

species :

Viola bubanii Timb.-Lagr.; Congr. Sci. Fr. 19 Sess. (Toulouse) 1: 280 (1852)

Distribution: N-Portugal; N-Spain; SW-France (Pyrenees)

12 FRA POR SPA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola bubanii subsp. palentina (Losa) Rivas Mart.Izco & M.Costa; Trab. Dep. Bot. Fisiol. Veg. Univ. Madrid 3: 102 (1971)

= Viola bubanii subsp. trinitatis (Losa) M.Laínz; Aport. Conoc. Fl. Gallega 6: 5 (1968)

= Viola bubanii var. tenuicula Merino; Brotéria, Sér. Bot. 10: ? (1912)

= Viola cornuta var. palentina Losa; Farm. Nueva 39: 49 (1940), nom. alt.

= Viola hispida Lapeyr.; Hist. Pl. Pyrénées: 123 (1813), nom. illeg.

= Viola lutea subsp. trinitatis (Losa) Font Quer; Fl. Hisp. Herb. 6: no. 565 (1951)

= Viola lutea var. bubanii (Timb.-Lagr.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 81 (1878)

= Viola lutea var. hispida Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 81 (1878)

= Viola lutea var. pyrenaica Gren.; Gren. & Godr., Fl. France Corse 1: 185 (1847)

= Viola palentina Losa; Collect. Bot., Barcelona 2: 295 (1950)

= Viola trinitatis Losa; Contrib. Estud. Fl. Veg. Prov. Zamora 80 (1949)

species :

Viola bulbosa Maxim.; Melanges Bot. 748 (1876)

Distribution: China (Gansu, Qinghai, ?Shaanxi, NW-Sichuan); Tibet; Nepal; India (Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim)

36 CHI TIB 40 IND NEP

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 3 Bulbosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola filifera Kom.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 235 (1914)

= Viola hookeri Franch.; Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 32: 5 (1886) non Thomson ex Hook.f.

= Viola multistolonifera C.J.Wang; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 14(4): 382, f. 1, 17-19 (1992)

species :

Viola bustillosia Gay; Fl. Chil. 1: 211 (1846)

Distribution: Chile (O´Higgins)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 3 Grandiflos

species :

Viola calcarata L.; Sp. Pl. 935 (1753)

subspecies :

subsp. calcarata

Name: Sporn-Stiefmütterchen (DE)

Distribution: Germany (Bayern); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; France; Italy; Slovenia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia

11 AUT GER LIE SWI 12 FRA 13 BIH ITA KOS MNT NMA SLV SRB

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Mnemion calcaratum (L.) Spach; Hist. Veg. Phan. 5: 512 (1836)

= Viola alpina Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 130 (1796)

= Viola apennina N.Terracc.; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 21: 327 (1889)

= Viola calcarata f. albiflora (DC.) Gams; 610 (1925)

= Viola calcarata f. rotundifolia (Hegetschw.) Gams; 610 (1925)

= Viola calcarata subsp. caulescens Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 2: 216 (1828)

= Viola calcarata subsp. subacaulis Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 2: 215 (1828)

= Viola calcarata var. albiflora DC.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 302 (1824)

= Viola calcarata var. bertolonii DC.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 302 (1824)

= Viola calcarata var. brevicornis Moritzi; 168 (1832)

= Viola calcarata var. decipiens DC.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 302 (1824)

= Viola calcarata var. flava Gren. & Godr.; Fl. France Corse 1: 185 (1848)

= Viola calcarata var. grandiflora Moritzi; 168 (1832)

= Viola calcarata var. halleri DC.; 302 (1824), nom. inval.

= Viola calcarata var. longipes Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 38 (1896)

= Viola calcarata var. ramosa Moritzi; 168 (1832)

= Viola calcarata var. rosularis Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 39 (1896)

= Viola calcarata var. rotundifolia (Hegetschw.) Rouy & Foucaud; 39 (1896)

= Viola calcarata var. serpentini H.Sund. ex Murr; 490 (1926)

= Viola calcarata var. subacaulis (Gaudin) Moritzi; 168 (1832)

= Viola decumbens Moench; Suppl. Meth.: 73 (1802), nom. illeg.

= Viola gracilis Biv.; Stirp. Rar. Sicilia 4: 25 (1818), nom. illeg.

= Viola macrantha A.Huet ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 81 (1878), nom. inval.

= Viola madonia C.Presl ex Rchb.; Iconogr. Bot. Pl. Crit. 3: 60 (1825)

= Viola minae Strobl; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 27: 225 (1877)

= Viola pallidiflora A.Huet ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 81 (1878), nom. inval.

subspecies :

subsp. cavillieri (W.Becker) Negodi; Atti Soc. Naturalisti Mat. Modena 74: 4 (1943)

Distribution: NW-Italy; SE-Italy

13 ITA

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola calcarata subsp. cavillieri (W.Becker) Merxm. & W.Lippert; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 13: 503 (1977), isonym

= Viola cavillieri W.Becker; Bull. Herb. Boissier, sér. 2, 3: 45 (1902)

= Viola heterophylla subsp. cavillieri (W.Becker) W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 26(2): 324 (1910)

= Viola heterophylla var. cavillieri (W.Becker) W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 18(2): 358 (1905)

subspecies :

subsp. villarsiana (Roem. & Schult.) Merxm.; Feddes Repert. 74: 30 (1967)

Distribution: SE-France; Italy

12 FRA 13 ITA

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola villarsiana Schult.; Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. ed. 15[bis]. 5: 388 (1819)

subspecies :

subsp. zoysii (Wulfen) Merxm.; Feddes Repert. 74: 30 (1967)

Name: Zoys-Veilchen (DE)

Distribution: SE-Austria; Slovenia; Albania

11 AUT 13 ALB SLV

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola calcarata var. zoysii (Wulfen) DC.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 302 (1824)

= Viola clementiana var. pancicii Bald.; Malpighia 19: 64 (1891)

= Viola zoysii Wulfen; Jacq., Collectanea 4: 297 (1791)

species :

Viola calchaquiensis W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 23: 226 (1926)

Distribution: Argentina (Tucuman)

85 ARG

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

species :

Viola calcicola R.A.McCauley & H.E.Ballard; J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 7(1): 13, figs. 1-4 (2013)

Distribution: USA (Texas: Culberson Co.)

77 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola caleyana G.Don; Gen. Hist. 1: 329 (1831)

Distribution: Australia (E-New South Wales, Victoria, NE-Tasmania)

50 AUS

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 4 Bilobatae

species :

Viola californica M.S.Baker; Madrono 12: 13 (1953)

Distribution: USA (California)

76 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

species :

Viola cameleo H.Boissieu; Bull. Herb. Boissier, ser. 2, 1(11): 1074 (1901)

Distribution: China (Sichuan, NW-Yunnan); N-India (Sikkim)

36 CHI 40 IND

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola cameleo var. gongshanensis Y.S.Chen; Fl. China

= Viola gongshanensis S.H.Huang; nom. nud.

= Viola henryi var. cameleo (H.Boissieu) Chang; Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., n. s. 1(3): 233 (1949)

species :

Viola canadensis L.; Sp. Pl. 936 (1753)

Name: Canadian white violet

Distribution: Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec, ?Newfoundland); USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin, West Virginia)

72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Lophion canadense (L.) Spach; Hist. Veg. Phan. 5: 517 (1836)

= Lophion rydbergii (Greene) Nieuwl. & Lunell; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 4: 478 (1916)

= Viola albiflora Link; Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 1: 241 (1821)

= Viola canadensis subsp. rydbergii (Greene) House; Fl. Colorado: 233 (1906)

= Viola canadensis var. corymbosa Nutt.; Torr. & A. Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 143 (1838)

= Viola canadensis var. neomexicana (Greene) House; Rydb., Fl. Colorado: 233 (1906)

= Viola canadensis var. pubens Farw.; Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 19: 248 (1917)

= Viola canadensis var. rydbergii (Greene) House; Rydb., Fl. Colorado: 233 (1906)

= Viola canadensis var. scariosa Porter; Trans. New York Acad. Sci. 8: 63 (1889)

= Viola geminiflora Greene; Pittonia 5: 29 (1902)

= Viola muriculata Greene; Pittonia 5: 28 (1902)

= Viola negulosa Greene; Pittonia 5: 26 (1902)

= Viola neomexicana Greene; Pittonia 5: 28 (1902)

= Viola rydbergii Greene; Pittonia 5: 27 (1902)

= Viola scouleri Douglas ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 2: 773 (1841), nom. inval.

species :

Viola canescens Wall.; Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 2: 450-451 (1824)

Distribution: ?China (?Guangxi); S-Tibet; Pakistan (Kurram, Dir, Chitral, Swat, Hazara, Murree, N. W. Frontier Prov., Pakistani Punjab); Nepal; Bhutan; India (Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Myanmar

36 TIB 40 BHU IND NEP PAK 41 MYA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola serpens var. canescens (Wall.) Hook.f. & Thomson; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 184 (1872)

species :

Viola canina L.; Sp. Pl. 935 (1753)

subspecies :

subsp. canina

Name: Hunds-Veilchen (DE)

Distribution: Iceland; Svalbard; Faeroe Isl.; England; Ireland; Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; Andorra; France; Channel Isl.; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Malta; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; NE-Greece (Rodopi, Mt. Falakron, Samothraki); Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; W-European Russia; Moldova; Ukraine; Crimea; Morocco; Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, W-Siberia, Yakutia); Kazakhstan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (E-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia); Iran (N-Iran)

10 DEN FIN FOR GRB ICE IRE NOR SVA SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 ADO CIS COR FRA POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MLT MNT NMA ROM SLV SRB TUE 14 BLR EST KRY LAT LIT MLD RUS UKR 20 MOR 30 SIB 32 KAZ 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 IRN TUR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola abulensis f. clandestina Caball.; Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 7: 648 (1947)

= Viola abulensis M.Á.Fernández Casado & Nava; Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 44(2): 306 (1987)

= Viola albertina Greene; Pittonia 4: 288 (1901)

= Viola apetala F.W.Schmidt; Neue Abh. Böhm. Ges. 1: 61 (1791)

= Viola asarifolia Schreb. ex Muhl.; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 3: 178 (1793)

= Viola canina lusus apetala (F.W.Schmidt) Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(II): 492 (1862)

= Viola canina lusus sabulosa (Klett & Richt.) Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(II): 491 (1862)

= Viola canina f. elongata Rhiner; 197 (1893), nom. inval.

= Viola canina f. ericetorum (Schrad. ex Link) Döll; 649 (1843)

= Viola canina f. hamata Brenner; Meddeland. Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 18: 162 (1892)

= Viola canina f. lucorum (Rchb.) Döll; 649 (1843)

= Viola canina f. pinetorum Woerl.; 167 (1889)

= Viola canina subsp. calcarea (Rchb.) Schübl. & G.Martens; 160 (1834)

= Viola canina subsp. coerulea Kirschl.; 9 (1840), nom. inval., pro parte

= Viola canina subsp. contracta (Vl.V.Nikitin) Vl.V.Nikitin; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 86(1): 135 (2001)

= Viola canina subsp. ericetorum (Schrad. ex Link) Schübl. & G.Martens; 160 (1834)

= Viola canina subsp. flavicornis (Sm.) Syme; 21 (1864)

= Viola canina subsp. lucorum Schübl. & G.Martens; Fl. Würtemberg: 159 (1834), nom. illeg.

= Viola canina subsp. pumila Wigand; Fl. Kurhessen: 81 (1859)

= Viola canina subsp. reichenbachii A.T.Grimme; 132 (1958), nom. inval.

= Viola canina subsp. ruppii Schnittsp.; 25 (1840), nom. illeg.

= Viola canina var. acaulis Wimm. & Grab.; Fl. Siles. 1: 218 (1827)

= Viola canina var. alba Boenn.; Prodr. Fl. Monast. Westphal.: 71 (1824)

= Viola canina var. alpina Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 669 (1821 publ. 1822)

= Viola canina var. angustifolia Fresen.; 182 (1832)

= Viola canina var. apetala (F.W.Schmidt) Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 2: 199 (1828)

= Viola canina var. caespitosa Boenn.; Prodr. Fl. Monast. Westphal.: 71 (1824)

= Viola canina var. calcarea Rchb.; Iconogr. Bot. Pl. Crit. 2: t. 150 (1824)

= Viola canina var. caulescens Tosco ex Ariello & Bellia; Rea 8: 24 (1977)

= Viola canina var. collina Wallr.; Sched. Crit.: 98 (1822)

= Viola canina var. contracta Vl.V.Nikitin; Fl. Vostochnoi Evropy 9: 193 (1996)

= Viola canina var. dunensis W.Becker; Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 1904: 8 (1904)

= Viola canina var. elatior Laest.

= Viola canina var. ericetorum (Schrad. ex Link) Rchb.; Iconogr. Bot. Pl. Crit. 2: 60 (1824)

= Viola canina var. frustranea Laest.; Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 1824: 163 (1824)

= Viola canina var. glauca Hartm.; Handb. Skand. Fl.: 109 (1820)

= Viola canina var. intermedia (Krock.) Wimm. & Grab.; Fl. Siles. 1: 218 (1827)

= Viola canina var. lanceolata Martrin-Donos; Pl. Crit. Tarn: 113 (1862)

= Viola canina var. longifolia Neilr.; Fl. Nied.-Oesterr.: 773 (1850)

= Viola canina var. lucorum Lange; Willk. & Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. 3: 698 (1878)

= Viola canina var. macrantha DC.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 298 (1824)

= Viola canina var. macrantha Wallr.; Sched. Crit.: 503 (1822)

= Viola canina var. maculata Boenn.; Prodr. Fl. Monast. Westphal.: 71 (1824)

= Viola canina var. minor DC.; Lam. & A. DC., Fl. Franç., éd. 3, 6: 617 (1815)

= Viola canina var. pumila Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 669 (1821 publ. 1822)

= Viola canina var. pusilla Bab.; 34 (1843)

= Viola canina var. pusilla Tourlet; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 50: 306 (1903)

= Viola canina var. pygmaea Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 2: 199 (1828), nom. superfl.

= Viola canina var. reichenbachii Kirschl.; 10 (1840), nom. inval.

= Viola canina var. repens Hartm.; Handb. Skand. Fl.: 109 (1820)

= Viola canina var. rotundifolia Rhiner; 197 (1893), nom. inval.

= Viola canina var. sabulosa Klett & Richt.; Fl. Leipzig: 234 (1830)

= Viola canina var. sabulosa Rchb.; Iconogr. Bot. Pl. Crit. 2: t. 153 (1824)

= Viola canina var. stricta Hartm.; Bot. Not. 1841: 82 (1841)

= Viola canina var. subacaulis Boenn.; Prodr. Fl. Monast. Westphal.: 71 (1824)

= Viola canina var. sylvatica Fr.; Fl. Hall.: 46 (1817)

= Viola canina var. sylvestris Hartm.; Handb. Skand. Fl.: 109 (1820)

= Viola canina var. umbrosa Wallr.; Sched. Crit.: 98 (1822)

= Viola celtica Sauze & Maillard ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 78 (1878), nom. inval.

= Viola cetia Beck ex Borbás; Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 42: 287 (1892). nomen

= Viola elatior Wimm.; Fl. Schles.: 46 (1840), nom. illeg.

= Viola ericetorum Schrad. ex Link; Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 1: 240 (1821)

= Viola ferrariensis Campana ex Pio; Viola: 22 (1813)

= Viola filipes Greene; Pittonia 4: 289 (1901)

= Viola flavicornis Sm.; Engl. Fl. 1: 304 (1824)

= Viola kutzingiana Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 10 (1896)

= Viola leucoceras Borbás ex J.Murr; Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 40: 134 (1890)

= Viola lucorum (Rchb.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth.; 851 (1909)

= Viola lucorum Lange; Willk. & Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. 3: 698 (1878)

= Viola procumbens Gilib.; Fl. Lit. Inch. 2: 123 (1782), opus utique oppr.

= Viola pseudocanina Schur; Verh. Naturf. Ver. Bruenn 15(2): 113 (1877)

= Viola pulchella Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 130 (1796), nom. superfl.

= Viola pumila var. ericetorum (Schrad. ex Link) DC.; 299 (1824)

= Viola punctata Schwein.; Amer. J. Sci. Arts 5: 67 (1822), nom. illeg.

= Viola radicans DC. ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 297 (1824)

= Viola ramosa Gaterau; Desc. Pl. Montauban: 154 (1789)

= Viola schmidtiana Schult.; Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. ed. 15[bis]. 5: 363 (1819)

= Viola silvatica subsp. ericetorum (Schrad. ex Link) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 77 (1878)

= Viola sylvestris Lam.; Fl. Fr. 2: 680 (1779) nom. illeg.

= Viola uliginosa Muhl.; Cat. Pl. Amer. Sept.: 25 (1813)

= Viola wahlenbergii Beurl. ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 77 (1878), nom. inval.

subspecies :

subsp. silvensis (Font Quer) O.Bolòs & Vigo; But. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., 38 Bot. 1: 80 (1974)

Distribution: NE-Spain

12 SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola montana subsp. silvensis Font Quer; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 4: 301 (1954)

subspecies :

subsp. einseleana (F.W.Schultz ex Nyman) Erben; Carinthia II II 192/112(2): 565 (2002) [nothossp.]

Distribution: Europe

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ×einseleana F.W.Schultz ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 77 (1878)

species :

Viola capillaris Pers.; Syn. 1: 256 (1805)

Distribution: Chile (O´Higgins, Maule, Ñuble, Biobío, Araucanía, Los Rios, Los Lagos)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 3 Rübellium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola setosa Sm.; Rees, Cycl. 37: no. 60 (1818)

= Viola stipularis Cav.; Icon. (Cavanilles) 6: 21 (1800), non Sw. 1788

variant :

var. araucana (Phil.) Reiche; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 16: 433 (1892)

Distribution: Chile (Ñuble, Biobío, Araucanía)

85 CLE

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola dumetorum var. araucana Phil.; Anales Univ. Chile 81: 345 (1892)

variant :

var. dumetorum (Phil.) Reiche; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 16: 433 (1892)

Distribution: Chile (Biobío)

85 CLE

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola dumetorum Phil.; Linnaea 28: 612 (1857), nom. illeg.

species :

Viola caspia (Rupr.) Freyn; Bull. Herb. Boissier Ser. 2, 2: 840 (1902)

Distribution: Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Azerbaijan (Talysh); Pakistan (Swat); NW-India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir)

32 KAZ KGZ TZK UZB 33 AZE 40 IND PAK

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola caspia subsp. sylvestrioides Marcussen; Violets Subgen. Viola Europe 7: 16 (2003)

= Viola fedtschenkoana var. muzaffarabadensis W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl., Abt. 2, 40: 59 (1923)

= Viola fedtschenkoana W.Becker; B. Fedtsch. Fl. Asiat. Ross. No. 8, 31 (1915)

= Viola isopetala Juz.; Komarov, Fl. USSR 15: 681 (1949)

= Viola masenderana Freyn ex W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 26(2): 298 (1910), nom. inval.

= Viola neglecta M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur. Caucasus 1: 172 (1808), nom. illeg.

= Viola riviniana subsp. neglecta W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 40(2): 55 (1923)

= Viola silvatica var. caspia Rupr.; Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7 (1869)

= Viola sylvestris subsp. caspia (Rupr.) Kupffer; Fl. Caucas. Crit. 3(9): 211 (1923)

species :

Viola caucasica (Rupr.) Kolen. ex Juz.; Mem. Acad. Sci. Petersb. (Sci. Phys. Math.), ser. 7, 15(2): 156 (1869)

Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Azerbaijan

33 AZE GEO NCS

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

species :

Viola cazorlensis Gand.; Bull. Assoc. Fr. Bot. 5: 226 (1902)

Distribution: SE-Spain (Jaén, Murcia)

12 SPA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 14 Delphiniopsis

species :

Viola cenisia L.; Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 1325 (1763)

Name: Mont-Cenis-Veilchen

Distribution: Switzerland; E-France; Italy (W-Alps, C-Alps)

11 SWI 12 FRA 13 ITA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola alpina All.; Fl. Pedem. 2: 98 (1785), nom. illeg.

= Viola cenisia var. ovatifolia DC.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 301 (1824)

= Viola integrifolius Dulac; Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées 179 (1867)

= Viola scardica Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 1: 81 (1878)

species :

Viola cephalonica Bornm.; Mitt. Thür. Bot. Ver. nov. ser. 37: 50 (1927)

Distribution: W-Greece (Kefalonia)

13 GRC

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae. Status uncertain, probably to Viola gracilis

species :

Viola cerasifolia A.St.-Hil.; Pl. Rem. Bres. 277 (1825)

Distribution: SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro); S-Brazil (Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul)

84 BRA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 1 Leptidium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola balsaminoides Gardner; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 3: t. 217 (1839)

= Viola cerasifolia subsp. conferta W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 22(2): 88 (1907)

= Viola cerasifolia subsp. selloiana W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 22(2): 88 (1907)

= Viola cerasifolia var. intermedia A.St.-Hil.; Hist. Pl. Remarq. Brésil: 279 (1826)

= Viola conferta A.St.-Hil.; Hist. Pl. Remarq. Brésil: 279 (1826)

= Viola diffusa Vell.; Fl. Flumin. 8: t. 163 (1831), nom. illeg.

species :

Viola chalcosperma Brainerd; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 37: 523 (1910)

Distribution: E-USA

75 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae. A species separate from V. sororia

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola gracilis Clementi; Sertul. Orient.: 16 (1855), nom. illeg.

species :

Viola chamaedrys Leyb.; Flora 47: 41 (1864)

Distribution: Chile (Valparaíso, Metropolitana de Santiago)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

species :

Viola chamissoniana Ging.; Linnaea 1: 408 (1826)

Distribution: Hawaii (Oahu)

63 HAW

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 5 Nosphimium

Conservation Status: 1999 Conservation Status: Endangered, USA Status: Endangered

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola helioscopia Hillebr.; Fl. Hawaiian Isl.: 17 (1888)

species :

Viola changii J.S.Zhou & F.W.Xing; Nordic J. Bot. 25(5-6): 303 (2008)

Distribution: China (Guangdong)

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 1 Diffusae

species :

Viola chaozhouensis Yan S.Huang, J.H.Ding & Q.Fan; Nordic J. Bot. 2023(6)-e03941: 5 (2023)

Distribution: China (Guangdong)

36 CHI

species :

Viola charlestonensis M.S.Baker & J.C.Clausen ex Clokey; Madrono 8: 58 (1945)

Name: Charleston Mountain violet

Distribution: USA (Nevada: Charleston Mts., Utah: Zion NP)

76 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola purpurea var. charlestonensis (Baker & J.C.Clausen) S.L.Welsh & Reveal; Great Basin Naturalist 35(4): 371 (1975)

species :

Viola cheeseana J.M.Watson; Int. Rock Gard. 117: 40, figs. 49, 59-65 (2019), nom. nov.

Distribution: Argentina (Neuquen); Chile (Maule)

85 ARG CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 3 Grandiflos

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola truncata var. glandulifera W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 186 (1922)

species :

Viola cheiranthifolia Bonpl.; Pl. Aequin. 1: 111, t. 32 (1807)

Name: Teide-Stiefmütterchen (DE); Violeta del Teide (ES)

Distribution: Canary Isl. (Tenerife)

21 CNY

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Mnemion cheiranthifolium (Bonpl.) Webb & Berthel.; Hist. Nat. Iles Canaries 3(2

= Viola canariensis Berthel.; Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 5: 420 (1827)

= Viola teydea Berthel.; Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 5: 420 (1827)

species :

Viola chelmea Boiss. & Heldr.; Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Or. Nov. 3(1): 54 (1853)

Distribution: North Macedonia; Greece (mountains of C- Greece, Peloponnisos, C-Evvoia)

13 GRC NMA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

species :

Viola cinerea Boiss.; Diagn. ser. 1, 1: 7 (1843)

Distribution: Iran (S-Iran); Oman (Mascat & Oman, Dhofar)

34 IRN 35 OMA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 13 Sclerosium

species :

Viola clauseniana Baker; Madrono 4: 194 (1938)

Name: Clausen´s violet

Distribution: USA (Utah: Zion Natl Park)

76 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 2 Clausenianae

species :

Viola cleistogamoides (L.G.Adams) Seppelt; Fl. S. Austr. 2: 870 (1986)

Distribution: Australia (SE-South Australia, New South Wales, S-Victoria, NE-Tasmania)

50 AUS

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 5 Erpetion

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola hederacea subsp. cleistogamoides L.G.Adams; Fl. Australia 8: 386, 98 (1982)

species :

Viola cochranei H.E.Ballard; Phytologia 74(5): 357 (1993)

Distribution: Mexico (Guanajuato, Jalisco, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi); Guatemala

79 MEX 80 GUA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

species :

Viola collina Besser; Cat. Pl. Horto Cremen. 151 (1816)

Name: Hügel-Veilchen (DE)

Distribution: Norway; Sweden; Finland; Belgium; Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, +Niedersachsen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Sachsen [I], Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; France; ?Corsica; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Romania; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; W-European Russia; Moldova; Ukraine; Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk, W-Siberia); Russian Far East (Amur, Khabarovsk, Kuril Isl., Primorye, Sakhalin); Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; China (Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, ?Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, NW-Yunnan, Zhejiang); Mongolia; North Korea; South Korea

10 FIN NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE POL SLO SWI 12 FRA 13 CRO ITA ROM SLV 14 BLR EST LAT LIT MLD RUS UKR 30 SIB 31 RFE 32 KAZ KGZ TZK UZB 36 CHI 37 MON 38 KOR NKO

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola atrichocarpa Borbás; Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 40: 118, 167 (1890)

= Viola centronum H.Perrier ex W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 26(2): 28 (1909)

= Viola collina subsp. propera (Jord.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 78 (1878)

= Viola gymnocarpa Janka; Linnaea 30: 559 (1859 publ. 1860)

= Viola hirta subsp. collina (Besser) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 23 (1896)

= Viola hirta var. alpina Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 2: 295 (1824)

= Viola hirta var. collina (Besser) Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34: 481 (1861)

= Viola martii var. collina (Besser) Jess.; 219 (1879)

= Viola microceras Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 80 (1866), nom. illeg.

= Viola obscura Schur; Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 4: 10 (1853)

= Viola odorata subsp. collina (Besser) Bonnier; Fl. Ill. France 2: 14 (1913), isonym

= Viola odorata subsp. collina (Besser) Celak.; 82 (1870)

= Viola opizii Knaf ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 78 (1878), nom. inval.

= Viola propera Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 7: 6 (1849)

= Viola rudolfii Vl.V.Nikitin; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 92(3): 385 (2007), non V. rudolphii Sparre

= Viola teshioensis f. albiflora Tatew.; Trans. Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc. 14: 178 (1936)

= Viola teshioensis Miyabe & Tatew.; Trans. Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc. 14: 187 (1936)

= Viola tomentosifolia Makino ex Ohga; Icon. Viol. 1: t. 2 (1931), nom. subnud.

variant :

var. glabricarpa K.Sun; Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 14(3): 236 (1994)

Distribution: China (Jiangsu, Henan, Shandong)

36 CHI

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola microdonta Chang; Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., n. s. 1(3): 263-265. (1949)

variant :

var. intramongolica C.J.Wang; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 13(3): 257 (1991)

Distribution: China (Nei Mongol)

36 CHI

species :

Viola columnaris Skottsb.; Kongl. Svenska Vetensk. Acad. Handl., n.f., 56(5): 139, 261 (1916)

Distribution: Argentina (Chubut, Rio Negro); Chile (Aisén)

85 ARG CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 8 Sempervivum

species :

Viola comberi W.Becker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928: 136 (1928)

Distribution: Argentina (Neuquén)

85 ARG

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 8 Sempervivum

species :

Viola commersonii DC. ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 297 (1824)

Distribution: Argentina (Santa Cruz, Tierra del Fuego); Chile (Aisén, Magallanes)

85 ARG CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 4 Chilenium

species :

Viola communis Pollard; Bot. Gaz. 26: 336 (1898)

Distribution: E-USA (widespread)

75 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae. A species separate from V. sororia according to new molecular results

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola communis f. priceana (Pollard) H.E.Ballard; J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 150(1): 76 (2023)

= Viola domestica var. communis (Pollard) Farw.; Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. 2: 30 (1923)

= Viola familiaris Greene; Cybele Columb. 1: 14 (1914)

= Viola priceana Pollard; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 16: 127 (1903)

= Viola sororia f. priceana (Pollard) Cooperr.; Michigan Botanist 23: 167 (1984)

species :

Viola comollia Massara; Prodr. Fl. Valtell. 203 (1834)

Name: Comollis Veilchen

Distribution: N-Italy (Alpi Orobie)

13 ITA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola confertifolia Chang; Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., n. s. 1(3): 238 (1949)

Distribution: China (Yunnan); Taiwan

36 CHI 38 TAI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola biflora var. platyphylla Franch.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33: 412-413 (1886)

= Viola pitouchaoensis S.S.Ying; New Taxa New Names 2: 54 (2022)

species :

Viola congesta Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.; Bot. Misc. 3: 144 (1833)

Distribution: Chile (Metropolitana de Santiago, Maule, Nuble)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola chillanensis Phil.; Anales Univ. Chile 81: 347 (1892)

= Viola volcanica var. chillanensis (Phil.) Reiche; Anales Univ. Chile 90: 905 (1895)

species :

Viola cornuta L.; Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 1325 (1763)

Name: Horn-Veilchen (DE)

Distribution: England [I]; Germany [I]; Switzerland [I]; Austria [I]; NE-Spain; Andorra; SW-France; Italy [I]; Slovenia [I]; Romania [I]

10 grb 11 aut ger swi 12 ADO FRA SPA 13 ita rom slv

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Mnemion cornutum (L.) Spach; Hist. Veg. Phan. 5: 512 (1836)

= Viola acaulis Schult.; Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. ed. 15[bis]. 5: 389 (1819), pro syn.

= Viola blanda Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 130 (1796), nom. rej.

= Viola calcarata var. pyrenaica L.; Sp. Pl. 2: 935 (1753)

= Viola cornuta proles rolandi Sennen; Bol. Soc. Ibér. Ci. Nat. 25: 138 (1926)

= Viola cornuta alba Jacob-Makoy; Nursery Cat. (L. Jacob-Makoy & Co.) 114: 81 (1870)

= Viola cornuta var. acaulis Ramond ex DC.; Lam. & A. DC., Fl. Franç., ed. 3, 5: 810 (1805)

= Viola cornuta var. cantabrica Sennen & Leroy; Exsicc. (Pl. Esp.) 1928: no. 6935 (1929), nom. nud.

= Viola cornuta var. micrantha Lange; Willk. & Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. 3: 700 (1878)

= Viola cornuta var. parvistipula Lange; Willk. & Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. 3: 700 (1878)

species :

Viola coronifera W.Becker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928: 137 (1928)

Distribution: Argentina (Neuquen)

85 ARG

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 8 Sempervivum

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola coronifera var. minoriflora W.Becker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928: 137 (1928)

species :

Viola corsica Nyman; Syll. 228 (1854)

subspecies :

subsp. corsica

Name: Korsisches Veilchen

Distribution: Corsica; Sardinia

12 COR SAR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola bertolonii Salis; Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. II. 5: 116 non Pio (1836)

= Viola insularis Gren. & Godr.; Fl. France (Grenier) 1: 178 (1847)

subspecies :

subsp. ilvensis (W.Becker) Merxm.; Feddes Repert. 79: 57 (1968)

Distribution: Italy (Elba Isl.)

13 ITA

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola heterophylla subsp. ilvensis W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl., Abt. 2, 26(2): 324 (1909)

= Viola ilvensis (W.Becker) Arrigoni; Fl. Analítica Toscana 5: 84 (2019)

subspecies :

subsp. limbarae Merxm. & W.Lippert; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 13: 506 (1977)

Distribution: Sardinia

12 SAR

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola limbarae (Merxm. & W.Lippert) Arrigoni; Parlatorea 07: 19 (2005)

species :

Viola cotyledon Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 300 (1824)

Name: Hierba del corazón [Chile]

Distribution: Argentina (Chubut, Mendoza, Neuquen, Rio Negro); Chile (Metropolitana de Santiago, O´Higgins, Maule, Ñuble, Biobío, Araucanía)

85 ARG CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 8 Sempervivum

species :

Viola crassa (Makino) Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 19: 87 (1905)

subspecies :

subsp. crassa

Distribution: Russian Far East (Kamchatka, Kuril Isl., Sakhalin); Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu)

31 RFE 38 JAP

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola biflora var. akaishiensis Takah. & Ohba; Bull. Kanagawa Prefect. Mus., Nat. Sci. 1(4): 24 (1971)

= Viola biflora var. burejensis Bezd.; Komarovskie Chteniya (Vladivostok) 48: 108 (2001)

= Viola biflora var. crassifolia Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 16: 139 (1902)

= Viola crassa f. subpubescens Hiyama; J. Jap. Bot. 28: 94 (1953)

subspecies :

subsp. alpicola Hid.Takah.; Bull. Kanagawa Prefect. Mus., Nat. Sci. 1(7): 18 (1974)

Distribution: Japan

38 JAP

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola crassa var. alpicola (Hid.Takah.) T.Shimizu; New Alp. Fl. Japan in Colour 1: 312 (1982)

subspecies :

subsp. avatschensis (W.Becker & Hultén) Espeut; Botanica Pacifica 9(1): 39 (2020)

Distribution: Russian Far East (Kamchatka); etc.

31 RFE

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola avatschensis W.Becker & Hultén; Arkiv Bot., Stockh. 22: A. No. 3, 1 (1928)

= Viola biflora subsp. avatschensis (W.Becker & Hultén) Tzvelev; Arktich. Fl. SSSR 8: 39 (1980)

= Viola crassa var. shikkensis Miyabe & Tatew.; Trans. Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc. 15: 133 (1938)

subspecies :

subsp. borealis Hid.Takah.; Bull. Kanagawa Preject. Mus., Nat. Sci. 1(7): 19 (1974)

Distribution: Japan; etc.

38 JAP

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola crassa var. borealis (Hid.TTakah.) T.Shimizu; New Alp. Fl. Japan in Colour 1: 312 (1982)

subspecies :

subsp. yatsugatakeana Hid.Takah.; Bull. Kanagawa Preject. Mus., Nat. Sci. 1(7): 19 (1974)

Distribution: Japan; Canada (British Columbia: Queen Charlotte Isl., Vancouver Isl.)

38 JAP 71 CDN

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola crassa var. yatsugatakeana (Hid.TTakah.) T.Shimizu; New Alp. Fl. Japan in Colour 1: 312 (1982)

= Viola biflora var. carlottae (Calder & Roy L.Taylor) B.Boivin; Naturaliste Canad. 93: 437 (1966)

= Viola biflora subsp. carlottae Calder & Taylor; Canad. J. Bot. 43: 1395 (1965)

species :

Viola crassifolia Fenzl; Pug. Pl. Nov. Syr. 12 (1842)

Distribution: Turkey (Inner Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia)

34 TUR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola crassiuscula Bory; Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. (Bruxelles) 3: 16 (1820)

Name: Nevada-Veilchen

Distribution: S-Spain (Sa. Nevada)

12 SPA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Mnemion lagascae Webb; Iter Hispan.: 68 (1838)

= Viola nevadensis Boiss.; Elench. Pl. Nov. 26. (1838)

= Viola nevadensis var. crassiuscula (Bory) Steud.; Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 2: 772 (1841), nom. superfl.

species :

Viola cryana Gillot; Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 25: 255 (1878)

Name: Tonnerre-Veilchen

Distribution: +NC-France (+SE of Tonnerre)

12 FRA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola gracilis subsp. cryana P.Fourn.; Quatre Fl. France: 451 (1936)

= Viola hispida subsp. cryana (Royer ex Gillot) P.Fourn.; Fl. Compl. Plaine Franç.: 56 (1928)

= Viola kitaibeliana f. cryana (Royer ex Gillot) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 52 (1896)

= Viola tricolor proles cryana (Royer ex Gillot) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 52 (1896)

species :

Viola cucullata Aiton; Hort. Kew. ed. 1, 3: 283 (1789)

Name: Marsh blue violet (EN), Amerikanisches Veilchen (DE)

Distribution: Germany [I]; Switzerland [I]; Italy [I]; Canada (Labrador, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Isl., Québec); St. Pierre et Miquelon; USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin, West Virginia); Mexico [I]

11 ger swi 13 ita 72 CDN SPM 74 USA 75 USA 78 USA 79 mex

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola asarifolia Pursh; Fl. Amer. Sept. (Pursh) 2: 732 (1813)

= Viola barbata Muhl. ex Schult.; Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. ed. 15[bis]. 5: 356 (1819)

= Viola ciliata Willd. ex Schult.; Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. ed. 15[bis]. 5: 360 (1819)

= Viola consors Greene; Pittonia 5: 100 (1902)

= Viola cordata Walter; Fl. Carol. (Walter) 219 (1788)

= Viola cucullata f. albiflora Britton; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 17: 124 (1890)

= Viola cucullata f. prionosepala Brainerd; Rhodora 15: 112 (1913)

= Viola cucullata f. thurstonii (A.Twining) House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. 254: 504 (1924)

= Viola cucullata var. cordata (Walter) A.Gray; Manual, ed. 5: 78 (1867)

= Viola cucullata var. cordiformis Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 292 (1824)

= Viola cucullata var. glaberrima Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 292 (1824)

= Viola cucullata var. hispidula Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 292 (1824)

= Viola cucullata var. leptosepala (Greene) W.Stone; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1903: 674 (1903)

= Viola cucullata var. macrotis (Greene) W.Stone; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1903: 673 (1903)

= Viola cucullata var. microtitis Brainerd; Rhodora 15: 112 (1913)

= Viola cucullata var. minor Hook.; Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 75 (1830)

= Viola cucullata var. obliqua (Aiton) Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 292 (1824)

= Viola cucullata var. reniformis O.R.Willis; Pract. Fl.: 59 (1894), nom. illeg.

= Viola cucullata var. reniformis Torr. & A.Gray; Fl. N. Amer. 1: 137 (1838)

= Viola cucullata var. striata O.R.Willis; Pract. Fl.: 58 (1894)

= Viola cucullata var. thurstonii A.Twining; Fl. N.E. Pennsylvania: 52 (1917)

= Viola dicksonii Greene; Pittonia 3: 65 (1896)

= Viola fontana Greene; Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1: 218 (1906)

= Viola induta Greene; Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1: 216 (1906)

= Viola leptosepala Greene; Pittonia 5: 98 (1902)

= Viola macrotis Greene; Pittonia 5: 97 (1902)

= Viola mesochora Greene ex Rosend.; Minnesota Bot. Stud. 3: 266 (1903)

= Viola obliqua Aiton; Hort. Kew. 3: 288 (1789)

= Viola oconensis House; Torreya 7: 135 (1907)

= Viola pachyrhizoma F.O.Wolf; 258 (1898)

= Viola palmata var. cucullata (Aiton) A.Gray; Bot. Gaz. 11: 254 (1886)

= Viola primulifolia var. cordata (Walter) Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 293 (1824)

= Viola prionosepala Greene; Pittonia 5: 99 (1902)

= Viola resupinata Moench; Methodus (Moench) 230 (1794), nom. illeg.

species :

Viola cuicochensis Hieron.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21: 323 (1895)

Distribution: Ecuador

83 ECU

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 4 Mexicanae

species :

Viola culminis F.Fen. & Moraldo; Nat. Bresciana 33: 22 (2003)

Distribution: N-Italy (S-Alps)

13 ITA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola cuneata S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. 14: 290 (1879)

Name: Wedgeleaved violet

Distribution: USA (California, Oregon)

73 USA 76 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

species :

Viola cunninghamii Hook.f.; Fl. New Zealand. 1: 16 (1852)

Distribution: Australia (Tasmania); New Zealand (widespread); Chatham Isl.

50 AUS 51 CTM NZL

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 4 Bilobatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola cunninghamii var. radicata Hook.f.; Fl. Nov. Zel. 1: 16 (1852)

= Viola perexigua Colenso; Trans. & Proc. New Zealand Inst. 16: 326 (1883 publ. 1884)

species :

Viola curtisiae (L.G.Adams) K.R.Thiele; Muelleria 36: 109 (2018)

Distribution: Australia (Tasmania)

50 AUS

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 5 Erpetion

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola hederacea subsp. curtisiae L.G.Adams; Fl. Australia 8: 386, 99 (1982)

species :

Viola cuspidifolia W.Becker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1929(6): 201 (1929)

Distribution: China (W-Hubei, Hunan)

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

species :

Viola dacica Borbás; Magyar Növ. Lapok 13: 79 (1890), et ex Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 41: 75 (1891)

Distribution: Poland; Slovakia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Romania; Bulgaria; Ukraine

11 POL SLO 13 BIH BUL KOS NMA ROM SRB 14 UKR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola balcanica Delip.; Fl. Nar. Republ. Bulgariya 7: 495 (1979)

= Viola banatica Simonk.; Enum. Fl. Transsilv.: 112 (1887), nom. illeg.

= Viola declinata var. prolixa Pancic ex Adamovic; Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 5: 114 (1899)

= Viola polyodonta W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 26(2): 332 (1910)

= Viola prolixa (Pancic ex Adamovic) Pancic ex W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 18(2): 383 (1905)

species :

Viola dactyloides Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg. 5: 361 (1819)

Distribution: Siberia (Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, Yakutia); Russian Far East (Amur, Khabarovsk, Primorye); China (Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Nei Mongol); Mongolia

30 SIB 31 RFE 36 CHI 37 MON

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola dactyloides var. calcicola Vorosch.; Byull. Glavn. Bot. Sada (Moscow) 83: 36 (1972)

= Viola dactyloides var. multipartita W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 245 (1916)

= Viola digitata Willd. ex Schult.; Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. ed. 15[bis]. 5: 352 (1819), nom. illeg.

= Viola palmata Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 293 (1824), nom. illeg.

species :

Viola dandoisiorum J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores; Int. Rock Gard. 104: 27 (2018)

Distribution: Chile (Atacama)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 5 Relictium

species :

Viola danielae Pînzaru; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 44: 228 (2013), nom. nov.

Distribution: Italy (Alpi Graie: Valle Verdassa)

13 ITA

Remarks: status uncertain; probably a synonym of V. dubiana or a hybrid

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola mariae Pînzaru; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 43: 96 (2012)

species :

Viola dasyphylla W.Becker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928: 135 (1928)

Distribution: Argentina (Neuquen); Chile (Araucania)

85 ARG CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 8 Sempervivum

species :

Viola davidii Franch.; Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., ser. 2, 8: 230 (1886)

Distribution: China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan); SE-Tibet; Myanmar

36 CHI TIB 41 MYA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola davidii var. paucicrenata W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 420 (1917)

= Viola schneideri W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17(492-503): 315 (1921)

= Viola smithiana W.Becker; Acta Horti Gothob. 2(6): 287 (1926)

species :

Viola decipiens Reiche; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 16: 445 (1892)

Distribution: Chile (Coquimbo, Valparaíso, Metropolitana de Santiago, Ñuble)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

species :

Viola declinata Waldst. & Kit.; Pl. Rar. Hung. 3: 248 (1807)

Distribution: Romania; ?Bulgaria; Ukraine

13 ROM 14 UKR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola latisepala Wettst.; Biblioth. Bot. 5(26): 27 (1892)

= Viola tricolor var. declinata (Waldst. & Kit.) Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 303 (1824)

species :

Viola decumbens L.f.; Suppl. 397 (1782)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 18 Melvio

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola procumbens J.F.Gmel.; Syst. Nat., ed. 13(bis). 2(1): 413 (1791)

variant :

var. scrotiformis (DC.) Jessop; Fl. Pl. South Africa 38: t. 1500 (1967)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola scrotiformis DC. ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 299 (1824)

species :

Viola delavayi Franch.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33: 413 (1886)

Distribution: China (Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan)

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola boissieui H.Lév. & Maire; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12(325-330): 282 (1913)

= Viola delavayi var. villosa W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36(2): 44 (1918)

= Viola impatiens H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13(368-369): 343 (1914)

species :

Viola delphinantha Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Or. Nov. 1(1): 7 (1843)

Distribution: SW-Bulgaria; NE-Greece (Mt. Falakron, Rodopi, Mt. Pangaion, Mt. Olimbos)

13 BUL GRC

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 14 Delphiniopsis

species :

Viola demetria Prolongo ex Boiss.; Voy. Bot. Midi Esp. 2: 73 (1839)

Distribution: WC-Portugal; SW-Spain; ?Morocco

12 POR SPA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. 2 Dispares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola arvensis subsp. demetria (Prolongo ex Boiss.) W.Becker; Mitth. Thüring. Bot. Vereins, n.f., 19: 40, 47 (1904)

= Viola demetria var. microphylla Lázaro Ibiza; Revista Real Acad. Ci. Madrid 17: 410 (1919)

= Viola tricolor var. demetria (Prolongo ex Boiss.) Nyman; Syll. Fl. Eur.: 228 (1855)

species :

Viola denizliensis O.D.Düsen, Göktürk, U.Sarpkaya & B.Gürcan; Phytotaxa 369: 38 (2018)

Distribution: Turkey

34 TUR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. 1 Ebracteatae

species :

Viola diamantiaca Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 33(395): 205-206 (1919)

Distribution: Russian Far East (Primorye); China (E-Jilin, E-Liaoning, ?Shaanxi); South Korea

31 RFE 36 CHI 38 KOR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola diamantiaca f. glabrior (Kitag.) Kitag.; Neo-Lineam. Fl. Manshur. 453 (1979)

= Viola diamantiaca var. glabrior Kitag.; Rep. Exped. Manchoukuo Sect. IV 6: 123 (1942)

species :

Viola dichroa Boiss. & A.Huet; Boiss., Diagn. ser. 2, 5: 48 (1856)

Distribution: Turkey (E-Anatolia)

34 TUR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola diffusa Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 298 (1824)

Distribution: China (Anhui, Fujian, SE-Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, S-Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Tibet; Japan (Kyushu); Ryukyu Isl.; Taiwan; Nepal; Bhutan; India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, West Bengal); Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam; Philippines; New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea)

36 CHI TIB 38 JAP NNS TAI 40 BHU IND NEP 41 MYA THA VIE 42 NWG PHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 1 Diffusae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola diffusa subsp. tenuis (Benth.) W.Becker; Philipp. J. Sci. 19: 714 (1921)

= Viola diffusa var. brevibarbata C.J.Wang; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 13: 264 (1991)

= Viola diffusa var. brevisepala W.Becker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928(6): 251 (1928)

= Viola diffusa var. glabella H.Boissieu; Bull. Herb. Boissier, ser. 2, 1(11): 1077 (1901)

= Viola diffusa var. glaberrima W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 40(2): 115 (1923)

= Viola diffusa var. tomentosa W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 20(2): 127 (1906)

= Viola diffusoides C.J.Wang; Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 8(2): 19 (1988)

= Viola kiusiana Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 16(184): 138-139 (1902)

= Viola parkeri Champ. ex Benth.; Hooker´s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: 261 (1851)

= Viola tenuis Benth.; London J. Bot. 1: 482 (1842)

species :

Viola dimorphophylla Y.S.Chen & Q.E.Yang; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 149(1): 116 (2005)

Distribution: China (Yunnan)

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

species :

Viola dirimliensis Blaxland; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 145(4): 505 (2004)

Distribution: Turkey

34 TUR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. 1 Ebracteatae

species :

Viola dirphya A.Tiniakou; Candollea 46(1): 119 (1991)

Distribution: Greece (Evvoia: Mt. Dirfis)

13 GRC

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae. Close to V. sieheana and possibly identical fide Strid (2024)

species :

Viola disjuncta W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 20(2): 126 (1906)

Distribution: Kazakhstan; Siberia (Altai, W-Siberia, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva); Mongolia

30 SIB 32 KAZ 37 MON

Remarks: provisionally accepted name, status unconfirmed

species :

Viola diversifolia (DC.) W.Becker; Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2 [Engler & Prantl] 21: 372 (1925)

Distribution: NE-Spain (Pyrenees); Andorra; SW-France

12 ADO FRA SPA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola cenisia subsp. lapeyrouseana Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 57 (1896)

= Viola cenisia subsp. lapeyrousiana Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 57 (1896)

= Viola cenisia var. diversifolia DC.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 301 (1824)

= Viola cenisia var. polydactyla J.Gay; Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris) 26: 243 (1832), nom. illeg.

= Viola lapeyrouseana (Rouy & Foucaud) A.W.Hill; Index Kew., Suppl. 6: 218 (1926)

species :

Viola doerfleri Degen; Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 64: 710 (1897)

Name: Doerflers Veilchen (DE)

Distribution: North Macedonia; N-Greece (Mt. Voras)

13 GRC NMA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola dombeyana DC. ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 305 (1824)

Distribution: Colombia (Cauca, Huila, Nariño, Norte de Santander, Valle); Ecuador; Peru

82 CLM 83 ECU PER

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 1 Leptidium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola capillaris Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 304 (1824), non Pers.

= Viola humboldtii Triana & Planch.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 4, 17: 121 (1862)

= Viola humboldtii var. cuneata W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 22(2): 91 (1907)

= Viola ramosissima Turcz.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 27(II): 336 (1854 publ. 1855)

species :

Viola domeikoana Gay; Fl. Chil. 1: 229 (1846)

Distribution: Argentina (Mendoza, San Juan); Chile (Atacama, Coquimbo, Valparaíso, Metropolitana de Santiago, O´Higgins)

85 ARG CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 9 Subandinium

species :

Viola domingensis Urb.; Symb. Antill. 7: 287 (1912)

Name: Violeta (Dominican Republic), Violette, Violette des jardins (Haiti)

Distribution: Dominican Republic; Haiti

81 HIS

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

species :

Viola douglasii Steud.; Nom., ed. 2, 2: 771 (1841)

Name: Douglas´ golden violet (EN), Goldgelbes Veilchen (DE)

Distribution: Germany [I]; USA (California, Oregon); Mexico (Baja California Norte)

11 ger 73 USA 76 USA 79 MEX

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola chrysantha Hook.; Ic. Pl, t. 49 (1836) non Schrad. ex Rchb. 1830

= Viola chrysantha var. nevadensis Kellogg; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 2: 229 (1863)

species :

Viola dubyana Burnat ex Gremli; Excursionsfl. Schweiz, ed. 3: 438 (1878)

Name: Dubys Veilchen

Distribution: N-Italy (S-Alps)

13 ITA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola duclouxii W.Becker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928: 249 (1928)

Distribution: China (Yunnan)

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. Australasiaticae

species :

Viola dukadjinica W.Becker & Kosanin; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 23: 145 (1926)

Distribution: Albania; NW-Greece (Mt. Grammos, Mt. Smolikas etc.)

13 ALB GRC

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola dyris Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afr. Nord 12: 181 (1921)

Distribution: Morocco

20 MOR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. 2 Dispares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola dyris var. calcarea Litard. & Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 26: 7 (1931)

= Viola dyris var. orientalis Emb. ex Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 23: 168 (1932)

species :

Viola edulis Spach; Hist. Nat. Vég. (Spach) 5: 508 (1836)

Name: Salad violet

Distribution: USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia)

77 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola esculenta Elliott ex Greene; Pittonia 3(19): 314 (1898)

= Viola heterophylla (Elliott) Muhl. ex Leconte; Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 2: 139 (1826), nom. illeg.

= Viola palmata var. esculenta (Elliott ex Greene) D.B.Ward; Phytologia 88(3): 244 (2006), nom. illeg. nom. superfl.

= Viola palmata var. heterophylla Elliott; Sketch Bot. S. Carolina [Elliott] 1: 300 (1817)

species :

Viola egglestonii Brainerd; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 37: 526 (1910)

Name: Glade violet

Distribution: USA (Alabama, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee)

75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola septemloba subsp. egglestonii (Brainerd) L.E.McKinney; Sida, Bot. Misc. 7: 33 (1992)

species :

Viola elatior Fr.; Nov. Fl. Suec. ed. 2, 277 (1828)

Name: Hohes Veilchen (DE)

Distribution: Sweden; Belgium [I]; Germany (+Brandenburg, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Niedersachsen, Rheinland-Pfalz, +Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; France; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Serbia; Kosovo; Romania; Bulgaria; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; Moldova; Ukraine; Crimea; Siberia (Altai, W-Siberia); Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Northern Caucasus; China (Xinjiang)

10 SWE 11 AUT bgm CZE GER HUN POL SLO SWI 12 FRA 13 BUL CRO ITA KOS ROM SLV SRB 14 EST KRY LAT LIT MLD RUS UKR 30 SIB 32 KGZ TZK UZB 33 NCS 36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola canina subsp. elatior (Fr.) Wigand; Fl. Kurhessen: 81 (1859), nom. illeg.

= Viola canina subsp. montana (L.) Hartm.; Bot. Not. 1841: 82 (1841), nom. rej.

= Viola canina subsp. persicifolia (Roth) Celak.; 83 (1870), nom. illeg.

= Viola canina subsp. persicifolia (Roth) Kirschl.; 13 (1840)

= Viola canina subsp. stricta (Fr.) Hartm.; 37 (1846)

= Viola canina var. elatior (Clus. ex Fr.) Kirschl.; 13 (1840)

= Viola canina var. montana (L.) Fr.; Novit. Fl. Suec. Alt.: 273 (1828)

= Viola canina var. montana (L.) Hornem.; 62 (1827), nom. rej.

= Viola canina var. persicifolia (Schkuhr) Jess.; 218 (1879)

= Viola danubialis Borbás; Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 41: 75, 183 (1891)

= Viola elatior f. cordifolia Sagorski; 50 (1893)

= Viola elatior f. glabrescens Erdner; 569 (1911)

= Viola elatior var. barbyensis W.Becker; 332 (1924)

= Viola erecta Gilib.; Fl. Lit. Inch. 2: 124 (1782), opus utique oppr.

= Viola flavicornis var. montana (L.) Rupr.; Fl. Ingrica: 136 (1860)

= Viola hornemanniana Schult.; Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. ed. 15[bis]. 5: 370 (1819), nom. rej.

= Viola montana DC.; Lam. & A. DC., Fl. Franç., éd. 3, 4: 807 (1805), nom. illeg.

= Viola montana L.; Sp. Pl. 935 (1753) (nom. rej.)

= Viola montana var. elatior (Fr.) Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(II): 497 (1862)

= Viola persicifolia Schreb.; Spic. Fl. Lips.: 163 (1771), nom. utique rej.

= Viola procera Pall. ex Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. (Ledeb.) 1(2): 251 (1842)

= Viola pseudomontana Blocki; Spraw. Kom. Fizyj. Krakow. 22(2): 213 (1888)

= Viola stipulacea Hartm.; Handb. Skand. Fl.: 110 (1820), nom. rej.

= Viola stipularis Fr.; Fr. & Broberg, 47 (1819), nom. illeg., non Sw.

= Viola stricta Hornem.; Hort. Bot. Hafn. 2: 958 (1815), nom. illeg.

= Viola subpubescens Borbás; Natur. und Offenb. 37: 500 (1891), et in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 41: 347 (1891)

= Viola vadimii Vl.V.Nikitin; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 34: 125 (2002)

species :

Viola elegantula Schott; Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 7: 167 (1857)

Distribution: Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; North Macedonia; Albania

13 ALB BIH CRO MNT NMA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola skanderbegii Dörfl. & Hayek; Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 94: 155 (1917 publ. 1918)

= Viola speciosa Pant.; Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 23: 79 (1873)

species :

Viola emarginata (Nutt.) Leconte; Ann. Lyc. N. York 2: 142 (1828)

Distribution: E-USA

75 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae. A valid species fide Marcussen et al. 2022

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola emarginata var. acutiloba Brainerd in Britton & A.Br.; Ill. Fl. N. U. S. (Britton & Brown), ed. 2. ed. 2, 2: 553 (1913)

= Viola sagittata var. emarginata Nutt.; Gen. N. Amer. Pl. [Nuttall] 1: 147 (1818)

species :

Viola eminens K.R.Thiele & Prober; Muelleria 18: 19 (2003)

Distribution: Australia (Victoria, South Australia, New South Wales)

50 AUS

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 5 Erpetion

species :

Viola eminii (Engl.) Fr.; Act. Hort. Berg. 8: 6 (1925)

Distribution: E-D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; Burundi; South Sudan; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania

23 BUR RWA ZAI 24 SSU 25 KEN TAN UGA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 17 Abyssinium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola abyssinica var. eminii Engl.; Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas, C: 276 (1895)

= Viola abyssinica var. ulugurensis Engl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 28: 437 (1900)

= Viola duriprati R.E.Fr.; Act. Hort. Berg. 8: 8 (1925)

= Viola eminii var. duriprati (R.E.Fr.) Stork

= Viola mearnsii Standl.; Smithson. Misc. Coll. 68: No. 5. 9 (1917), non Merr.

species :

Viola enmae P.Gonzáles; Phytotaxa 283(1): 87 (2016)

Distribution: Peru

83 PER

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 4 Inconspicuiflos

species :

Viola epipsila Ledeb.; Ind. Sem. Horti Dorpat. 5 (1820)

subspecies :

subsp. epipsila

Name: Torf-Veilchen (DE)

Distribution: Iceland; Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Germany (Brandenburg, +Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, +Schleswig-Holstein, +Sachsen); Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Romania; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; Siberia (Altai, Krasnoyarsk, W-Siberia); Kazakhstan; China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Nei Mongol); Mongolia; Japan (Hokkaido)

10 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE 11 CZE GER POL SLO 13 ROM 14 BLR EST LAT LIT RUS 30 SIB 32 KAZ 36 CHI 37 MON 38 JAP

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae. V. suecica is sometimes kept separate (including ssp. repens)

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola fennica F.Nyl.; Spic. Pl. Fenn. 1: 28 (1843)

= Viola palustris subsp. epipsila (Ledeb.) C.Hartm.; 39 (1866)

= Viola palustris var. epipsila (Ledeb.) Celak.; 314 (1887)

= Viola palustris var. epipsila (Ledeb.) Maxim.; Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, sér. 3, 23: 323 (1877)

= Viola palustris var. sciaphila Laest.; Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 1824: 164 (1824)

= Viola scanica (Fr.) Fr.; Summa Veg. Scand.: 35, 153 (1845)

= Viola suecica Fr.; Summa Veg. Scand. 556 (1846-1849)

subspecies :

subsp. repens (Turcz.) W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 406 (1917)

Name: Dwarf marsh violet

Distribution: European Russia; Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, W-Siberia, Yakutia); Russian Far East (Amur, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Kuril Isl., Magadan, Primorye, Sakhalin); Mongolia; North Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu); Alaska; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Northern Territories, Ontario, Yukon); USA (California, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, South Dakota, Utah, Washington State, Wyoming)

14 RUS 30 SIB 31 RFE 37 MON 38 JAP NKO 70 ASK CDN 71 CDN 72 CDN 73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 76 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola achyrophora Greene; Pittonia 5: 33 (1902)

= Viola blanda var. violascens Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: (58) (1922)

= Viola blandiformis Nakai; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 72: 192 (1925)

= Viola brachyceras Turcz.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 15: 301 (1842)

= Viola brachyceras var. blandiformis (Nakai) Espeut; Botanica Pacifica 9(1): 32 (2020)

= Viola epipsila subsp. palustroides W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 72 (1921)

= Viola epipsila subsp. repens W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 406 (1917)

= Viola epipsila var. palustroides (W.Becker) Tatew. & Kobayashi; J. Fac. Agric. Hokkaido Imp. Univ. 36: 62 (1934)

= Viola epipsila var. repens (W.Becker) R.J.Little; J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 4(1): 225 (2010)

= Viola epipsiloides Á.Löve & D.Löve; Bot. Not. 128(4): 516 (1975 publ. 1976), nom. nov.

= Viola palustroides (W.Becker) Tzvelev; Arktich. Fl. SSSR 8(1): 33 (1980)

= Viola repens Turcz.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 11: 88 (1838), et ex Trautv. & C. A. Mey., Fl. Ochot. (Middend. Reise N. & O. Sibir. i 11.) 18 (1856) (non Schwein. (1822))

= Viola repens var. albiflora Popov; Konspekt Fl. Pober. Baikal: 213 (1966)

= Viola suecica subsp. repens (Turcz.) W.Becker

= Viola ×albimaritima Vl.V.Nikitin; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 35: 143 (2003)

= Viola ×hyperborea (Rupr) Vl.V.Nikitin; Fl. Vostochnoi Evropy 9: 201 (1996)

species :

Viola epirota (Halácsy) Raus; Willdenowia 13(1): 99 (1983)

Distribution: North Macedonia; Albania; NW-Greece (mountains)

13 ALB GRC NMA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola declinata var. epirota Halácsy; Consp. Fl. Graec. 1: 142 (1900)

= Viola euboea var. epirota (Halácsy) Halácsy; Suppl. Consp. Fl. Graec.: 15 (1908)

= Viola heterophylla subsp. epirota (Halácsy) W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 26(2): 327 (1910)

species :

Viola eriocarpa (Nutt.) Schwein.; Am. J. Sci. Ser. I. 5: 75 (1822)

Name: Downy yellow violet (EN)

Distribution: Canada (Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Isl., Québec, Saskatchewan); USA (Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin, West Virginia)

71 CDN 72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Crocion achlydophyllum (Greene) Kaczm.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 4: 74 (1915)

= Crocion eriocarpum (Nutt.) Nieuwl.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 214 (1914)

= Crocion scabriuscum Kaczm.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 4: 75 (1915)

= Viola achlydophylla Greene; Pittonia 5: 87 (1902)

= Viola dasyneura Greene; Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 2: 96 (1910)

= Viola eriocarpa f. leiocarpa (Fernald & Wiegand) Deam; Fl. Indiana 691 (1940)

= Viola eriocarpa var. leiocarpa Fernald & Wiegand; Rhodora 23: 275 (1921 publ. 1922)

= Viola eriocarpa var. sessilis Clute; Amer. Bot. (Binghamton) 20: 32 (1914)

= Viola pensylvanica var. leiocarpa (Fernald & Wiegand) Fernald; Rhodora 43: 617 (1941)

= Viola pubescens f. achlydophylla (Greene) Farw.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 12: 127 (1930)

= Viola pubescens f. eriocarpa (Schwein.) Farw.; Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. 2: 33 (1923)

= Viola pubescens f. leiocarpa (Fernald & Wiegand) Farw.; Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. 2: 33 (1923)

= Viola pubescens var. eriocarpa (Schwein.) N.H.Russell; Sida 2: 78 (1965)

= Viola pubescens var. leiocarpa (Fernald & Wiegand) B.Boivin; Phytologia 15: 435 (1967)

= Viola pubescens var. scabriuscula Schwein. ex Torr. & A.Gray; Fl. N. Amer. (Torr. & A. Gray) 1: 142 (1838)

= Viola scabriuscula (Torr. & A.Gray) Shafer; Ann. Carnegie Mus. 1: 27 (1901)

species :

Viola ermenekensis Yild. & Dinç; Ot Sist. Bot. Dergisi 9(1): 2 (2002)

Distribution: Turkey

34 TUR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. 1 Ebracteatae

species :

Viola erythraea (Fiori) Chiov.; Nuov. Giorn. Bot. It., n. s. 26: 149 (1919)

Distribution: N-Ethiopia; Eritrea

24 ERI ETH

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 13 Sclerosium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola cinerea var. erythraea Fiori; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. n. s. 20: 355 (1913)

= Viola cinerea var. soyrae (Chiov.) Cufod.; Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 39(Suppl.): XXVIII (1969)

= Viola erythraea var. soyrae Chiov.; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s., 26: 149 (1919)

species :

Viola escarapela J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores; Gayana, Bot. 60(2): 134 (2003), nom. nov.

Distribution: Chile (Coquimbo, Valparaíso, Maule)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola pulchella Leyb. ex Reiche & Johow; Reiche, Fl. Chile 1: 153 (1895), nom. illeg.

species :

Viola escondidaensis W.Becker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928: 138 (1928)

Distribution: Argentina; Chile

85 ARG CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 6 Rhizomandinium

species :

Viola etbaica Schweinf.; Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien. 8: 665 (1868)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 13 Sclerosium. Often included in V. stocksii

species :

Viola etrusca Erben; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 22: 499 (1986)

Distribution: Italy

13 ITA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola amiatina Ricceri & Moraldo; Boll. Accad. Gioenia Sci. Nat. Catania 51(no. 381): FP 189 (2018)

species :

Viola euboea (Halácsy) Halácsy; Consp. Fl. Graec., Suppl. 1: 15 (1908)

Distribution: C-Greece (C- & SE-Evvoia)

13 GRC

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola gracilis var. euboea Halácsy; Consp. Fl. Graec. 1: 141 (1900)

= Viola heterophylla subsp. euboea (Halácsy) W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 26: 326 (1910)

= Viola heterophylla var. euboea (Halácsy) W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 18(2): 359 (1905)

species :

Viola eugeniae Parl.; Nuovo Gior. Bot. Ital. 7: 68 (1875)

subspecies :

subsp. eugeniae

Name: Apenninen-Veilchen

Distribution: C-Italy

13 ITA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola murronensis Ricceri & Moraldo; Boll. Accad. Gioenia Sci. Nat. Catania 51(no. 381): FP 217, fig. 19 (2018)

subspecies :

subsp. levieri (Parl.) Arcang.; Comp. Fl. Ital. ed. 2: 299 (1894)

Distribution: C-Italy

13 ITA

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola calcarata f. subasica Fiori; Fl. Italia [Fiori, Béguinot & Paoletti] 4(1): 85 (1907)

= Viola eugeniae subsp. levieri (Parl.) A.Schmidt; Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 77: 96 (1965), isonym

= Viola levieri Parl. ex Caruel; Fl. Italiana 9: 181 (1890)

= Viola longipetiolata Ricceri & Moraldo; Boll. Accad. Gioenia Sci. Nat. Catania 51(no. 381): FP 206, fig. 14 (2018)

= Viola molisana Ricceri & Moraldo; Boll. Accad. Gioenia Sci. Nat. Catania 51(no. 381): FP 216, fig. 18 (2018)

= Viola subasica (Fiori) Ricceri & Moraldo; Boll. Accad. Gioenia Sci. Nat. Catania 51(no. 381): FP 222, fig. 23 (2018)

= Viola vectoris Ricceri & Moraldo; Boll. Accad. Gioenia Sci. Nat. Catania 51(no. 381): FP 223, fig. 24 (2018)

species :

Viola evae Hieron. ex W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 182 (1922)

Distribution: Argentina (La Rioja, Salta)

85 ARG

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola flos-evae Hieron.; Bol. Acad. Nac. Ci. Republ. Argent. 4: 5 (1881), nom. nud.

variant :

var. flossdorfii (Hicken) Nicola; Phytotaxa 338(2): 235 (2018)

Distribution: Argentina (La Rioja)

85 ARG

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola flos-evae var. flossdorfii Hicken; Darwiniana 1: 31 (1922), nom. inval.

species :

Viola exilis Phil.; Linnaea 28: 672 (1856)

Distribution: Chile (Metropolitana de Santiago)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola volcanica var. exilis (Phil.) Reiche; Anales Univ. Chile 90: 905 (1895)

species :

Viola eximia Formánek; Verh. Naturf. Ver. Brünn 38: 221 (1900)

subspecies :

subsp. eximia

Name: Mazedonisches Veilchen

Distribution: SW-North Macedonia; Albania; NC-Greece (mountains)

13 ALB GRC NMA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola pascua W.Becker; Bull. Inst. Jard. Bot. Univ. Beograd 1: 34 (1928)

= Viola beckiana subsp. pascua (W.Becker) Trinajstic

subspecies :

subsp. tringiana Erben; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 21(2): 462 (1985)

Distribution: NC-Greece (Mt. Agrafa)

13 GRC

species :

Viola exsul J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores; Fl. San Juan 2: 145 (2003)

Distribution: Argentina (San Juan)

85 ARG

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

species :

Viola fargesii Boissieu; Bull. Herb. Boissier Ser. II. 2: 833 (1902)

Distribution: China; Taiwan

36 CHI 38 TAI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. Formosanae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola adenothrix var. tsugitakaensis (Masam.) J.C.Wang & T.C.Huang; Taiwania 35: 19 (1990)

= Viola arisanensis W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17(492-503): 314 (1921)

= Viola brachycentra Hayata; Icon. Pl. Formosan. 3: 25-26, f. 10 (1913)

= Viola canescens subsp. lanuginosa W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 256 (1916)

= Viola principis var. acutifolia C.J.Wang; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 13(3): 264 (1991)

= Viola pulla W.Becker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928: 250 (1928)

= Viola trichopoda Hayata; Icon. Pl. Formosan. 3: 29-30, f. 15 (1913)

= Viola tsugitakaensis Masam.; J. Soc. Trop. Agric. 2: 240 (1930)

species :

Viola farkasiana J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores; Int. Rock Gard. 101: 43 (2018)

Distribution: Chile (Biobío)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

species :

Viola faurieana W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 239-240 (1916)

Distribution: ?China; Japan (Honshu)

38 JAP

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola faurieana f. albifaurieana E.Hama; Violets of Japan: 181 (1987)

= Viola ugoana Makino ex Muramatsu; Fl. Akitaense 183, t. 3, f. 2 (1932)

species :

Viola ferrarinii Moraldo & Ricceri; Webbia 66(1): 46 (2011)

Distribution: Italy

13 ITA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola ferreyrae P.Gonzáles; Phytotaxa 283(1): 84 (2016)

Distribution: Peru

83 PER

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

species :

Viola filicaulis Hook.f.; Fl. New Zealand. 1: 16 (1852)

Distribution: New Zealand (incl. Stewart Isl.)

51 NZL

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 1a Nematocaulon

species :

Viola fimbriatula Sm.; Rees, Cycl. 37: no. 16 (1818)

Name: Arrowleaf violet

Distribution: Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Isl., Québec); USA (Alabama, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin, West Virginia)

72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola amorphophylla Pollard; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 13: 129 (1900)

= Viola fimbriatula f. albescens Farw.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 11: 66 (1928)

= Viola fimbriatula f. glabrata Pennell; Bartonia 12: 19 (1931)

= Viola fimbriatula f. umbelliflora Fernald; Rhodora 51: 56 (1949)

= Viola fimbriatula var. aberrans W.Stone; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1903: 683 (1903)

= Viola ovata Nutt.; Gen. N. Amer. Pl. (Nuttall). 1: 148 (1818)

= Viola ovata var. belvisiana Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 294 (1824)

= Viola ovata var. hicksii (Pollard) Pollard; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 10: 92 (1896)

= Viola sagittata f. umbelliflora (Fernald) Scoggan; Fl. Canada 1: 52 (1978)

= Viola sagittata var. hicksii Pollard; Bot. Gaz. 20: 326 (1895)

= Viola sagittata var. ovata (Nutt.) Torr. & A.Gray; Fl. N. Amer. (Torr. & A. Gray) 1: 138 (1838)

= Viola ×abundans House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 506 (1924)

species :

Viola fischeri W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 264 (1916)

Distribution: Siberia (Altai)

30 SIB

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

species :

Viola flagelliformis Hemsl.; Diagn. Pl. Nov. Mexic. 2: 20 (1879)

Distribution: Mexico (Chihuahua, Nuevo Leon, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas)

79 MEX

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola latistipula Hemsl.; Diagn. Pl. Nov. Mexic. 2: 21 (1879)

= Viola flagelliformis var. glabrescens W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 20: 9 (1924)

species :

Viola flavicans Wedd.; Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. V. 1: 292 (1864)

Distribution: Bolivia (Chuquisaca, Tarija); Argentina (Jujuy, Tucuman)

83 BOL 85 ARG

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. Xanthidium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola castillonii (W.Becker) Xifreda & Sanso; Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 74: 1246 (1999)

= Viola exigua var. castillonii W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 23: 222 (1926)

= Viola exigua W.Becker; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37: 590 (1906), non Vell. 1831

species :

Viola flettii Piper; Erythea 6: 69 (1898)

Name: Olympic violet

Distribution: USA (Washington State: Olympic Mts.)

73 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

species :

Viola floridana Brainerd; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 37: 524 (1910)

Distribution: USA (Florida, etc.)

78 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae. A valid species and not a synonym of V. sororia fide Marcussen et al. 2022

species :

Viola flos-idae Hieron.; Bol. Acad. Nac. Cordova 4: 5 (1881)

Distribution: Argentina (Mendoza, San Juan, Tucuman)

85 ARG

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 10 Triflabellium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola acanthophylla var. tontalensis W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 183 (1922)

= Viola flos-idae var. pseudovolcanica Hieron.; Bol. Acad. Nac. Ci. Republ. Argent. 4: 7 (1881)

species :

Viola fluehmannii Phil.; Anales Univ. Chile 81: 346 (1892)

Distribution: Argentina (Neuquen, Rio Negro); Chile (Biobío, Araucania, Los Rios)

85 ARG CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 2 Ericoidium

species :

Viola formosana Hayata; J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 22: 28 (1906)

Distribution: Taiwan

38 TAI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. Formosanae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola formosana f. albiflora S.S.Ying; Coloured Ill. Fl. Taiwan 4: 783 (1992)

= Viola formosana var. kawakamii (Hayata) Wang; A Taxon. Study of Viola of Taiwan 167 (1988)

= Viola formosana var. kawakamii (Hayata) Y.S.Chen & Q.E.Yang; Fl. China (2007), isonym

= Viola formosana var. stenopetala (Hayata) J.C.Wang, T.C.Huang & T.Hashim.; Taiwania 35: 37-41, f. 10 (1990)

= Viola formosana var. tozanensis (Hayata) C.F.Hsieh; Fl. Taiwan 3: 776, t. 813 (1977)

= Viola hypoleuca Hayata; Icon. Pl. Formosan. 3: 26-27, f. 11 (1913)

= Viola kawakamii Hayata; J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 25(19): 52-53 (1908)

= Viola kawakamii var. stenopetala Hayata; Icon. Pl. Formosan. 3: 27-28, f. 13 (1913)

= Viola matsudae Hayata; Icon. Pl. Formosan. 10: 1-2 (1921)

= Viola taiwanensis W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17(492-503): 315-316 (1921)

= Viola takasagoensis Koidz.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 7(2): 112 (1939)

= Viola tozanensis Hayata; J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 25(19): 53 (1908)

species :

Viola forrestiana W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 19(544-545): 234 (1923)

Distribution: ?China (?Shanxi); SE-Tibet

36 TIB

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

species :

Viola fragrans Sieber; Reise Kreta 2: 320 (1823)

Distribution: Crete (mountains)

13 KRI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola frank-smithii N.H.Holmgren; Brittonia 44(3): 303 (1992)

Name: Frank Smith´s violet

Distribution: USA (Utah: Cache Co.: Logan Canyon)

76 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

species :

Viola friderici W.Beckcr; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 21: 359 (1925)

Distribution: Chile (Metropolitana de Santiago)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

species :

Viola frigida Phil.; Fl. Atacam. 9 (1860)

Distribution: Argentina (La Rioja, Mendoza, San Juan); Chile (Antofagasta, Atacama, Coquimbo, Valparaiso)

85 ARG CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola borchersii Phil.; Anales Univ. Chile 81: 494 (1892)

= Viola frigida Phil. ex W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 112 (1927), descr. emend.

= Viola frigida var. borchersii (Phil.) Reiche; Anales Univ. Chile 90: 903 (1895)

= Viola molfinoana W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 22: 351 (1926)

species :

Viola frondosa (Velen.) Hayek; Prodr. Fl. Penins. Balcan. 1: 511 (1925)

Distribution: S-North Macedonia (SE of Prilep); NC-Greece (Mt. Voras, near Mt. Olimbos)

13 GRC NMA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola zoysii var. frondosa Velen.; Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 1910(8): 3 (1911)

species :

Viola fuscifolia W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 22(2): 94 (1907)

Distribution: Peru

83 PER

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 1 Leptidium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola colubrina Wedd. ex W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl., Abt. 2, 22(2): 94 (1907)

species :

Viola fuscopurpurea S.R.Yi & Yan S.Huang; Nordic J. Bot. 2024(10)-e04364: 2 (2024)

Distribution: China (Chongqing)

36 CHI

species :

Viola fuscoviolacea (L.G.Adams) T.A.James; Muelleria 9: 35 (1996)

Distribution: Australia (S-New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania)

50 AUS

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 5 Erpetion

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola hederacea subsp. fuscoviolacea L.G.Adams; Fl. Australia 8: 386, 98 (1982)

species :

Viola galeanaensis M.S.Baker; Madrono 9: 131 (1947)

Distribution: Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo Leon)

79 MEX

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

species :

Viola ganiatsasii Erben; Bios (Thessalonika) Vol. A (App.) 67 (1989)

Distribution: S-Bulgaria; NE-Greece (Rodopi, Mt. Falakron)

13 BUL GRC

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola gelida J.M.Watson, M.P.Cárdenas & A.R.Flores; Gayana, Bot. 70(2): 390 (2013)

Distribution: Chile

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

species :

Viola germainii Sparre; Lilloa 17: 384 (1949)

Distribution: Chile (Metropolitana de Santiago)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 4 Chilenium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola nivalis Phil.; Linnaea 28: 611 (1857), nom. illeg.

species :

Viola glabella Nutt.; Torr. & A. Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1: 142 (1838)

Name: Pioneer violet

Distribution: Alaska; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia); USA (California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington State)

70 ASK 71 CDN 73 USA 76 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola biflora var. sitchensis (Bong. ex Ledeb.) Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 39: 528 (1866)

= Viola canadensis var. sitchensis Bong. ex Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. (Ledeb.) 1: 255 (1842)

= Viola glabella var. remotifolia Suksd.; Werdenda 1: 26 (1927)

species :

Viola glaberrima (Ging. ex Chapm.) House; Torreya 6: 172 (1906)

Distribution: E-USA

75 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium. Not a synonym of V. tripartita fide Marcussen et al. 2022

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola hastata var. glaberrima Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 300 (1824) ex Chapm., Fl. South. U. S., ed. 3. 34 (1897)

= Viola tripartita f. glaberrima (Ging. ex Chapm.) Fernald; Rhodora 51: 52 (1949)

= Viola tripartita f. glaberrima (Ging. ex Chapm.) H.Lév. & Dans.; Naturaliste Canad. 93: 501 (1966), isonym

= Viola tripartita var. glaberrima (Ging. ex Chapm.) R.M.Harper; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 27: 337 (1900)

species :

Viola glaucescens Oudem.; Ann. Mus. B. Lugd.-Bat. 3: 74 (1867)

Distribution: Nepal; Bhutan; India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, West Bengal)

40 BHU IND NEP

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola distans var. fimbriata Hook.f. & Thomson; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 184 (1872)

species :

Viola glechomoides Leyb.; Flora 47: 40 (1864)

Distribution: Chile (Metropolitana de Santiago)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

species :

Viola gmeliniana Schult.; Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. ed. 15[bis]. 5: 354 (1819)

Distribution: Siberia (Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk, W-Siberia, Yakutia); Russian Far East (Amur, Khabarovsk, Primorye); China (Heilongjiang, Nei Mongol); Mongolia

30 SIB 31 RFE 36 CHI 37 MON

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola fischeri Sweet; Hort. Brit. (ed. 2) 44 (1830), non W. Becker

= Viola fusiformis Sm.; Rees, Cycl. 37: no. 9 (1818)

= Viola gmeliniana var. albiflora W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 401 (1917)

= Viola gmeliniana var. glabra Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. 1: 246 (1842)

= Viola gmeliniana var. hispida Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. 1: 246 (1842)

= Viola gmeliniana var. scorpiurifolia DC.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 294 (1824)

= Viola lanceolata Pall.; Reise Russ. Reich. 3: 223 (1776), nom. illeg.

species :

Viola godoyae Phil.; Anales Univ. Chile 81: 493 (1892)

Distribution: Chile (Atacama)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 5 Relictium

species :

Viola gracilis Sm.; Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1: 146 (1806)

Distribution: Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, WN-Anatolia)

34 TUR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae. Records for the Balcans and Greece refer to other species like V. euboea

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola calycina Boiss. & Heldr.; Boiss., Diagn. ser. 1, 8: 53 (1849)

= Viola elongata A.Huet ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 80 (1878), nom. inval.

= Viola gracilis f. heterophylla Bolzon; Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1904: 28 (1904)

= Viola gracilis var. insularis A.Terracc.; Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1893: 413 (1893)

= Viola olympica Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 1: 55 (1854)

species :

Viola gracillima A.St.-Hil.; Pl. Rem. Bres. 275 (1825)

Distribution: SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro); S-Brazil (Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina)

84 BRA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 1 Leptidium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola gracillima var. incisa W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 5: 45 (1908)

species :

Viola graeca (W.Becker) Halácsy; Suppl. Consp. Fl. Graec. 14 (1908)

Distribution: SE-Italy (Monte Gargano); North Macedonia; Greece (mountains of C-Greece, N-Peloponnisos, W-Epirus)

13 GRC ITA NMA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola heterophylla subsp. graeca (W.Becker) W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 26(2): 326 (1910)

= Viola heterophylla var. graeca W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 18(2): 358 (1905)

species :

Viola grahamii Benth.; Pl. Hartw. [Bentham] 35 (1839)

Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Chihuahua, Colima, Ciudad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz); Guatemala

79 MEX 80 GUA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ciliata Schltdl.; Linnaea 12: 202 (1838), non Willd. ex Schult.

= Viola grahamii f. pubescens W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 20: 1 (1924)

= Viola lutea Sessé & Moc.; non L.

= Viola pringlei Rose & House; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 29: 444 (1905)

= Viola reptans B.L.Rob.; Proc. Amer. Acad. 27: 165 (1893)

= Viola schaffneriana W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 20: 2 (1924)

= Viola seleriana W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 20: 6 (1924)

species :

Viola grandisepala W.Becker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928(6): 250 (1928)

Distribution: China (Yunnan, Sichuan)

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola binchuanensis S.H.Huang; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 25(4): 433 (2003)

= Viola brunneostipulosa Hand.-Mazz.; Symb. Sin. 7(2): 380 (1931)

species :

Viola granulosa Wedd.; Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. V. 1: 292 (1864)

Distribution: Peru; Bolivia (La Paz); Chile (Arica y Parinacota)

83 BOL PER 85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

species :

Viola grayi Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 288 (1878)

Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu)

38 JAP

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola grayi f. glabra (W.Becker) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 200 (1954)

= Viola grayi f. pubescens (Nakai) E.Hama; J. Jap. Bot. 51: 343 (1976), nom. inval.

= Viola grayi f. pubescens M.Nagas.; Yaso 4: 59 (1938)

= Viola grayi var. erecta M.Nagas.; Yaso 4: 58 (1938)

= Viola grayi var. glabra W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 241 (1916)

= Viola grayi var. pubescens Nakai; J. Jap. Bot. 15: 404 (1939), nom. inval.

= Viola grypoceras var. grayi (Franch. & Sav.) Nakai; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 72: 182 (1925)

= Viola obtusa var. glabra (W.Becker) Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: (57), (89) (1922)

= Viola senamiensis Nakai; J. Jap. Bot. 15: 405 (1939)

species :

Viola grisea (Fernald) H.E.Ballard; J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 150(1): 109 (2023)

Distribution: Canada (Manitoba, Ontario); USA (Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota)

71 CDN 72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae. Separate from V. novae-anglicae fide Ballard 2023

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola novae-angliae subsp. grisea (Fernald) Gil-ad; Boissiera 53: 68 (1997)

= Viola septentrionalis var. grisea Fernald; Rhodora 37: 301, tab. 375 (1935)

= Viola sororia var. grisea (Fernald) L.E.McKinney; J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 4(1): 226 (2010)

species :

Viola grisebachiana Vis.; Mem. Ist. Veneto 10: 436 (1861)

Distribution: Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Bulgaria; N-Greece (very rare Mt. Pangaion, Mt. Voras)

13 ALB BIH BUL GRC KOS MNT NMA SRB

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola korabensis Trinajstic; Suppl. Fl. Anal. Jugosl. 3: 6 (1975)

= Viola koritnicensis Trinajstic; Glasn. Prir. Mus. Beogradu, Ser. B, Biol. Nauke 40: 28 (1985)

species :

Viola grypoceras A.Gray; L. M. Perry, Narr. Exped. China Japan 2: 308 (1857)

Distribution: Russian Far East (Kuril Isl., Sakhalin); China (Anhui, Fujian, SE-Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, S-Shaanxi, E-Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); Ryukyu Isl.; Taiwan

31 RFE 36 CHI 38 JAP KOR NNS TAI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola canina var. japonica DC.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 298 (1824)

= Viola coreana H.Boissieu; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 58: 213 (1911)

= Viola grypoceras f. albiflora Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 26: 152 (1912)

= Viola grypoceras f. albiflora Tatew.; Veg. Apoi: 98, 130 (1928)

= Viola grypoceras f. brevicalcarata (Nakai) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 201 (1954)

= Viola grypoceras f. discolor Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: (55), (89) (1922)

= Viola grypoceras f. grandistipulata Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: (55), (89) (1922)

= Viola grypoceras f. hemileuca Honda; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 55: 202 (1941)

= Viola grypoceras f. hirtella Hiyama; J. Jap. Bot. 26: 157 (1951)

= Viola grypoceras f. hosoii (Nakai) F.Maek. & T.Hashim.; J. Jap. Bot. 43: 163 (1968)

= Viola grypoceras f. leucantha H.Hara; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 50: 301 (1936)

= Viola grypoceras f. leveillei (H.Boissieu) Nakai; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 72: 183 (1925)

= Viola grypoceras f. macrantha Asai; J. Jap. Bot. 41: 320 (1966)

= Viola grypoceras f. obscuredentata Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: (55), (89) (1922)

= Viola grypoceras f. pubescens (Nakai) M.Mizush.; Y. Ogura et al. (eds. ), Sci. Res. Ozegahara Moor: 450 (1954)

= Viola grypoceras f. purpurellocalcarata (Makino) Hiyama ex F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 202 (1954)

= Viola grypoceras f. rosipetala Hiyama; J. Jap. Bot. 26: 157 (1951)

= Viola grypoceras f. sordida Hiyama; J. Jap. Bot. 36: 373 (1961)

= Viola grypoceras f. takeii Hiyama; J. Jap. Bot. 33: 59 (1958)

= Viola grypoceras f. trifolia Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: (55), (89) (1922)

= Viola grypoceras f. variegata Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: (55), (89) (1922)

= Viola grypoceras f. viridans Hiyama; J. Jap. Bot. 26: 157 (1951)

= Viola grypoceras f. viridiflora Makino ex F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 202 (1954)

= Viola grypoceras var. barbata W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 12: 440 (1922)

= Viola grypoceras var. brevicalcarata Araki; J. Jap. Bot. 26: 262 (1951), nom. illeg.

= Viola grypoceras var. brevicalcarata Nakai; Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 27: 32 (1949)

= Viola grypoceras var. imberbis (A.Gray) Ohwi; Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 33: 80 (1953)

= Viola grypoceras var. purpurellocalcarata Makino; Jap. J. Bot. 1: 27 (1917)

= Viola hideoi Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 33 (1922)

= Viola hideoi var. robustior Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 33 (1922)

= Viola hosoii Nakai; J. Jap. Bot. 15: 407 (1939)

= Viola leveillei H.Boissieu; Bull. Acad. Inter. Geog. Bot. 11: 91 (1902)

= Viola longepedunculata Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 286 (1878)

= Viola silvatica f. macrantha A.Gray; Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, n.s., 6: 382 (1859)

= Viola silvatica f. micrantha A.Gray; Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, n.s., 6: 382 (1859)

= Viola silvatica var. imberbis A.Gray; Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, n.s., 6: 382 (1859)

= Viola sylvestris f. acaulis Miq.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 154 (1865)

= Viola sylvestris f. albiflora Matsum.; Index Pl. Jap. 2(2): 380 (1912)

= Viola sylvestris f. imberbis (A.Gray) Miq.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 154 (1865)

= Viola sylvestris var. acaulis Miq.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 154 (1865)

= Viola sylvestris var. candida (H.Boissieu) H.Lév.

= Viola sylvestris var. grypoceras (A.Gray) Maxim.; Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, sér. 3, 23: 330 (1877)

= Viola sylvestris var. imberbis A.Gray; Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts ser. 2, 6(2): 382 (1859)

= Viola sylvestris var. japonica (Ging.) Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 16: 146 (1902)

= Viola takesimana Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 34 (1922)

= Viola wichurae Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 42: 562 (1928)

variant :

var. exilis (Miq.) Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 55 (1922)

Distribution: South Korea; Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); Taiwan

38 JAP KOR TAI

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola grypoceras f. albiflora Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: (55), (89) (1922), nom. illeg.

= Viola grypoceras f. chionantha F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 202 (1954)

= Viola grypoceras var. yakusimensis Masam.; Fl. Yakushima: 307 (1934)

= Viola pruniflora Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 42: 563 (1928)

= Viola sylvestris f. exilis Miq.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 154 (1865)

variant :

var. hichitoana (Nakai) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 203 (1954)

Distribution: Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); Ryukyu Isl.

38 JAP NNS

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola grypoceras f. kikuzatoi K.Nakaj.; J. Geobot. 18: 12 (1970)

= Viola grypoceras f. lucida (Nakai) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 202 (1954)

= Viola hichitoana Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 34 (1922)

= Viola krugiana W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 21(588-600): 261 (1925)

= Viola kusanoana var. hichitoana (Nakai) Ohwi; Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 33: 80 (1953)

= Viola lucida Nakai; J. Jap. Bot. 15: 406 (1939)

= Viola lutchuensis Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 35 (1922)

variant :

var. rhizomata (Nakai) Ohwi; Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 33: 80 (1953)

Distribution: Japan (Honshu)

38 JAP

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola faurieana var. rhizomata (Nakai) F.Maek. & T.Hashim.; J. Jap. Bot. 43: 163 (1968)

= Viola rhizomata Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 49: 498 (1935)

= Viola yamadoriana Makino; (1966), nom. nud.

variant :

var. ripensis N.Yamada & Okamoto; Bull. Osaka Mus. Nat. Hist. 50: 2 (1996)

Distribution: Japan (Honshu, Shikoku)

38 JAP

species :

Viola guadalupensis A.M.Powell & Wauer; Sida 14(1): 1 (1990)

Name: Guadalupe violet

Distribution: USA (New Mexico, Texas)

77 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

species :

Viola guangzhouensis A.Q.Dong, J.S.Zhou & F.W.Xing; Novon 19(4): 457 (2009)

Distribution: China (Guangdong)

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 1 Diffusae

species :

Viola guatemalensis W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 20: 6 (1924)

Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Ciudad de Mexico, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Oaxaca, San Luis Potosi, Veracruz); Guatemala; Honduras; Costa Rica; Panama

79 MEX 80 COS GUA HON PAN

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 4 Mexicanae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola guatemalensis f. pubescentior W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 20: 7 (1924)

species :

Viola guaxarensis M.Marrero, Docoito Díaz & Martín Esquivel; Willdenowia 50(1): 16 (2020)

Distribution: Canary Isl.

21 CNY

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola hallii A.Gray; Proc. Amer. Acad. 8: 377 (1872)

Name: Oregon violet

Distribution: USA (California, Oregon)

73 USA 76 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

species :

Viola hamiltoniana D.Don; Prodr. Fl. Nep. 206 (1825)

Distribution: Russian Far East (Amur, Khabarovsk, Kuril Isl., Primorye, Sakhalin); China (Anhui, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, ?Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Mongolia; North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Yakushima Isl.); Taiwan; Nepal; Bhutan; India (Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal); Sri Lanka; Bangladesh Myanmar (Chin); Thailand; Laos; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia; Sumatra; Philippines; Java; Moluccas (Buru); New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea)

31 RFE 36 CHI 37 MON 38 JAP KOR NKO NNS TAI 40 BHU IND NEP SRL 41 LAO THA VIE 42 JAW MLY MOL NWG PHI SUM

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 4 Bilobatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola alata Burgersd.; Miq., Pl. Jungh. 1: 121 (1853)

= Viola alata subsp. verecunda (A.Gray) W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34: 227 (1916)

= Viola alata W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 20(2): 125 (1906), nom. illeg.

= Viola amurica subsp. verecunda (A.Gray) Y.S.Chen; Fl. China

= Viola arcuata Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 58 (1825)

= Viola arcuata f. radicans (Makino) Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 88 (1922)

= Viola arcuata subsp. verecunda (A.Gray) W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34: 227 (1916)

= Viola arcuata var. verecunda (A.Gray) Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36(424): 88 (1922)

= Viola barkalovii Bezd.; Komarovskie Chteniya (Vladivostok) 48: 102 (2001)

= Viola carlesii Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 42: 557 (1928)

= Viola distans Wall.; (Cat. 142, n. 4022 (1831), nom nud.) in Tr. Med. Phys. S. Calc. 7: 227 (1835)

= Viola excisa Hance; J. Bot. 6(70): 296-297 (1868)

= Viola excisa var. subaequiloba (Franch. & Sav.) Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 85 (1922)

= Viola fibrillosa W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 229 (1916)

= Viola herbivaga Ridl.; J. Bot. 73: 17 (1935)

= Viola hupeiana W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 232 (1916)

= Viola japonica Korth.; non Langsd. ex Ging.

= Viola japonica var. decumbens Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 2(2): 287 (1878)

= Viola japonica var. pusilla Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 2(2): 287 (1878)

= Viola japonica var. subaefuiloba Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 2(2): 287 (1878)

= Viola lunata Ridl.; Trans. Linn Soc., Bot 9: 17 (1916)

= Viola metziana Hohen. ex Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India 1: 184 (1872), nom. inval.

= Viola notoniana Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 1449 (1829), nom. inval.

= Viola repens Wall.; Cat. 39, n. 1441 (1829), nomen

= Viola semilunaris (Maxim.) W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl., Abt. 2, 34: 231 (1916)

= Viola semilunaris var. divaricata Honda; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 46(551): 677 (1932)

= Viola serpens var. hamiltoniana (D.Don) Hook.f. & Thomson ex Boissieu; Bull. S. B. Fr. 57: 259 (1910)

= Viola subaequiloba (Franch. & Sav.) Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 88 (1922)

= Viola toppingii Elmer; Leaflets Philipp. Bot. 2: 504 (1908)

= Viola verecunda A.Gray; Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, n. s. 6: 382 (1858)

= Viola verecunda f. candidissima M.Mizush. ex E.Hama; J. Jap. Bot. 51: 340 (1976)

= Viola verecunda f. divaricata (Honda) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 221 (1954)

= Viola verecunda f. hensoaensis Kudô & Sasaki; Ann. Bot. Taihoku Bot. Gard. 1: 37 (1931)

= Viola verecunda f. radicans Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 27: 153 (1913)

= Viola verecunda f. variegata Honda; Nom. Pl. Jap., ed. emend.: 389 (1957)

= Viola verecunda f. violascens Hiyama ex F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 221 (1954)

= Viola verecunda var. excisa (Hance) Maxim.; Mélanges Biol. Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 9: 750 (1886)

= Viola verecunda var. fibrillosa (W.Becker) Ohwi; Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 33: 80 (1953)

= Viola verecunda var. semilunaris Maxim.; Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 23: 335 (1877)

= Viola verecunda var. subaequiloba (Franch. & Sav.) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 221 (1954)

= Viola verecunda var. yakusimana (Nakai) Ohwi; Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 33: 80 (1953)

= Viola vorobievii Bezd.; Komarovskie Chteniya (Vladivostok) 48: 105 (2001)

= Viola wightiana var. glabra Thwaites; Enum. Pl. Zeyl. [Thwaites] 20 (1858)

= Viola yakusimana Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 35 (1922)

species :

Viola hancockii W.Becker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928(6): 249 (1928)

Distribution: China (Gansu, Hebei, Shandong, Shaanxi, Shanxi)

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola hancockii var. fangshanensis J.W.Wang; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27(3): 202 (1989)

species :

Viola hastata Michx.; Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 149 (1803)

Name: Halberdleaved yellow violet

Distribution: USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia)

75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola hirta Schwein.; Amer. J. Sci. Arts 5: 50 (1822), nom. illeg.

= Viola trifida Spreng.; Pl. Min. Cogn. Pug. 1: 22 (1813)

species :

Viola hederacea Labill.; Nov. Holl. Pl. 1: 66, t. 91 (1804)

subspecies :

subsp. hederacea

Distribution: China [I]; Myanmar [I]; Thailand [I]; peninsular Malaysia [I] (Cameron Highlands [I], Pahang [I]); Australia (SE-South Australia, SE-Queensland, E-New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania); Lord Howe Isl.

36 chi 41 mya tha 42 mly 50 AUS LHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 5 Erpetion

Synonyms: hidden

= Erpetion cymbalariae DC. ex Sweet; Brit. Flow. Gard. 2: t. 170 (1826)

= Erpetion hederaceum (Labill.) G.Don; Gen. Hist. 1: 335 (1831), isonym

= Erpetion hederaceum (Labill.) Sweet; Hort. Brit., ed. 2: 45 (1830)

= Erpetion petiolare G.Don; Gen. Hist. 1: 335 (1831)

= Erpetion spathulatum G.Don; Gen. Hist. 1: 335 (1831)

= Viola gracilis R.Br. ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 305 (1824)

= Viola hederacea f. lobulata Domin; Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 982 (1928)

= Viola hederacea var. alba Guilf.; Austral. Pl. Gard.: 362 (1911), nom. subnud.

= Viola hederacea var. petiolaris DC.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 305 (1824)

= Viola hederacea var. sieberi (Hook.) Hook.f.; Fl. Tasman. 1: 26 (1855)

= Viola hederacea var. sieberi (Hook.) W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 266 (1917), isonym

= Viola sieberi Hook.; Compan. Bot. Mag. 1: 274 (1836)

subspecies :

subsp. seppeltiana L.G.Adams; Fl. Australia 8: 387, 99 (1982)

Distribution: Australia (SE-South Australia including Kangaroo Is., S-Victoria to the Dandenongs)

50 AUS

species :

Viola hediniana W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 262-263 (1916)

Distribution: China (W-Hubei, Sichuan); India (Arunachal Pradesh)

36 CHI 40 IND

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola henryi var. cordifolia Chang; nom. nud.

species :

Viola heldreichiana Boiss.; Diagn. ser. 1, 8: 53 (1849)

Name: Heldreichs Veilchen (DE); Heldreich´s Violet (EN)

Distribution: East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Ikaria, Samos, Kalimnos, Kos, Nisyros, Karpathos, Rhodos); Turkey (Inner Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia); Cyprus (C-Mountains); Lebanon (Antilebanon)

34 CYP EAI LEB TUR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola lesbiaca Candargy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 44: 154 (1897)

= Viola alajensis W.Becker; Mitth. Thüring. Bot. Vereins, n.f., 19: 37 (1904)

= Viola parvula subsp. heldreichiana (Boiss.) Rothm.

species :

Viola helena C.N.Forbes & Lydgate; Occas. Pap. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Mus. 4: 218 (1909)

Distribution: Hawaii (Kauai)

63 HAW

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 5 Nosphimium

Conservation Status: 1999 Conservation Status: Endangered, USA Status: Endangered

species :

Viola hemsleyana Calderón; Phytologia 52(2): 101 (1982)

Distribution: Mexico (Ciudad de Mexico, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Oaxaca, Veracruz)

79 MEX

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 4 Mexicanae

species :

Viola henryi H.Boissieu; Bull. Herb. Boissier, ser. 2, 1(11): 1075-1076 (1901)

Distribution: China (W-Hubei, NW-Hunan, E-Sichuan)

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola herzogii (W.Becker) Bornm.; Magyar Bot. Lap. 32: 141 (1933)

Distribution: North Macedonia; N-Greece (Mt. Voras only)

13 GRC NMA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola allchariensis f. pinifolia (Herzog) Trinajstic; Suppl. Fl. Anal. Jugosl. 3: 7 (1975)

= Viola allchariensis var. herzogii W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 75 (1921)

= Viola allchariensis var. prilepensis W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 75 (1921)

= Viola gracilis var. pinifolia Herzog; Allgem. Bot. Zeitschr. 24-25: 19 (1920)

= Viola mrkvickiana Velen.; Reliq. Mrkv. 6 (1922)

species :

Viola heyuanensis Yan S.Huang, Q.L.Ye & Q.Fan; Nordic J. Bot. 2023(6)-e03941: 7 (2023)

Distribution: China (Guangdong)

36 CHI

species :

Viola hieronymi W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 185 (1922)

Distribution: Argentina (Jujuy, La Rioja)

85 ARG

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 8 Sempervivum

species :

Viola hillii W.Becker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928: 134 (1928)

Distribution: Peru

83 PER

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

species :

Viola hirsutula Brainerd; Rhodora 9: 98 (1907)

Name: Southern woodland violet

Distribution: USA (Alabama, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia)

75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola hirsutula f. albicans L.K.Henry; Castanea 18: 46 (1953)

species :

Viola hirta L.; Sp. Pl. 934 (1753)

Name: Behaartes Veilchen, Rauhaariges Veilchen (DE)

Distribution: England; Ireland; Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland [I]; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, +Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; Andorra; France; ?Corsica; Italy; Sicily; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; Greece (rare and doubtful N-Greece); Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; W-European Russia; Moldova; Ukraine; Siberia (Altai, Krasnoyarsk, W-Siberia); Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Turkey (NE-Anatolia); China (Xinjiang)

10 DEN fin GRB IRE NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 ADO FRA POR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SIC SLV SRB 14 BLR EST LAT LIT MLD RUS UKR 30 SIB 32 KAZ KGZ 33 GEO NCS 34 TUR 36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola calcarea (Bab.) Greg.; J. Bot. 42: 68 (1904)

= Viola calcarea (Bab.) J.W.White; Dörfl., 228 (1904), isonym

= Viola drymeia Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 79 (1866)

= Viola foudrasii Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 7: 4 (1849)

= Viola hebecarpa Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 79 (1866)

= Viola hirsuta Crantz; Inst. Rei Herb. 2: 430 (1766)

= Viola hirsuta var. minor Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 4: 641 (1829)

= Viola hirta subf. fallax (T.Marsson) Zablocki; 23 (1947)

= Viola hirta f. fraterna (Rchb.) Neuman; 269 (1901)

= Viola hirta f. pinetorum (Wiesb.) Neuman; 269 (1901)

= Viola hirta subsp. baurieri (Sennen & Gonzalo) Sennen; Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat. 32: 112 (1932)

= Viola hirta subsp. brevifimbriata W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 26(2): 34 (1909)

= Viola hirta subsp. calcarea (Bab.) E.F.Warb.; Clapham et al., Fl. Brit. Isles: 243 (1952)

= Viola hirta subsp. foudrasii (Jord.) Berher; Louis, Fl. Vosges, éd. 2: 46 (1887)

= Viola hirta subsp. fraterna (Rchb.) Schübl. & G.Martens; 158 (1834)

= Viola hirta subvar. pseudoarenaria Erdner; 569 (1911)

= Viola hirta var. albiflora Semler; 30 (1899), nom. inval.

= Viola hirta var. apetala Bastard; Essai Fl. Maine et Loire, Suppl.: 28 (1812)

= Viola hirta var. aprica Roth; Enum. Pl. Phaen. Germ. 1(1): 750 (1827)

= Viola hirta var. calcarea Bab.; Man. Brit. Bot., ed. 2: 35 (1847)

= Viola hirta var. exigua Bogenh.; 160 (1850)

= Viola hirta var. fallax T.Marsson; 57 (1869)

= Viola hirta var. fertiliflora Neuman; 269 (1901)

= Viola hirta var. foudrasii (Jord.) Boreau; Fl. Centre France, éd. 3, 2: 73 (1857)

= Viola hirta var. fraterna Klett & Richt.; Fl. Leipzig: 231 (1830)

= Viola hirta var. fraterna Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 2: 705 (1832)

= Viola hirta var. frustranea Neuman; 269 (1901)

= Viola hirta var. grandiflora Wirtg.; 22 (1841)

= Viola hirta var. gymnocarpa Beck; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 450 (1921)

= Viola hirta var. hirsuta Bogenh.; 160 (1850)

= Viola hirta var. hirsuta Lange; Willk. & Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. 3: 696 (1878)

= Viola hirta var. laetevirens Clavaud; Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 35: 348 (1881)

= Viola hirta var. lancifolia Bogenh.; 160 (1850)

= Viola hirta var. lilacina Erdner; 569 (1911)

= Viola hirta var. minor Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 2: 197 (1828)

= Viola hirta var. montana Bogenh.; 160 (1850), nom. illeg.

= Viola hirta var. montana Dierb.; 222 (1825)

= Viola hirta var. oenochroa Gillot & Ozanon; Bull. Soc. Dauphin. Échange Pl. 11: 461 (1885)

= Viola hirta var. oligopetala Bogenh.; 160 (1850)

= Viola hirta var. pinetorum Wiesb.; Deutsche Bot. Monatsschr. 3: 45 (1885)

= Viola hirta var. pratensis Dierb.; 222 (1825)

= Viola hirta var. pseudoambigua Wiesb.; Formánek, 77 (1886)

= Viola hirta var. scabra Roth; Enum. Pl. Phaen. Germ. 1(1): 750 (1827)

= Viola hirta var. variegata Bogenh.; 160 (1850)

= Viola hirtoalba Gren. & Godr.; Fl. France Corse 1: 176 (1847)

= Viola maillardii Souché; Compt. Rend. Assoc. Franç. Avancem. Sci. 13: 288 (1884 publ. 1885)

= Viola martii subsp. hirta (L.) Kirschl.; 6 (1840), nom. illeg.

= Viola martii subsp. hirta (L.) Schimp. & Spenn.; Fl. Friburg. 3: 1036 (1829), nom. illeg.

= Viola martii subsp. intermedia Kirschl.; 6 (1840)

= Viola martii var. hirta (L.) Jess.; 219 (1879)

= Viola odorata subsp. hirta (L.) Celak.; 82 (1870)

= Viola pallida Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 130 (1796), nom. superfl.

= Viola rubra Aubl. ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 2: 773 (1841)

= Viola tenerrima Wiesb. ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 78 (1878), nom. inval.

species :

Viola hirtipes S.Moore; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 17(102): 379, t. 16, f. 6 (1879)

Distribution: Russian Far East (Primorye); China (E-Jilin, E-Liaoning); North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)

31 RFE 36 CHI 38 JAP KOR NKO

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola hirtipedoides W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 73 (1921)

= Viola hirtipes f. glabra E.Hama; J. Jap. Bot., 51(11): 341 (1976)

= Viola hirtipes f. grisea (Nakai) Hiyama; J. Jap. Bot. 28: 94 (1953)

= Viola hirtipes f. nudipes Hiyama; J. Jap. Bot. 28: 94 (1953)

= Viola hirtipes f. rhodovenia (Nakai) Hiyama ex F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 204 (1954)

= Viola hirtipes var. grisea Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 27: 129 (1913)

= Viola hirtipes var. lanata Nakai; Chosen Shokubutsu 125 (1914)

= Viola hirtipes var. miyabei (Makino) Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 85 (1922)

= Viola hirtipes var. rhodovenia Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 42: 558, 592 (1928)

= Viola kamibayashii Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 287 (1916)

= Viola miyabei Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 16(183): 124 (1902)

= Viola ramiflora K.O.Yoo; Korean J. Pl. Taxon. 49(2): 140 (2019)

species :

Viola hispida Lam.; Fl. Fr. 2: 679 (1778)

Name: Rouen-Veilchen

Distribution: NW-France (near Rouen)

12 FRA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Mnemion hirsutum Spach; Hist. Nat. Vég. 5: 514 (1836)

= Viola hispida subsp. rothomagensis (Thuill.) P.Fourn.; Fl. Compl. Plaine Franç.: 56 (1928)

= Viola kitaibeliana subsp. rothomagensis (Thuill.) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 52 (1896)

= Viola pesneaui J.Lloyd; Fl. Ouest France, ed. 3: 43 (1876)

= Viola pilosa Pers.; Syn. Pl. 1: 255 (1805), nom. inval.

= Viola rothomagensis Thuill.; Fl. Env. Paris, ed. 2: 454 (1799)

= Viola tricolor subsp. rothomagensis Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 52 (1896)

= Viola tricolor var. hispida (Lam.) Lej. & Courtois; Comp. Fl. Belg. 1: 202 (1828)

species :

Viola hondoensis W.Becker & Boissieu; Bull. Herb. Boissier Ser. II. 8: 739 (1908)

Distribution: Siberia (E-Siberia); Russian Far East (Sakhalin, Kuril Isl.); ?China; North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)

30 SIB 31 RFE 38 JAP KOR NKO

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola hirta var. japonica Maxim.; Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 23: 327 (1877)

= Viola hirta var. nipponica Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 648 (1879)

= Viola nipponica Maxim.; Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, ser. 3, 23: 327 (1877), nom. provis.

species :

Viola hookeriana Kunth; Nov. Gen. et Sp. 5: 369 (1823)

Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Chihuahua, Ciudad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Veracruz)

79 MEX

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 4 Mexicanae

species :

Viola hossei W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 257-258 (1916)

Distribution: NE-India (Meghalaya); Myanmar; Vietnam

40 IND 41 MYA VIE

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. Australasiaticae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola dalatensis Gagnep.; Humbert, Suppl. Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 1: 178, gallice, et in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 85: 600 (1939), latine (1938)

= Viola unwinii W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 26: 25 (1929), et Notes Bot. Gard. Edinb. 16: 147 (1931)

species :

Viola howellii A.Gray; Proc. Amer. Acad. 22: 308 (1887)

Name: Howell´s violet

Distribution: Canada (British Columbia); USA (Oregon, Washington State)

71 CDN 73 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 6 Langsdorffianae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola subcordata Greene; Pittonia 3: 316 (1898)

species :

Viola huesoensis Martic.; Gayana, Bot. 57(2): 191 (2000 publ. 2001), nom. nov.

Distribution: Chile (Antofagasta)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 5 Relictium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola litoralis Phil.; Fl. Atacam. 9 (1860), nom. illeg.

species :

Viola huidobrii Gay; Fl. Chil. 1: 214 (1846)

Distribution: Argentina (Chubut, Neuquen, Rio Negro); Chile (Biobío, Araucania, Los Lagos, Valparaíso)

85 ARG CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola brachypetala Gay; Fl. Chil. 1: 212 (1846)

= Viola lechleri Griseb.; Abh. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 6: 116 (1854)

species :

Viola huizhouensis Y.S.Huang & Q.Fan; PhytoKeys 176: 70, figs. 2-3 (2021)

Distribution: China (Guangdong)

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 1 Diffusae

species :

Viola hultenii W.Becker; Arkiv Bot., Stockh. 22: A. No. 3, 4 (1928)

Distribution: Russian Far East (Kamchatka, Kuril Isl.); Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu)

31 RFE 38 JAP

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola blandiformis var. pilosa H.Hara; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 85 (1952)

= Viola pallens subsp. hultenii (W.Becker) Espeut; Botanica Pacifica 9(1): 31 (2020)

species :

Viola humilis Kunth; Nov. Gen. et Sp. 5: 369 (1823)

Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Ciudad de Mexico, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Veracruz); Colombia (Antioquia, Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Putumayo, Santander)

79 MEX 82 CLM

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 4 Mexicanae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ecuadorensis W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 180 (1922)

= Viola kalbreyeri W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 180 (1922)

= Viola prunellifolia Kunth; Nov. Gen. et Sp. 5: 370 (1823)

= Viola reticulata Schltdl.; Linnaea 12: 201 (1838)

species :

Viola hybanthoides W.B.Liao & Q.Fan; Phytotaxa 197(1): 20 (2015)

Distribution: China (Guangdong)

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 11 Danxiaviola

species :

Viola hymettia Boiss. & Heldr.; Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Or. Nov. 3(1): 57 (1853)

Name: Hymettos-Veilchen

Distribution: France; Italy; Sicily; North Macedonia; SW-Romania; European Turkey; Greece (scattered mainland, Thasos, Samothraki); Ukraine; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Azerbaijan; Iran (N-Iran)

12 FRA 13 GRC ITA NMA ROM SIC TUE 14 UKR 33 AZE GEO NCS 34 IRN

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola arvensioides Strobl; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 27: 224 (1877)

= Viola arvensis subsp. olyssiponensis (Rouy) W.Becker; Mitth. Thüring. Bot. Vereins, n.f., 19: 40, 43 (1904)

= Viola cretacea Klokov; Schischkin & Bobrov, Fl. URSS 15: 686 (1949)

= Viola kitaibeliana f. hymettia (Boiss. & Heldr.) W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 26(2): 339 (1910)

= Viola kitaibeliana var. longiborgneana W.Becker; Viol. Exc.: 180 (1906)

= Viola lavrenkoana Klokov; Ind. Sem. Hort. Bot. Charkov. 8 (1927)

= Viola olyssiponensis Rouy; Magnier, Scrin. Fl. Select. 6: 114 (1887), nom. inval.

= Viola tricolor proles olyssiponensis (Rouy) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 47 (1896)

= Viola tricolor subsp. olyssiponensis Rouy; Magnier, Scrin. Fl. Select. 6: 114 (1887)

= Viola tricolor subvar. hymettia (Boiss. & Heldr.) Gams; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. 5: 601 (1926)

= Viola tricolor var. arvensioides (Strobl) Ces., Pass. & Gibelli; Comp. Fl. Ital. 2: 807 (1886)

= Viola tricolor var. hymettia (Boiss. & Heldr.) Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 1: 466 (1867)

= Viola tricolor var. hymettia (Boiss. & Heldr.) P.Fourn.; Quatre Fl. France: 452 (1936)

= Viola tricolor var. olyssiponensis (Rouy) Henriq.; Bol. Soc. Brot. 6: 13 (1888)

species :

Viola impostor R.N.Burwell & H.E.Ballard; ined.

Distribution: USA (Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina)

78 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola improcera L.G.Adams; Fl. Australia 8: 387, 100 (1982)

Distribution: Australia (Victoria)

50 AUS

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 5 Erpetion

Conservation Status: known from only 1 collection besides the type

species :

Viola incognita Brainerd; Rhodora 248 (1905)

Distribution: E-Canada; NE-USA

72 CDN 76 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae. A separate species from V. blanda fide Marcussen et al. 2022

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola incognita var. forbesii Brainerd; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 38: 8 (1911)

species :

Viola inconspicua Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 58 (1825)

Distribution: Mauritius; Georgia [Caucasus] [I]; China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); Ryukyu Isl.; Taiwan; India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, West Bengal); Myanmar; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (once from Penang Hill); Sumatra; Philippines; Java; New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea); Australia (NE-Queensland); Norfolk Isl.

29 MAU 33 geo 36 CHI 38 JAP NNS TAI 40 IND 41 MYA VIE 42 JAW MLY NWG PHI SUM 50 AUS NFK

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola angustistipulata C.C.Chang; Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., n.s., 1: 250 (1949)

= Viola apetala Roxb.; Hort. Bengal. 18 (1814), nomen, Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 2: 449 (1824), Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 1: 650 (1832)

= Viola betonicifolia subsp. nagasakiensis (W.Becker) Y.S.Chen

= Viola betonicifolia subsp. novaguineensis D.M.Moore; Rep. Sp. Nov. Regni Veg. 68 (1963)

= Viola betonicifolia var. oblongosagittata (Nakai) F.Maek. & T.Hashim.; & T. Hashim. J. Jap. Bot. 43: 162 (1968)

= Viola confusa f. albescens (Taken.) F.Maek. & T.Hashim.; J. Jap. Bot. 43: 161 (1968)

= Viola confusa f. albiflora S.S.Ying; Coloured Ill. Fl. Taiwan 4: 783 (1992)

= Viola confusa f. ciliata (Taken.) F.Maek. & T.Hashim.; J. Jap. Bot. 43: 162 (1968)

= Viola confusa f. leucantha E.Hama; Violets of Japan: 181 (1987)

= Viola confusa f. pilosa (F.Maek.) F.Maek. & T.Hashim.; J. Jap. Bot. 43: 161 (1968)

= Viola confusa f. serratodentata (Taken.) F.Maek. & T.Hashim.; J. Jap. Bot. 43: 162 (1968)

= Viola confusa subsp. nagasakiensis (W.Becker) F.Maek. & Hashim.; Hashim. J. Jap. Bot. 43: 161 (1968)

= Viola confusa var. lanyuensis S.S.Ying; Coloured Ill. Fl. Taiwan 4: 18 (1992)

= Viola hunanensis Hand.-Mazz.; Symb. Sin. 7(2): 376, f. 10: 2, 3 (1931)

= Viola inconspicua f. albescens (Taken.) Yonek.; J. Jap. Bot. 80(6): 326 (2005)

= Viola inconspicua f. pilosa (F.Maek.) Yonek.; J. Jap. Bot. 80(6): 326 (2005)

= Viola inconspicua subsp. nagasakiensis (W.Becker) J.C.Wang & T.C.Huang; Taiwania 35: 41-44, f. 12 (1990)

= Viola inconspicua var. minor (Makino) S.S.Ying; Coloured Ill. Fl. Taiwan 4: 26 (1992)

= Viola japonica Matsum. & Hayata; J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 22: 29 (1906)

= Viola maculicola Koidz.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 7: 112 (1938)

= Viola mandshurica subsp. nagasakiensis W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 40: 161 (1923)

= Viola minor (Makino) Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 26: 151 (1912)

= Viola minor f. albescens (Taken.) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 209 (1954)

= Viola minor f. ciliata Taken.; J. Nat. Hist. Soc. Fukuoka 2: 190, 195 (1938)

= Viola minor f. pilosa F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 209 (1954)

= Viola minor f. serratodentata (Taken.) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 209 (1954)

= Viola minor var. albescens Taken.; J. Nat. Hist. Soc. Fukuoka 2(5): 195 (1938)

= Viola minor var. ciliata Taken.; J. Nat. Hist. Soc. Fukuoka 2(5): 189, 195 (1938)

= Viola minor var. serratodentata Taken.; J. Nat. Hist. Soc. Fukuoka 2: 189 (1938)

= Viola oblongosagittata Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36(423): 37 (1922)

= Viola patrinii var. minor Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 6: 50 (1892)

= Viola philippica Sasaki; List Pl. Formosa 298 (1928)

= Viola primulifolia Lour.; Fl. Cochinch. 2: 513 (1790), non L.

= Viola pseudomonbeigii Chang; Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., n. s. 1(3): 251 (1949)

= Viola serpens var. confusa (Benth.) J.D.Hooker & Thomson

= Viola trinervis Korth.; Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 1: 357 (1848)

species :

Viola indica W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 20(2): 126 (1906)

Distribution: Pakistan (Chitral, Hazara); India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Meghalaya, Punjab, Uttarakhand)

40 IND PAK

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola indica f. barbata (W.Becker) S.P.Banerjee & Pramanik; Fasc. Fl. India 12: 26 (1983)

= Viola indica var. barbata W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl., Abt. 2, 40: 135 (1923)

species :

Viola ingolensis Elisafenko; Rastitel´n. Mir Aziatsk. Rossii 2(34): 12, figs. 3-7 (2019)

Distribution: Siberia (Krasnoyarsk)

30 SIB

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

species :

Viola isaurica Contandr. & Quézel; Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 123: 419 (1976)

Distribution: Turkey (SSW-Anatolia)

34 TUR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

species :

Viola ivonis Erben; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 21(2): 608 (1985)

Distribution: North Macedonia

13 NMA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola iwagawae Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 26: 158 (1912)

Distribution: Japan (Yakushima Isl.); Ryukyu Isl.

38 JAP NNS

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola boissieuana var. iwagawae (Makino) Ohwi; Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 33: 80 (1953)

= Viola tashiroi subsp. iwagawae (Makino) K.Nakaj.; J. Geobot. 18: 13 (1970)

species :

Viola jalapaensis W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 125 (1922)

Distribution: Mexico (Tamaulipas, Veracruz)

79 MEX

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

species :

Viola jangiensis W.Becker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1929: 201 (1929)

Distribution: India (Himachal Pradesh, Punjab)

40 IND

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

species :

Viola japonica Langsd. ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 295 (1824)

Distribution: South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); ?Taiwan; USA [I] (Massachusetts [I])

38 JAP KOR 75 usa

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola crassicalcarata C.J.Wang; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 14(4): 379-340, f. 1, 1-8 (1992)

= Viola japonica f. albida F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 205 (1954), nom. inval.

= Viola japonica f. barbara (Hiyama) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 205 (1954)

= Viola japonica f. pallescens Sugim.; J. Geobot. 16: 50 (1968)

= Viola japonica f. variegata (Hatus.) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 205 (1954)

= Viola japonica var. variegata Hatus.; Exp. Forest. Kyushu Imp. Univ. 5: 132 (1934)

= Viola kapsanensis Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 35 (1922)

= Viola kapsanensis var. albiflora (Nakai) Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 36 (1922)

= Viola metajaponica f. barbara Hiyama; J. Jap. Bot. 26: 157 (1951)

= Viola metajaponica Nakai; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 72: 192 (1925)

= Viola odorata Thunb.; Fl. Jap. 326 (1784) (non L.)

species :

Viola jaubertiana Marès & Vigin.; Cat. Pl. Baléar. 37 (1880)

Name: Balearen-Veilchen

Distribution: Baleares (Mallorca)

12 BAL

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola odorata var. jaubertiana (Marès & Vigin.) Knoche; Fl. Baléar. 2: 209 (1922)

species :

Viola javanica W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl 34(2): 260 (1916), et H. Lév., Cat. Pl. Yun-Nan: 278 (1917)

Distribution: E-Java

42 JAW

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

species :

Viola jinggangshanensis Z.L.Ning & J.P.Liao; Ann. Bot. Fenn. 49(5-6): 383 (2012)

Distribution: China (Jiangxi)

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 1 Diffusae

species :

Viola joergensenii W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 22: 353 (1926)

Distribution: Argentina (Catamarca)

85 ARG

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 10 Triflabellium

species :

Viola johnstonii W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 110 (1927)

Distribution: Chile (Antofagasta)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 5 Relictium

species :

Viola jooi Janka; Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 7: 198 (1857)

Name: Karpaten-Veilchen

Distribution: NE-Serbia; C-Romania; Ukraine

13 ROM SRB 14 UKR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola sciaphila Joó ex Janka; Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 7: 198 (1857), nom. inval.

= Viola transsilvanica Schur; Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 10: 184 (1860)

species :

Viola jordanii Hanry; Prodr. Hist. Nat. Vor 169 (1853)

Name: Jordan-Veilchen

Distribution: Hungary; SE-France; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Romania; Bulgaria; Greece (rare NC-Greece); Moldova; Ukraine; Crimea; Turkey (SSW-Anatolia, S-Anatolia); Pakistan (Waziristan); India (Jammu & Kashmir)

11 HUN 12 FRA 13 BUL GRC KOS NMA ROM SRB 14 KRY MLD UKR 34 TUR 40 IND PAK

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola canina subsp. jordanii (Hanry) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 11 (1896)

= Viola canina var. provincialis Kirschl.; Mém. Viol.: 14 (1840)

= Viola cilicica Contandr. & Quézel; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 123: 419 (1976)

= Viola elatior subsp. jordanii (Hanry) Soó; Magyar Növenyvilag Kezikönyve 1: 631 (1951)

= Viola elatior var. provincialis Burnat; Fl. Alpes Marit. 1: 173 (1892)

= Viola falconeri Hook.f. & Thomson; Hook.f. Fl. Brit. India 1: 185 (1872)

= Viola jordanii var. falconeri (Hook.f. & Thomson) W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl., Abt. 2, 34: 380 (1917)

= Viola oblonga Blatt.; J. Ind. Bot. Soc. 9: 200 (1930)

= Viola provincialis (Kirschl.) Burnat; Fl. Alpes Marit. 4: 266, 303 (1906)

= Viola vandasii Velen.; Fl. Bulg.: 641 (1891)

species :

Viola kauaensis A.Gray; Proc. Amer. Acad. 2: 325 (1852)

Distribution: Hawaii (Kauai, Oahu)

63 HAW

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 5 Nosphimium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola kauaensis f. maxima Hochr.

variant :

var. hosakae (H.St.John) Havran & Ching Harbin; PhytoKeys 39: 28 (2014)

Distribution: Hawaii

63 HAW

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola hosakae H.St.John; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 111(2): 173 (1989)

= Viola vanroyenii H.St.John; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 111: 198 (1989)

variant :

var. wahiawaensis C.N.Forbes; Occas. Pap. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Mus. 7(3): 34, t. 4 (1920)

Distribution: Hawaii (Kauai)

63 HAW

Conservation Status: 1999 Conservation Status: Endangered, USA Status: Endangered

species :

Viola keiskei Miq.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2: 153 (1865)

Distribution: North Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)

38 JAP NKO

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola hirta f. keiskei (Miq.) Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 17: 86 (1903)

= Viola keiskei f. barbata Hiyama ex F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 205 (1954)

= Viola keiskei f. glaberrima W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl., Abt. 2, 40: 155 (1923)

= Viola keiskei f. okuboi (Makino) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 205 (1954)

= Viola keiskei var. glabra W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl., Abt. 2, 34: 252 (1916)

= Viola keiskei var. okuboi Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 16: 133 (1902)

= Viola okuboi (Makino) Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 17: 85 (1903)

= Viola okuboi var. glabra Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 17: 86 (1903)

species :

Viola kermesina W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 7: 124 (1909)

Distribution: Peru

83 PER

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

species :

Viola kitaibeliana Schult.; Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 5: 383 (1819)

Name: Kleines Stiefmütterchen (DE)

Distribution: Germany [I] (Baden-Württemberg [I], Rheinland-Pfalz [I], Thüringen [I]); Switzerland; Austria; ?Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Corsica; Italy; Sicily; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (widespread mainland, Evvoia, Thasos, Samothraki, Sporades, Limnos, Skiros, Andros, Tinos); E-European Russia; Moldova; Ukraine; Crimea; Morocco; Canary Isl. (Tenerife); Turkmenistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Ikaria, Kalimnos, Tilos); Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Iraq (SE-Iraq: Mesopotamia); Iran (Iranian Aserbaijan); Cyprus (C-Mountains); Syria (Jbel Druze); Israel (coastal W-Israel, N-Israel); China [I]

11 AUT CZE ger HUN SLO SWI 12 COR POR 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SIC SLV SRB TUE 14 KRY MLD RUS UKR 20 MOR 21 CNY 32 TKM 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 CYP EAI IRN IRQ ISR SYR TUR 36 chi

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae. V. henriquesii (Iberian peninsula) is sometimes kept separate. The delimitation from V. arvensis is often critical.

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola arvensis f. latifolia Pau; Not. Bot. Fl. Españ. 6: 26 (1895)

= Viola arvensis subsp. henriquesii (Willk. ex Cout.) W.Becker; Mitth. Thüring. Bot. Vereins 19: 40, 46 (1904)

= Viola arvensis subsp. kitaibeliana (Schult.) Mateo & Figuerola; Fl. Analit. Prov. Valencia (IAM Investig. 14): 369 (1987), isonym

= Viola arvensis subsp. kitaibeliana (Schult.) W.Becker; 42 (1904)

= Viola arvensis subsp. minima (Gaudin) Mateo, M.B.Crespo & E.Laguna; Fl. Valentina 5: 233 (2024)

= Viola arvensis subsp. trimestris (DC.) W.Becker; Mitth. Thüring. Bot. Vereins, n.f., 19: 40, 47 (1904)

= Viola arvensis var. kitaibeliana (Schult.) Halácsy; Consp. Fl. Graec. 1: 145 (1901)

= Viola brachyantha Stapf; Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 51: 39 (1886)

= Viola brockmanniana W.Becker; 70 (1910)

= Viola henriquesii (Willk. ex Cout.) W.Becker; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 56: 190 (1906)

= Viola karakalensis Klokov; Fl. URSS 15: 687, t. 22, f. 9 (1949)

= Viola kitaibeliana subsp. machadiana (Cout.) Capelo & C.Aguiar; Silva Lusitana 3: 126 (1995)

= Viola kitaibeliana subsp. trimestris (DC. ex Ging.) Espeut; Monde Pl. 464: 20 (1999)

= Viola kitaibeliana var. beirensis (Cout.) Lázaro Ibiza; Revista Real Acad. Ci. Madrid 17: 269 (1919)

= Viola kitaibeliana var. brevicalcarata Font Quer & Svent.; Addit. Fl. Canar. 1: 37 (1960), et Sommerfeltia 17: 1-295 (1993)

= Viola kitaibeliana var. brockmanniana (W.Becker) Gams

= Viola kitaibeliana var. henriquesii (Willk. ex Cout.) W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 26(2): 339 (1910)

= Viola kitaibeliana var. machadiana (Cout.) W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 26(2): 340 (1910)

= Viola kitaibeliana var. tokajensis Soó; 183 (1940)

= Viola kitaibeliana var. trimestris (DC.) Espeut; Biocosme Mésogéen 27(4): 132 (2010)

= Viola parviflora Kit.; Roem. & Schult., 383 (1819), nom. inval.

= Viola parvula var. glabra Lange; Vidensk. Meddel. Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1866: 93 (1866)

= Viola parvula var. glabrata Lange; Vidensk. Meddel. Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1865: 93 (1866)

= Viola parvula var. villosa Lange; Vidensk. Meddel. Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1865: 93 (1866)

= Viola tricolor proles albuquerqueana Samp.; Ann. Sci. Acad. Polytecn. Porto 4: 120 (1909)

= Viola tricolor proles kitaibeliana (Schult.) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 47 (1896)

= Viola tricolor subsp. brockmanniana (W.Becker) Furrer & Longa; 67 (1915)

= Viola tricolor subsp. henriquesii (Willk. ex Cout.) Cout.; Fl. Portugal 419 (1913)

= Viola tricolor subsp. kitaibeliana (Schult.) C.Vicioso; Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 6: 60 (1946), isonym

= Viola tricolor subsp. kitaibeliana (Schult.) Schinz & R.Keller; Fl. Schweiz, ed. 3, 1: 366 (1909)

= Viola tricolor subsp. machadeana (Cout.) Cout.; Bol. Soc. Brot. 28: 112 (1920)

= Viola tricolor subsp. machadiana (Cout.) Cout.; Fl. Portugal: 419 (1913)

= Viola tricolor subsp. minima (Gaudin) O.Bolòs; A. Bolòs, Veg. Barcelona: 415 (1950)

= Viola tricolor subsp. minima Gaudin; Fl. HeIv. 2: 210 (1828)

= Viola tricolor subsp. nana (DC.) Corb.; Nouv. Fl. Normandie: 81 (1894)

= Viola tricolor subsp. parviflora (Kit.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 80 (1878)

= Viola tricolor subsp. trimestris (DC. ex Ging.) Cout.; Fl. Portugal: 419 (1913)

= Viola tricolor subvar. pygmaea Rouy & Foucaud; 48 (1896)

= Viola tricolor var. albuquerqueana (Samp.) Samp.; Fl. Portugal, ed. 2: 317 (1947)

= Viola tricolor var. beirensis Cout.; Fl. Portugal: 419 (1913)

= Viola tricolor var. brockmanniana (W.Becker) Gams; 601 (1925)

= Viola tricolor var. gracilis Lázaro Ibiza; Revista Real Acad. Ci. Madrid 17: 402, 404 (1919)

= Viola tricolor var. henriquesii (Willk. ex Cout.) P.Fourn.; Quatre Fl. France: 452 (1936)

= Viola tricolor var. henriquesii Willk. ex Cout.; Bol. Soc. Brot. 10: 36 (1892)

= Viola tricolor var. hirta Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 304 (1824)

= Viola tricolor var. kitaibeliana (Schult.) Hampe; 19 (1836)

= Viola tricolor var. kitaibeliana (Schult.) Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. 1: 257 (1842), isonym

= Viola tricolor var. kitaibeliana (Schult.) Rupr.; Fl. Ingrica: 141 (1860), isonym

= Viola tricolor var. machadiana Cout.; Bol. Soc. Brot. 10: 36 (1892)

= Viola tricolor var. mediterranea Gren.; Gren. & Godr., Fl. France 1: 183 (1847)

= Viola tricolor var. minima (Gaudin) Moritzi; 167 (1832)

= Viola tricolor var. nana DC.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 301 (1824)

= Viola tricolor var. nemausensis (Jord.) Nyman; 80 (1878)

= Viola tricolor var. procerior Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 2: 211 (1828), nom. superfl.

= Viola tricolor var. tenella (Poir.) Griseb.; Spic. Fl. Rumel. 1: 237 (1843)

= Viola tricolor var. trimestris DC. ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 304 (1824)

= Viola trimestris (DC. ex Ging.) W.Becker; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 56: 190 (1906)

species :

Viola kitamiana Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 42: 564 (1928)

Distribution: Russian Far East (Kuril Isl.); Japan (Hokkaido)

31 RFE 38 JAP

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola crassa var. kitamiana (Nakai) F.Maek. & Toyok.; Hokuriko J. Bot. 6: 105 (1957)

species :

Viola kizildaghensis Dinç & Yild.; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 138(4): 483 (2002)

Distribution: Turkey

34 TUR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

species :

Viola kjellbergii Melch.; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12: 206 (1934)

Distribution: Sulawesi; New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)

42 NWG SUL

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola lagaipensis D.M.Moore; Nova Guinea, Bot., No. 11, 182 (1963)

= Viola arcuata Ooststr. & H.J.Lam; non Blume

species :

Viola kopaonikensis Pancic ex Tomovic & Niketic; Phytotaxa 253(4): 242 (2016)

Distribution: Serbia

13 SRB

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola kosanensis Hayata; Icon. Pl. Formosan. 3: 28 (1913)

Distribution: China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, NE-Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, S-Shaanxi, Sichuan, NW-Yunnan)

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola fukienensis W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 22: 337 (1926)

= Viola kiangsiensis W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 21(601-605): 321 (1925)

species :

Viola kosaninii (Degen) Hayek; Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Math.-Nat. Kl. (Wien) 94: 155 (1918)

Distribution: S-Albania; N-North Macedonia; N-Greece (Mt. Voras)

13 ALB GRC NMA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 14 Delphiniopsis

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola delphinantha subsp. kosaninii Degen; Mag. Bot. Lapok 10: 108 (1911)

species :

Viola kouliana Bhellum & Magotra; Nordic J. Bot. 2022(8)-e03648: 2 (2022)

Distribution: NW-India (Jammu & Kashmir)

40 IND

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 13 Sclerosium

species :

Viola kunawarensis Royle; Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. 75 (1834)

Distribution: Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; China (Gansu, Qinghai, NW-Sichuan, Xinjiang); Tibet; Pakistan (Hazara, Baltistan); Nepal; India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Leh, etc.)

32 KAZ KGZ TZK 36 CHI TIB 40 IND NEP PAK

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 12 Himalayum

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola gmeliniana var. glabra Regel & Herder; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 39: 527 (1866)

= Viola kunawarensis f. longifolia C.J.Wang

= Viola kunawarensis var. angustifolia W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 397 (1917)

= Viola thianschanica Maxim.; Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, sér. 3, 26: 427 (1880)

species :

Viola kusanoana Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 26: 173 (1912)

Distribution: Russian Far East (Kuril Isl., Primorye, Sakhalin); South Korea (Ullung Do Isl.); Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)

31 RFE 38 JAP KOR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola dageletiana Nakai; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 72: 195 (1925)

= Viola insularis Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 32: 108 (1918), nom. illeg.

= Viola kusanoana f. alba Masam.; J. Geobot. 8: 22 (1959)

= Viola kusanoana f. bevicalcarata (H.Hara) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 206 (1954)

= Viola kusanoana f. pubescens (Nakai) M.Mizush.; Sci. Res. Ozegahara Moor: 450 (1954)

= Viola kusanoana f. radicans M.Nagas.; Yaso 4: 60 (1938)

= Viola kusanoana f. subrosea H.Igarashi; J. Jap. Bot. 75(3): 187 (2000)

= Viola kusanoana var. bevicalcarata H.Hara; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 50: 302 (1936)

= Viola kusanoana var. glabra Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 57 (1922), nom. inval.

= Viola kusanoana var. pubescens Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: (57), (90) (1922)

= Viola miyakei Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 1928 43: 563 (1928)

= Viola mutsuensis W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 241 (1916)

= Viola sacchalinensis var. miyakei (Nakai) Ohwi; Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 33: 80 (1953)

= Viola silvestriformis W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 242 (1916)

species :

Viola kusnezowiana W.Becker; B. Fedtsch. Fl. Asiat. Ross. No. 9, 88 (1915), et Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 254 (1916)

Distribution: Russian Far East (Amur, Khabarovsk, Primorye)

31 RFE

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

species :

Viola kwangtungensis Melch.; Sunyatsenia 1(2-3): 124-126, t. 31 (1933)

Distribution: China (Guangdong, etc.)

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. Australasiaticae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola sikkimensis var. debilis W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 260 (1916)

species :

Viola labradorica Schrank; Denkschr. Bot. Ges. Regensb. 1(2): 12 (1818)

Name: Alpine violet

Distribution: Greenland; Canada (Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Northern Territories, Ontario, Prince Edward Isl., Québec, Saskatchewan); St. Pierre et Miquelon; USA (Alabama, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, North Carolina, North Dakota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin, West Virginia)

70 CDN GNL 71 CDN 72 CDN SPM 73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola adunca var. minor (Hook.) Fernald; Rhodora 51: 57 (1949)

= Viola canina var. muhlenbergii (Torr.) A.Gray; Bot. Gaz. 11(11): 292 (1886)

= Viola conspersa Rchb.; Iconogr. Bot. Pl. Crit. 1: 44 (1823)

= Viola leucopetala Greene; Ottawa Naturalist 15(9): 191 (1901)

= Viola muhlenbergiana Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 297 (1824)

= Viola muhlenbergiana var. albiflora Hook.; Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 78 (1830)

= Viola muhlenbergiana var. minor Hook.; Fl. Bor.-Amer. (Hooker) 1: 78 (1830)

= Viola muhlenbergii Torr.; Fl. N. Middle United States 1: 256 (1824)

= Viola muhlenbergii var. albiflora (Hook.) Torr. & A.Gray; Fl. N. Amer. 1: 140 (1838)

= Viola muhlenbergii var. pubescens A.Gray; Amer. J. Sci. Arts 83: 404 (1862)

species :

Viola lactea Sm.; Sowerby, Engl. Bot. 7: t. 445 (1798)

Name: Milchweißes Veilchen (DE)

Distribution: England; Ireland; Portugal; Spain; France; Channel Isl.

10 GRB IRE 12 CIS FRA POR SPA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola canina proles lusitanica (Brot.) Samp.; Ann. Sci. Acad. Polytecn. Porto 4: 121 (1909)

= Viola canina subsp. lactea Corb.; Nouv. Fl. Normandie: 78 (1894), nom. illeg.

= Viola canina subsp. lancifolia (Thore) Wigand; Fl. Kurhessen: 81 (1859)

= Viola canina subsp. lusitanica (Brot.) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 7 (1896)

= Viola canina var. lactea (Sm.) Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 669 (1821)

= Viola canina var. lancifolia (Thore) Woerl.; 170 (1889)

= Viola canina var. major Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 8 (1896)

= Viola canina var. pumiliformis Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 8 (1896)

= Viola lactea var. minor Lázaro Ibiza; Revista Real Acad. Ci. Madrid 17: 394 (1919)

= Viola lactea var. pumila (Fr.) Nyman; 78 (1878)

= Viola lactea var. pumiliformis (Rouy & Foucaud) Samp.; Bol. Soc. Brot., sér. 2, 10: 232 (1935)

= Viola lamiifolia Pritz.; Ic. Ind. 1163 (1855)

= Viola lancifolia Thore; Essai Chloris 357 (-358) (1803)

= Viola lusitana Brot.; Phytogr. Lusitan. Select.: 11 (1800 publ. 1801)

= Viola montana var. lactea (Sm.) Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 299 (1824)

= Viola pumila var. lancifolia (Thore) DC.; 299 (1824)

= Viola recta var. lactea (Sm.) Garcke; 55 (1848)

= Viola ruppii proles lactea (Sm.) Samp.; Lista Esp. Herb. Port.: 72 (1913)

= Viola ruppii var. lusitanica (Brot.) Samp.; Man. Fl. Port.: 261 (1911)

= Viola ruppii var. pumiliformis (Rouy & Foucaud) Samp.; Man. Fl. Port.: 261 (1911)

species :

Viola lactiflora Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 28(336): 329 (1914)

Distribution: China (Jiangsu, Jiangxi, S-Liaoning, Sichuan, SW-Yunnan, Zhejiang); North Korea; South Korea; Japan [I]

36 CHI 38 jap KOR NKO

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola limprichtiana W.Becker; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 54(5, Beibl. 120): 185-186 (1917)

species :

Viola lanaiensis W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34: 11. 214 (1916)

Distribution: Hawaii (Lanai)

63 HAW

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 5 Nosphimium

Conservation Status: 1999 Conservation Status: Endangered, USA Status: Endangered

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola helenae var. lanaiensis Rock

= Viola robusta var. oblongifolia Drake; nom. nud.

species :

Viola lanceolata L.; Sp. Pl. 934 (1753)

Name: Bog white violet

Distribution: Canada (British Columbia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Isl., Québec); St. Pierre et Miquelon; USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Vermont, Washington State, Wisconsin, West Virginia); Colombia [I]; Venezuela [I]

71 CDN 72 CDN SPM 73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 77 USA 78 USA 82 clm ven

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola attenuata Sweet; Hort. Brit. (Sweet), ed. 3. 54 (1839)

= Viola denticulosa Pollard; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28: 475 (1901)

species :

Viola langeana Valentine; Feddes Repert. 79: 57 (1968)

Distribution: C-Portugal; WC-Spain

12 POR SPA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola arvensis subsp. caespitosa (Nyman) W.Becker; Mitth. Thüring. Bot. Vereins, n.f., 19: 40, 48 (1904)

= Viola caespitosa Lange; Willk. & Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. 3: 701 (1878), nom. illeg.

= Viola caespitosa var. condensata Henriq.; Exped. Serra da Estrella: 117 (1883)

= Viola caespitosa var. laxa Henriq.; Exped. Serra da Estrella: 117 (1883)

= Viola lutea subsp. caespitosa Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur., Suppl. 2: 47 (1889)

species :

Viola langloisii Greene; Pittonia 3: 87 (1896)

Distribution: E-USA

75 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae. Not a synonym of V. missouriensis fide Marcussen et al. 2022

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola affinis var. langloisii (Greene) Griscom; Rhodora 38: 49 (1936)

= Viola langloisii var. pedatiloba Brainerd; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 38: 2 (1911)

species :

Viola langsdorfii (Regel) Fisch. ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 296 (1824)

subspecies :

subsp. langsdorfii

Name: Aleutian violet

Distribution: Alaska; Canada (British Columbia, Yukon); USA (California, Oregon, Washington State)

70 ASK CDN 71 CDN 73 USA 76 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 6 Langsdorffianae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola mirabilis var. langsdorffii (Fisch. ex Ging.) Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(II): 485 (1862)

= Viola peduncularis Langsd. ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 297 (1824), nom. inval.

= Viola simulata M.S.Baker; Madroño 3: 237 (1936)

= Viola superba M.S.Baker; Madroño 5: 220, tab. 20, 22, fig. 10 (1940)

subspecies :

subsp. sachalinensis W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl., Abt. 2, 34: 253 (1916)

Distribution: Siberia (Yakutia); Russian Far East (Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Kuril Isl., Sakhalin); Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu)

30 SIB 31 RFE 38 JAP

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola franchetii H.Boissieu; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 47: 321 (1900)

= Viola kamtschadalorum var. parviflora (Regel) Tatew.; Bull. Biogeogr. Soc. Japan 4: 283 (1934)

= Viola kamtschadalorum var. pubescens Miyabe & Tatew.; Trans. Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc. 15: 206 (1938)

= Viola kamtschadalorum W.Becker & Hultén; Arkiv Bot., Stockh. 22: A. No. 3, 6 (1928)

= Viola kurilensis Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 33 (1922)

= Viola kurilensis var. pubescens (Miyabe & Tatew.) Tatew. & Ohwi; J. Jap. Bot. 26: 233 (1951)

= Viola langsdorffii f. parviflora (Regel) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 207 (1954)

= Viola langsdorffii f. pubescens (Miyabe & Tatew.) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 207 (1954)

= Viola langsdorffii var. caulescens Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. 1: 250 (1842)

= Viola langsdorffii var. parviflora (Regel) Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: (56), (89) (1922)

= Viola langsdorffii var. subacaulis Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. 1: 250 (1842)

= Viola langsdorffii var. ursina (Kom.) W.Becker & Hultén; Ark. Bot. 22A(3): 7 (1928)

= Viola langsdorfii subsp. kamtschadalorum (W.Becker & Hultén) Tzvelev

= Viola langsdorfii var. caulescens Ging.; (1824)

= Viola mirabilis lusus caulescens (Ledeb.) Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(II): 487 (1862)

= Viola mirabilis lusus livonica Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(II): 488 (1862)

= Viola mirabilis lusus parviflora Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(II): 487 (1862)

= Viola mirabilis lusus subacaulis (Ledeb.) Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(II): 486 (1862)

= Viola sapporensis Franch. ex Boissieu; Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 47: 321 (1925)

= Viola ursina Kom.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 235 (1914)

species :

Viola lanifera W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 183 (1922)

Distribution: Chile (Coquimbo)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

species :

Viola laricicola Marcussen; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 142(1): 119 (2003)

Distribution: SE-France (Col du Lautaret, Col du Vars); NW-Italy (Col du Montgenevre)

12 FRA 13 ITA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola latiuscula Greene; Pittonia 5: 93 (1902)

Distribution: E-USA

75 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae. Not a synonym of V. sororia fide Marcussen et al. 2022

species :

Viola lehmannii W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 22(2): 91 (1907), et ex H. E. Ballard & P. Jørg., Cat. Vasc. PI. Ecuador (Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard., 75): 956 (1999)

Distribution: Ecuador; Peru; Bolivia (La Paz)

83 BOL ECU PER

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 1 Leptidium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola lehmannii subsp. ovalifolia W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 22(2): 91 (1907)

species :

Viola leyboldiana Phil.; Linnaea 33: 16 (1864 publ. 1865)

Distribution: Argentina (Mendoza); Chile (Maule)

85 ARG CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 8 Sempervivum

species :

Viola libanotica Boiss.; Diagn. ser. 1, 8: 52 (1849)

Distribution: Lebanon (C-Lebanon)

34 LEB

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

species :

Viola lilliputana Iltis & H.E.Ballard; Brittonia 64(4): 355 (2012)

Distribution: Peru

83 PER

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 4 Inconspicuiflos

species :

Viola lilloana W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 23: 225 (1926)

Distribution: Argentina (Catamarca, Tucuman)

85 ARG

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

species :

Viola lithion N.H.Holmgren & P.K.Holmgren; Brittonia 44(3): 300 (1992)

Name: Rock violet

Distribution: USA (Nevada: White Pine Range, Utah: Pilot Range)

76 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

species :

Viola llullaillacoensis W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 109 (1927)

Distribution: Chile (Antofagasta, Atacama)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

species :

Viola lobata Benth.; Pl. Hartw. [Bentham] 298 (1843)

Name: Pine violet, Yellow wood violet

Distribution: USA (California, Oregon); Mexico (Baja California Norte)

73 USA 76 USA 79 MEX

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola dactylifera Greene; Pittonia 3: 317 (1898)

= Viola montana Kellogg; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ed. 2, 1: 55 (1873), nom. illeg.

variant :

var. integrifolia S.Watson; W. H. Brewer et al., Bot. California 1: 57 (1876)

Distribution: USA (California, SW-Oregon)

73 USA 76 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola deltoidea Greene; Pittonia 3: 317 (1898), nom. illeg.

= Viola lobata subsp. integrifolia (S.Watson) R.J.Little; Phytologia 72(2): 78 (1992)

= Viola lobata subsp. psychodes (Greene) Munz; Aliso 4: 94 (1958)

= Viola lobata var. psychodes (Greene) J.T.Howell; Mentzelia 1: 8 (1975)

= Viola psychodes Greene; Pittonia 3: 318 (1898)

= Viola sequoiensis Kellogg; Proc. Calif. Acad. 2: 185 (1863)

species :

Viola lologensis (W.Becker) J.M.Watson; Gayana, Bot. 68(2): 302 (2011)

Distribution: Argentina (Neuquen)

85 ARG

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 8 Sempervivum

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola cotyledon subsp. lologensis W.Becker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928: 135 (1928)

species :

Viola longibracteolata P.Gonzáles, Ed.Navarro & J.M.Watson; Phytotaxa 571(1): 59 (2022)

Distribution: Peru

83 PER

species :

Viola longissima Yan S.Huang & Q.Fan; Nordic J. Bot. 2023(6)-e03941: 6 (2023)

Distribution: China (Guangdong)

36 CHI

species :

Viola lovelliana Brainerd; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 37: 526 (1910)

Name: Lovell´s violet

Distribution: USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas)

74 USA 75 USA 77 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae. Often treated as hybrid

species :

Viola lucens W.Becker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928(6): 250 (1928)

Distribution: China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi)

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 1 Diffusae

species :

Viola lutea Huds.; Fl. Angl. 331 (1762)

subspecies :

subsp. lutea

Name: Gelbes Stiefmütterchen

Distribution: Switzerland; ?N-Spain; France

11 SWI 12 FRA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Mnemion elegans Spach; Hist. Nat. Vég. 5: 513 (1836), nom. illeg.

= Mnemion grandiflorum (L.) Spach; 514 (1836)

= Viola amoena T.F.Forst.; J. Symons, Syn. Pl. Ins. Brit.: 198 (1798)

= Viola elegans Kirschl.; 18 (1840), nom. illeg.

= Viola grandiflora subsp. lutea (Huds.) Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 2: 212 (1828)

= Viola grandiflora Vest; 158 (1821), nom. illeg., non L.

= Viola lutea var. elegans (Kirschl.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur., Suppl. 2(1): 47 (1889)

= Viola lutea var. grandiflora W.D.J.Koch; Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv.: 87 (1835)

= Viola tricolor subsp. lutea (Huds.) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 53 (1896)

= Viola tricolor var. grandiflora W.D.J.Koch; Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv., ed. 2: 95 (1844), nom. illeg.

= Viola tricolor var. sudetica (Willd. ex Schltdl.) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 53 (1896)

= Viola tricolor var. unguiculata Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 53 (1896)

subspecies :

subsp. calaminaria (DC. ex Ging.) Rothm.; Feddes Repert. 67(1-3): 7 (1963)

Name: Gelbes Galmei-Stiefmütterchen (DE)

Distribution: Netherlands; Belgium; W-Germany (Nordrhein-Westfalen)

11 BGM GER NET

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola calaminaria (DC. ex Ging.) Lej.; Rev. Fl. Spa: 49 (1825)

= Viola lutea subsp. calaminaria (DC. ex Ging.) Nauenb.; Untersuch. Variab. Ökol. & Syst. Viola tricolor-Gruppe Mitteleuropa: 92 (1986), isonym

= Viola lutea subvar. multicaulis (W.D.J.Koch) Gams; 607 (1925)

= Viola lutea var. multicaulis W.D.J.Koch; Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv.: 87 (1835)

= Viola lutea var. tricolor Kaltenb.; 65 (1843)

= Viola sudetica var. calaminaria DC. ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 303 (1824)

subspecies :

subsp. sudetica (Willd.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 81 (1878)

Name: Sudeten-Stiefmütterchen

Distribution: Austria; Czech Republic; Slovakia

11 AUT CZE SLO

Synonyms: hidden

= Mnemion sudeticum (Willd.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n.s., 16: 341 (1868)

= Viola lutea subsp. sudetica (Willd.) W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 18(2): 388 (1905), isonym

= Viola lutea var. sudetica (Willd.) W.D.J.Koch; Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv.: 87 (1835)

= Viola sudetica Willd.; Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol., Suppl.: 12 (1814)

subspecies :

subsp. westfalica (A.A.H.Schulz) U.Hildebr.et al.; 216 (2006)

Name: Violettes Galmei-Stiefmütterchen

Distribution: C-Germany (Nordrhein-Westfalen)

11 GER

Remarks: known only from one small population

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola calaminaria subsp. westfalica (A.A.H.Schulz) J.Heimans; Levende Natuur 69: 268 (1966)

= Viola calaminaria var. westfalica (A.A.H.Schulz) W.Ernst; Abh. Landesmus. Naturk. Münster Westfalen 27: 32 (1965)

= Viola guestphalica Nauenb.; Untersuch. Variab. Ökol. & Syst. Viola tricolor-Gruppe Mitteleuropa: 98 (1986), nom. nov. inval., et Haussknechtia 12: 54 (2010)

= Viola lutea var. westfalica A.A.H.Schulz; Jahres-Ber. Westfal. Prov.-Vereins Wiss. 40: 218 (1912)

species :

Viola lyallii Hook.f.; Handb. N. Zeal. Fl. 16 (1864)

Distribution: New Zealand (widespread); Chatham Isl.

51 CTM NZL

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 4 Bilobatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola cunninghamii var. gracilis Hook.f.; (1852)

= Erpetion spathulatum A.Cunn.; (1840) (non G. Don

species :

Viola macloskeyi F.E.Lloyd; Erythea 3: 74 (1895)

Name: Smooth white violet

Distribution: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Northern Territories, Nunavut, Ontario, Prince Edward Isl., Québec, Saskatchewan); St. Pierre et Miquelon; USA (Alabama, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, Vermont, Washington State, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Wyoming)

70 CDN 71 CDN 72 CDN SPM 73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 76 USA 77 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola blanda subsp. macloskeyi (F.E.Lloyd) A.E.Murray; Kalmia 12: 26 (1982)

= Viola blanda var. macloskeyi (F.E.Lloyd) Jeps.; Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. [Jeps.] 648 (1925)

= Viola clandestina Pursh; Fl. Amer. Sept. (Pursh) 1: 173 (1813)

= Viola obliqua Pursh; Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 172 (1813), nom. illeg.

= Viola pallens subsp. macloskeyi (F.E.Lloyd) M.S.Baker; Madroño 12: 18 (1953)

species :

Viola macroceras Bunge; Fl. Altaic. 1: 256-257 (1829)

Distribution: Siberia (Altai); Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Northern Caucasus; China (Xinjiang); Mongolia; Pakistan (Chitral, Skardu, Baltistan); India (Uttarakhand)

30 SIB 32 KAZ KGZ TZK 33 NCS 36 CHI 37 MON 40 IND PAK

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola czemalensis Zuev; Byull. Mosk. Obshch. Ispyt. Prir., Biol. 98(4): 103 (1993)

species :

Viola maculata Cav.; Ic. 6: 20, t. 539 (1800)

Name: Pilludén, violeta del monte [Chile]

Distribution: Argentina (Chubut, Neuquen, Rio Negro, Santa Cruz, Tierra del Fuego); Chile (Metropolitana de Santiago, O´Higgins, Maule, Ñuble, Biobío, Araucanía, Los Rios, Los Lagos, Aisén, Magallanes); Falkland Isl.

85 ARG CLE 91 FAL

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 4 Chilenium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola buchtienii Gand.; Bull. Soc. Bot. Fance 59: 705 (1912 publ. 1913)

= Viola glandulosa Dombey ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 297 (1824)

= Viola grandidentata Kalela; Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., Ser. A, 54: No. 5, 17 (1940)

= Viola lutea Comm. ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 297 (1824), nom. illeg.

= Viola macloviana Gand.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 59: 705 (1912 publ. 1913)

= Viola maculata f. calliantha Speg. ex W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 21: 360 (1925)

= Viola maculata f. chilensis Weibel; Candollea 10: 79 (1943)

= Viola maculata f. chillanensis Sparre; Lilloa 17: 395, tab. 5 (1949)

= Viola maculata f. constitucionensis Sparre; Lilloa 17: 397, fig. 4, tab. 7 (1949)

= Viola maculata f. grandidentata (Kalela) Weibel; Candollea 10: 81 (1943)

= Viola maculata f. munozii Sparre; Lilloa 17: 398, fig. 5, tab. 8 (1949)

= Viola maculata f. valdiviana (Kalela) Weibel; Candollea 10: 81 (1943)

= Viola maculata var. buchtienii (Gand.) Weibel; Candollea 10: 80 (1943)

= Viola maculata var. megaphylla DC. ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 297 (1824)

= Viola maculata var. minor Hook. & Arn.; Bot. Misc. 3: 144 (1833)

= Viola maculata var. popetae Sparre; Lilloa 17: 399 (1949)

= Viola maculata var. pubescens Reiche; Anales Univ. Chile 90: 894 (1895)

= Viola maculata var. tenuifolia Speg.; Revista Fac. Agron. Univ. Nac. La Plata 3: 595 (1897)

= Viola pyrolifolia Poir.; Encyc. 8: 636 (1808)

= Viola tetrapetala Molina; Sag. Stor. Nat. Chili, ed. 2: 133 (1810)

= Viola valdiviana Kalela; Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., Ser. A 54(5): 14 (1940)

variant :

var. microphyllos (Poir.) DC. ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 297 (1824)

Distribution: Argentina (Chubut, Neuquen, Rio Negro, Santa Cruz, Tierra del Fuego); Chile (Aisen, Magallanes)

85 ARG CLE

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola buchtieniana W.Becker; Allg. Bot. Zeitschr. 12: 2 (1906)

= Viola fimbriata Steud.; Flora 39: 423 (1856)

= Viola maculata f. buchtieniana (W.Becker) Skottsb.; Kongl. Svenska Vetensk. Acad. Handl., n.f., 50(5): 263 (1916)

= Viola maculata f. fimbriata (Steud.) Weibel; Candollea 10: 84 (1943)

= Viola maculata f. septentrionalis (Kalela) Weibel; Candollea 10: 84 (1943)

= Viola maculata subsp. microphyllos (Poir.) Weibel; Candollea 10: 83 (1943)

= Viola microphyllos f. septentrionalis Kalela; Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., Ser. A 54(5): 32 (1940)

= Viola microphyllos Poir.; Encyc. 8: 628 (1808)

species :

Viola magellanica G.Forst.; Comm. Götting. 9: 41, t. 8 (1789)

Distribution: Argentina (Santa Cruz, Tierra del Fuego); Chile (Los Lagos, Magallanes)

85 ARG CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 4 Chilenium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola magniflora Molina; Sag. Stor. Nat. Chili, ed. 2. 283 (1810)

species :

Viola magellensis Porta & Rigo ex Strobl; Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 27: 229 (1877)

Distribution: C-Italy

13 ITA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola magnifica C.J.Wang & X.D.Wang; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 13: 263 (1991)

Distribution: China (Anhui, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, S-Shaanxi, E-Sichuan, Zhejiang)

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

species :

Viola majchurensis Pissjauk.; Not. Syst. Herb. Inst. Bot. Acad. Sci. URSS 15: 177 (1953)

Distribution: Uzbekistan; Tajikistan

32 TZK UZB

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

species :

Viola mandonii W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 22(2): 95 (1907)

Distribution: Peru; Bolivia (Cochabamba, Santa Cruz)

83 BOL PER

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 1 Leptidium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola humboldtii var. renifolia Britton; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 16: 18 (1889)

species :

Viola mandshurica W.Becker; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 54(5, Beibl. 120): 179-180 (1917)

Distribution: Russian Far East (Amur, Khabarovsk, Kuril Isl., Primorye); Georgia [Caucasus] [I]; China (Anhui, Hebei, Heilongjiang, ?Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, ?Shaanxi, Shandong, ?Shanxi); North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); Taiwan

31 RFE 33 geo 36 CHI 38 JAP KOR NKO TAI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola albida subsp. marginata W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 40: 141 (1924)

= Viola chinensis var. ciliata Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 284 (1916)

= Viola chinensis var. media Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 284 (1916)

= Viola chinensis var. transitica Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 283 (1916)

= Viola hsinganensis Taken.; Sci. Contr. Northeast Norm. Univ. 1: 81, t. 2, f. 8 (1955)

= Viola mandshurica f. albiflora P.Y.Fu & Y.C.Teng; Fl. Pl. Herb. Chin. Bor.-Orient. 6: 293 (1977)

= Viola mandshurica f. albiflora S.S.Ying; Coloured Ill. Fl. Taiwan 4: 783 (1992), nom. illeg.

= Viola mandshurica f. aureoreticulata M.Nagas.; Yaso 4: 63 (1938)

= Viola mandshurica f. ciliata (Nakai) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 207 (1954)

= Viola mandshurica f. crassa (Tatew.) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 208 (1954)

= Viola mandshurica f. dispar Honda; Nom. Pl. Jap., ed. emend.: 389 (1957)

= Viola mandshurica f. glabra (Nakai) Hiyama ex F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 207 (1954)

= Viola mandshurica f. hasegawae Hiyama; J. Jap. Bot. 31: 255 (1956)

= Viola mandshurica f. macrantha (Maxim.) Nakai ex Kitag.; Lin. Fl. Manshur.: 321 (1939)

= Viola mandshurica f. plena F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 208 (1954)

= Viola mandshurica f. villosa Sugim.; Keys Herb. Pl. Jap. 1(Dicot.): 735 (1965)

= Viola mandshurica var. ciliata Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: (61) (1922)

= Viola mandshurica var. crassa Tatew.; Veg. Rebun: 12 (1934)

= Viola mandshurica var. glabra Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: (61) (1922)

= Viola mandshurica var. glabripetala Hiyama; J. Jap. Bot. 28: 93 (1953)

= Viola mandshurica var. media (Nakai) Hiyama; J. Jap. Bot. 28: 93 (1953)

= Viola oblongosagittata f. ishizakii Yamam.; J. Soc. Trop. Agric. 5: 352 (1933)

= Viola oldhamiana Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 42: 559 (1928)

= Viola patrinii var. gmeliniana Miq.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 152 (1865)

= Viola patrinii var. macrantha Maxim.; Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 9: 48 (1859)

= Viola philippica f. intermedia (Kitag.) Kitag.; Lin. Fl. Manshur. 322 (1939)

= Viola rhodosepala Kitag.; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 48: 611 (1934)

= Viola yedoensis f. intermedia Kitag.; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 48(566): 103 (1934)

variant :

var. ikedaeana (W.Becker ex Taken.) Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 208 (1954)

Distribution: South Korea; Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); Taiwan

38 JAP KOR TAI

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ikedaeana W.Becker ex Taken.; Fukuoka Hakubuts. Zasshi (Ed. Ann. Soc. Hist.-Nat. Fukuok.) 2: 193 (1938)

= Viola mandshurica f. albiikedaeana E.Hama; Violets of Japan: 181 (1987)

variant :

var. triangularis (Franch. & Sav.) Mizush.; Misc. Rep. Res. Inst. Nat. Resources 38: 122 (1955)

Distribution: Bonin Isl. (Chichijima, Hahajima)

38 OGA

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola boninensis Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 37 (1922)

= Viola mandshurica f. niijimensis (Nakai) F.Maek. & T.Hashim.; J. Jap. Bot. 43: 161 (1968)

= Viola mandshurica f. pubigera Hiyama ex F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 208 (1954)

= Viola mandshurica var. boninensis (Nakai) M.Mizush.; J. Jap. Bot. 27: 143 (1952)

= Viola niijimensis Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 39 (1922)

= Viola patrinii var. triangularis Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 1: 41 (1873)

species :

Viola maoershanensis Y.S.Chen & Q.E.Yang; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 159(2): 351 (2009)

Distribution: China (Guangxi)

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

species :

Viola marcelaferreyrae Nicola, J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores; Darwiniana n. s. 10(2): 517 (2022)

Distribution: Argentina (Neuquén)

85 ARG

species :

Viola marcelorosasii J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores; Int. Rock Gard. 104: 11 (2018)

Distribution: Chile (Atacama)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 5 Relictium

species :

Viola mariae W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 14: 322 (1916)

Distribution: Russian Far East (Sakhalin)

31 RFE

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola matronae Stepanov; Red Book Krasnoyarsk. Territ. [ed. 3] 449 (2022)

Distribution: Siberia (Krasnoyarsk)

30 SIB

Remarks: provisionally accepted name

species :

Viola mauritii Tepl.; Zap. Ural´sk. Obshch. Lyubit. Estestv. 7(3): 37 (1882)

Distribution: C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, W-Siberia, Yakutia); Russian Far East (Amur, Khabarovsk, Magadan); Mongolia

14 RUS 30 SIB 31 RFE 37 MON

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola teplouchovii Juz.; Spisok Rast. Herb. Fl. URSS 13: 83 (1955)

= Viola willkommii Tepl.; Zap. Ural´sk. Obshch. Lyubit. Estestv. 7(2): 24 (1882), nom. illeg.

species :

Viola maviensis H.Mann; Proc. Amer. Acad. 7: 150 (1867)

Distribution: Hawaii (Molokai, Maui, Hawaii Isl.)

63 HAW

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 5 Nosphimium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola hawaiiensis H.St.John; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 111(2): 169 (1989)

= Viola kohalana (Rock) H.St.John; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 111(2): 179 (1989)

= Viola maviensis var. kohalana Rock

= Viola rockii H.St.John; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 111(2): 190 (1989)

species :

Viola maximowicziana Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 16: 128 (1902)

Distribution: Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)

38 JAP

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola maximowicziana f. rubescens Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 26: 151 (1912)

= Viola selkirkii f. major Maxim. ex Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 2: 253 (1888)

species :

Viola maymanica Grey-Wilson; Kew Bull. 29(1): 41 (1974)

Distribution: Afghanistan (Faryab)

34 AFG

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 16 Spathulidium

species :

Viola mearnsii Merr.; Philipp. J. Sci. 5: 201 (1910)

Distribution: Sulawesi; Philippines

42 PHI SUL

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

species :

Viola membranacea W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 7: 123 (1909)

Distribution: Peru

83 PER

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 4 Inconspicuiflos

species :

Viola mercurii Orph. ex Halácsy; Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Math.-Nat. Kl. (Wien) 61: 497 (1894)

Distribution: S-Greece (mountains of Peloponnisos except Taygetos)

13 GRC

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. 1 Ebracteatae

species :

Viola merrilliana W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 234 (1916)

Distribution: Philippines (Luzon)

42 PHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 4 Bilobatae

species :

Viola merxmuelleri Erben; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 20: 30 (1984)

Distribution: Italy

13 ITA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola mesadensis W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 363 (1928)

Distribution: Argentina (Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Cordoba, La Pampa, Salta, Santa Fe, San Juan, San Luis, Tucuman)

85 ARG

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 10 Triflabellium

species :

Viola miaolingensis Y.S.Chen; Phytotaxa 400(4): 251 (2019)

Distribution: China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan)

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

species :

Viola micranthella Wedd.; Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. V. 1: 291 (1864)

Distribution: Peru; Bolivia (Cochabamba, La Paz, Tarija); Argentina (Jujuy, Salta)

83 BOL PER 85 ARG

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 8 Sempervivum

species :

Viola microcentra W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 73 (1921)

Distribution: Japan (Kyushu)

38 JAP

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

species :

Viola microphylla Phil.; Linnaea 28: 611 (1856)

Distribution: Argentina (Mendoza); Chile (Valparaíso, Metropolitana de Santiago, O´Higgins, Maule)

85 ARG CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola arbuscula Phil.; Anales Univ. Chile 81: 491 (1893)

= Viola microphylla f. fimbriata Speg.; Revista Fac. Agron. Univ. Nac. La Plata 3: 495 (1897)

= Viola microphylla f. macropoda Speg.; Revista Fac. Agron. Univ. Nac. La Plata 3: 495 (1897)

= Viola microphylla f. micropoda Speg.; Revista Fac. Agron. Univ. Nac. La Plata 3: 495 (1897)

= Viola philippii Leyb.; Anales Univ. Chile 1859: 681 (1859), nom. superfl.

= Viola philippii var. arbuscula (Phil.) Reiche; Anales Univ. Chile 90: 909 (1895)

species :

Viola minuscula Greene; Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1: 247 (1906)

Distribution: E-Canada; NE-USA (New York, etc.)

72 CDN 75 USA 76 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae. Not a synonym of V. macloskeyi fide Marcussen et al. 2022

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola pallens f. alba L.R.Perkins; Rhodora 11: 164 (1909)

= Viola pallens var. subreptans J.Rousseau; Naturaliste Canad. 65: 306 (1938)

species :

Viola minuta M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur. Caucasus 1: 173 (1808)

Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Azerbaijan

33 AZE GEO NCS

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola meyeriana (Rupr.) Klokov; Fl. URSS 15: 479, t. 22, f. 3 (1949)

= Viola minuta subsp. dagestanica (Rupr.) Vl.V.Nikitin; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 31: 224 (1998)

= Viola minuta subsp. meyeriana (Rupr.) Vl.V.Nikitin; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 31: 225 (1998)

= Viola minuta var. dagestanica Rupr.; Mem. Acad. Sci. Petersb. (Sci. Phys. Math.), ser. 7, 15(2): 157 (1869)

= Viola minuta var. meyeriana Rupr.; Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 15(2): 157 (1869)

species :

Viola minutiflora Phil.; Anales Univ. Chile 81: 493 (1893)

Distribution: Chile (Biobío, Araucanía)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 9 Subandinium

species :

Viola mirabilis L.; Sp. Pl. 936 (1753)

Name: Wunder-Veilchen (DE)

Distribution: Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hessen [I], Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein [I], Saarland, +Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; NE-Spain (Pyrenees); France; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; W-European Russia; Moldova; Ukraine; Crimea; Siberia (Altai, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, W-Siberia); Russian Far East (Amur, Khabarovsk, Primorye); Kazakhstan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; China (Gansu, ?Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol); Mongolia; North Korea; Japan (Honshu)

10 DEN FIN NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX POL SLO SWI 12 FRA SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO ITA KOS MNT ROM SLV SRB 14 BLR EST KRY LAT LIT MLD RUS UKR 30 SIB 31 RFE 32 KAZ 33 GEO NCS 36 CHI 37 MON 38 JAP NKO

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola apetala Gilib.; Fl. Lit. Inch. 2: 124 (1782), opus utique oppr.

= Viola brachysepala Maxim.; Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 9: 50 (1859)

= Viola improvisa Vl.V.Nikitin; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 35: 135 (2003)

= Viola mirabilis lusus brachysepala (Maxim.) Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(II): 485 (1862)

= Viola mirabilis lusus glabra Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(II): 488 (1862)

= Viola mirabilis lusus hispidula Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(II): 489 (1862)

= Viola mirabilis lusus subglabra (Ledeb.) Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(II): 484 (1862)

= Viola mirabilis f. latisepala W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 236 (1916)

= Viola mirabilis f. seiichii E.Hama; J. Jap. Bot., 51(11): 339 (1976)

= Viola mirabilis f. strigosa W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 236 (1916)

= Viola mirabilis subsp. brachysepala (Maxim.) Vorosch.; A. K. Skvortsov (ed.), Florist. issl. v razn. raionakh SSSR: 182 (1985)

= Viola mirabilis subsp. subglabra (Ledeb.) Zuev; Fl. Sibir. (Geraniac.-Cornac.) 10: 87 (1996)

= Viola mirabilis var. apetala (F.W.Schmidt) Pohl; Tent. Fl. Bohem. 1: 231 (1809)

= Viola mirabilis var. brachysepala (Maxim.) Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 4: 450 (1861)

= Viola mirabilis var. brevicalcarata Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 33: 9 (1919)

= Viola mirabilis var. glaberrima W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 237 (1916)

= Viola mirabilis var. kusnetzoffii Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 4: 450 (1861)

= Viola mirabilis var. platysepala Kitag.; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 48(566): 103 (1934)

= Viola mirabilis var. strigosa (W.Becker) Espeut; Botanica Pacifica 9(1): 17 (2020)

= Viola mirabilis var. subglabra Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. 1: 251 (1842)

= Viola subglabra (Ledeb.) Baikov ex A.V.Grebenjuk & Chepinoga; Konspekt Fl. Irkutsk. Obl. 182 (2008)

species :

Viola missouriensis Greene; Pittonia 4: 141 (1900)

Name: Missouri violet

Distribution: USA (Arkansas, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, Ohio, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, Wisconsin)

74 USA 75 USA 77 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola candidula Nieuwl.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 85, pl. 2, 3 (1913)

= Viola illinoensis Greene; Pittonia 4: 293 (1901)

= Viola lucidifolia Newbro; Stud. Nat. Hist. Iowa Univ. 17: 56, pl. 4, fig. 3

= Viola sororia var. missouriensis (Greene) L.E.McKinney; Sida, Bot. Misc. 7: 42 (1992)

species :

Viola modesta Fenzl; Pug. Pl. Nov. Syr. 12 no. 39 (1842)

Distribution: Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Armenia; Turkey (Inner Anatolia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia: Mesopotamian Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq, NW-Iraq); Iran (Iranian Aserbaijan); Iran (S-Iran, W-Iran); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria, NW-Syria, W-Syrian Mountains); Israel (Rift Valley, N-Israel); Jordania (W-Jordania)

32 TKM UZB 33 ARM 34 IRN IRQ ISR JOR LEB SYR TUR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. 1 Ebracteatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ebracteolata Fenzl; Ill. Descr. Pl. Nov. Syr. Tauri: 49 (1843)

= Viola modestula Klokov; Fl. URSS 15: 687, t. 22, ff. 6, 7 (1949)

= Viola septempunctata Siehe ex Bornm.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 89: 90 (1936), pro syn.

species :

Viola monacanora J.L.Hastings & H.E.Ballard; J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 150(1): 137 (2023)

Distribution: USA (North Carolina, Virginia)

78 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola mongolica Franch.; Pl. David. 1: 42 (1884)

Distribution: China (Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shanxi); South Korea

36 CHI 38 KOR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola dolichoceras C.J.Wang; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 13: 258 (1991)

= Viola hebeiensis J.W.Wang & T.G.Ma; Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 8(2): 130 (1988)

= Viola liaosiensis P.Y.Fu & Y.C.Teng; Fl. Plant. Herb. Chinae bor.-or. 6: 292 (1977)

= Viola mongolica f. longisepala P.Y.Fu & Y.C.Teng; Fl. Plant. Herb. Chinae bor.-or. 6: 292 (1977)

= Viola yamatsutae Ishid.; J. Chosen Nat. Hist. Soc. 8: 18 (1929)

= Viola yezoensis var. hebeiensis (J.W.Wang & T.G.Ma) J.W.Wang & J.Yang; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27(3): 202 (1989) ("hopeiensis")

species :

Viola montagnei Gay; Fl. Chil. 1: 222 (1846)

Distribution: Argentina (Catamarca, La Rioja, Mendoza, San Juan); Chile (Atacama, Coquimbo, Valparaíso, Metropolitana de Santiago, O´Higgins, Maule)

85 ARG CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola bicolor Reiche; Anales Univ. Chile 90: 899 (1895), nom. illeg.

= Viola cano-barbata Leyb.; Flora 49: 285 (1866)

= Viola cano-barbata var. albiflora W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 21: 360 (1925)

= Viola flos-mariae Hieron.; Bol. Acad. Nac. Ci. Republ. Argent. 4: 8 (1881)

= Viola flos-mariae var. nivea Hieron.; Bol. Acad. Nac. Ci. Republ. Argent. 4: 10 (1881)

= Viola flos-mariae var. virescens Hieron.; Bol. Acad. Nac. Ci. Republ. Argent. 4: 10 (1881)

= Viola karlreicheana Sanso, M.Seo & Xifreda; Darwiniana 45(2): 241 (2007), nom. nov.

= Viola montagnei var. glandulosa Phil.; Linnaea 33: 15 (1864)

species :

Viola montcaunica Pau; Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 23 (Act.): 129 (1895)

Distribution: N- & C-Spain

12 SPA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola cornuta subsp. montcaunica (Pau) Rivas Mart.; An. Inst. Bot. A. J. Cavanilles 36: 307 (1979 publ. 1980)

= Viola cornuta var. montcaunica (Pau) Malag.; Sin. Fl. Ibér. 48: 751 (1976)

species :

Viola moupinensis Franch.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33: 412 (1886)

Distribution: China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Tibet; Nepal; Bhutan; India (Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, West Bengal); Myanmar

36 CHI TIB 40 BHU IND NEP 41 MYA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola mairei H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 343 (1914)

= Viola moupinensis var. lijiangensis C.J.Wang; Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 8(2): 20-21 (1988)

= Viola palustris var. moupinensis (Franch.) Franch.; Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., sér. 2, 8: 202 (1885)

= Viola paravaginata H.Hara; J. Jap. B. 43: 47 (1968)

= Viola rosthornii E.Pritz. ex Diels; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29(3-4): 477 (1900)

= Viola vaginata subsp. alata W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 253 (1916)

= Viola vaginata var. sutchuensis Franch. ex H.Boissieu; Bull. Herb. Boissier, ser. 2, 1(11): 1078 (1901)

species :

Viola mucronulifera Hand.-Mazz.; Sinensia 2(1): 4-5 (1931)

Distribution: China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan)

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. Australasiaticae

species :

Viola muehldorfii Kiss; Bot. Közlem. 19: 92 (1921)

Distribution: Russian Far East (Amur, Primorye); China (Heilongjiang); North Korea

31 RFE 36 CHI 38 NKO

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola lasiostipes Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36(423): 32 (1922)

species :

Viola muliensis Y.S.Chen & Q.E.Yang; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 149(3): 365 (2005)

Distribution: China (Sichuan)

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

species :

Viola multifida Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg. 5: 352 (1819)

Distribution: Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, W-Siberia, Yakutia); Russian Far East (Amur, Primorye); Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; China (Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, ?Henan, ?Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, N-Sichuan, ?Zhejiang); ?Tibet; Mongolia; South Korea

30 SIB 31 RFE 32 KAZ KGZ 36 CHI 37 MON 38 KOR

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola dissecta f. pubescens (Regel) Kitag.; J. Jap. Bot. 34(1): 7 (1959)

= Viola dissecta f. viridis Y.N.Lee; Bull. Korea Pl. Res. 6: 5 (2006)

= Viola dissecta Ledeb.; Fl. Altaic. 1: 255 (1829)

= Viola dissecta var. pubescens (Regel) Kitag.; Rep. Exped. Manchoukuo Sect. IV 2: 296 (1938)

= Viola milanae Vl.V.Nikitin; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 38: 191 (2006)

= Viola pinnata lusus glabra Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(II): 467 (1862)

= Viola pinnata lusus hirta Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(II): 466 (1862)

= Viola pinnata lusus pubescens Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(II): 467 (1862)

= Viola pinnata subsp. multifida (Regel) W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 12: 439 (1922)

= Viola pinnata var. angustisecta W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 12: 439 (1922)

= Viola pinnata var. dissecta (Ledeb.) Turcz.; Fl. Baic. Dahur. 1: 178 (1842)

= Viola pinnata var. latisecta W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 12: 439 (1922)

= Viola pinnata var. multifida Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(II): 466 (1862)

= Viola pinnata var. sibirica Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 293 (1824)

= Viola ×lii Kitag.; J. Jap. Bot. 19: 110 (1943)

species :

Viola munbyana Boiss. & Reut.; Pugill. Pl. Afr. Bor. Hispan.: 15 (1852)

Distribution: NW-Sicily; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia

13 SIC 20 ALG MOR TUN

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola battandieri W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 18(2): 366 (1905)

= Viola fontanesii Coss. ex Batt.; Fl. Alger., Suppl. Phanerog. 20 (1910)

= Viola gracilis var. munbyana (Boiss. & Reut.) Batt.; Batt. & Trab., Fl. Algérie, Dicot.: 104 (1888)

= Viola munbyana var. battandieri (W.Becker) Batt.; Fl. Algèrie, Suppl. Phan. [Batt.]: 20 (1910)

= Viola munbyana var. kabylica Batt.; Fl. Algérie, Suppl. Phan.: 20 (1910)

= Viola munbyana var. rifana Emb. & Maire; Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 17: 38 (1927)

= Viola villarii Sennen & Mauricio; Diagn. Nouv. Pl. Espagne & Maroc: 227 "1936" (1951)

species :

Viola nagasawae Makino & Hayata; J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 22: 30 (1906)

Distribution: Taiwan

38 TAI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 1 Diffusae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola acutilabella Hayata; Icon. Pl. Formosan. 10: 1 (1921)

= Viola diffusa var. nagasawai (Makino & Hayata) S.S.Ying; Coloured Ill. Fl. Taiwan 4: 29 (1992)

= Viola nagasawae var. acutilabella (Hayata) Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 87 (1922)

= Viola shaoyoukengensis S.S.Ying; New Taxa New Names 2: 65 (2022)

species :

Viola nana (DC. ex Ging.) Le Jol.; Mém. Soc. Natl. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 7: 267 (1860)

Distribution: England; ?Germany; ?Switzerland; Spain; France; Channel Isl.

10 GRB 12 CIS FRA SPA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola arvensis var. nana (DC. ex Ging.) Besnou; Fl. Manche: 45 (1881)

= Viola kitaibeliana var. nana (DC. ex Ging.) P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 1: 692 (2018)

= Viola nana (DC. ex Ging.) Godr.; Mém. Soc. Natl. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 19: 166 (1875), isonym

= Viola tricolor var. nana DC. ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 304 (1824)

species :

Viola nanlingensis J.S.Zhou & F.W.Xing; Ann. Bot. Fenn. 45(3): 233 (2008)

Distribution: China (Guangdong)

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 1 Diffusae

species :

Viola nannae R.E.Fr.; Act. Hort. Berg. 8: 10 (1925)

Distribution: Kenya (mountains)

25 KEN

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 17 Abyssinium

species :

Viola nannei Pol.; Linnaea 41: 547 (1877)

Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Oaxaca, San Luis Potosi, Veracruz); Costa Rica; Panama

79 MEX 80 COS PAN

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 4 Mexicanae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola chiapasiensis W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 20: 5 (1924)

= Viola nannei var. glaberrima W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 20: 5 (1924)

species :

Viola nassauvioides Phil.; Anales Univ. Chile 81: 346 (1893)

Distribution: Chile (Metropolitana de Santiago)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 1 Confertae

species :

Viola nebrodensis C.Presl; J. & C. Presl, Del. Prag. 26 (1822)

Name: Madonie-Veilchen

Distribution: N-Sicily (Le Madonie)

13 SIC

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola nephrophylla Greene; Pittonia 3: 144 (1896)

Name: Northern bog violet

Distribution: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Northern Territories, Nunavut, Ontario, Prince Edward Isl., Québec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); USA (Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Washington State, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Wyoming); Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Sonora)

70 CDN 71 CDN 72 CDN 73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 76 USA 77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola arizonica Greene; Pittonia 5: 33 (1902)

= Viola austinae Greene; Pittonia 5: 30 (1902)

= Viola cognata Greene; Pittonia 3: 145 (1896)

= Viola cucullata f. prionosepala (Greene) Brainerd; Rhodora 15: 112 (1913)

= Viola galacifolia Greene; Pittonia 5: 30 (1902)

= Viola lunellii Greene; Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 2: 95 (1910)

= Viola mccabeiana M.S.Baker; Madrono 5: 226 (1940)

= Viola nepetifolia Greene; Pittonia 5: 92 (1902)

= Viola nephrophylla f. albinea Farw.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 11: 64 (1928)

= Viola nephrophylla f. bicolor B.Boivin; Naturaliste Canad. 87: 49 (1960)

= Viola nephrophylla var. arizonica (Greene) Kearney & Peebles; J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 29: 487 (1939)

= Viola nephrophylla var. cognata (Greene) C.L.Hitchc.; Vasc. Pl. Pacif. N. W. [C. L. Hitchcock & al.] 3: 445 (1961)

= Viola peramoena Greene; Pittonia 5: 94 (1902)

= Viola subjuncta Greene; Pittonia 5: 31 (1902)

= Viola vagula Greene; Pittonia 4: 67 (1899)

species :

Viola niederleinii W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 184 (1922)

Distribution: Argentina (La Rioja)

85 ARG

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

species :

Viola nitida Y.S.Chen & Q.E.Yang; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 159(2): 350 (2009)

Distribution: China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan)

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

species :

Viola nobilis W.Becker; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37: 590 (1906)

Distribution: Peru

83 PER

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 8 Sempervivum

species :

Viola novae-angliae House; Rhodora 6: 226 (1904)

Name: New England blue violet

Distribution: Canada (New Brunswick); USA (Maine, New Hampshire, New York, Vermont)

72 CDN 75 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola sororia var. novae-angliae (House) L.E.McKinney; Sida, Bot. Misc. 7: 44 (1992)

species :

Viola nubigena Leyb.; Flora 47: 40 (1864)

Distribution: Chile (Metropolitana de Santiago)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 9 Subandinium

species :

Viola nuda W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 26(703-708): 26 (1929)

Distribution: China (W-Yunnan)

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

species :

Viola nuevoleonensis W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 125 (1922)

Distribution: Mexico

79 MEX

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola nujiangensis Y.S.Chen & X.H.Jin; Phytotaxa 230(2): 193 (2015)

Distribution: China (Yunnan)

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

species :

Viola nummulariifolia Vill.; Prosp. Pl. Dauph. 26 (1779)

Name: Pfennigblättriges Veilchen

Distribution: SE-France; Corsica; NW-Italy

12 COR FRA 13 ITA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. 3 Pseudorupestres

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola argenteria Moraldo & Forneris; Allionia 28: 51, 52 (1987-88 publ. 1988), nom. nov.

= Viola nummularia Vuk.; Rad Jugos. Akad. Zagreb. 66: 16 (1883)

= Viola nummulariifolia All.; Fl. Pedem. 2: 98, t. 9, f. 4. (1785), isonym

species :

Viola nuttallii Pursh; Fl. Am. Sept. 1: 174 (1813)

Name: Nuttall´s violet

Distribution: Canada (Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan); USA (Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Mexico, South Dakota, Wyoming)

71 CDN 73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 76 USA 77 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Crocion nuttallii (Pursh) Nieuwl. & Lunell; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 4: 478 (1916)

species :

Viola oahuensis C.N.Forbes; Occas. Papers Bishop Mus. Honolulu 4: 216 (1909)

Distribution: Hawaii (Oahu)

63 HAW

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 5 Nosphimium

Conservation Status: 1999 Conservation Status: Endangered, USA Status: Endangered

species :

Viola obituaria J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores; Int. Rock Gard. 145: 22, 19-21, 35-38, 40, 42, 44-46 (2022)

Distribution: Chile

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 8 Sempervivum

species :

Viola obtusa (Makino) Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 26: 151 (1912)

Distribution: South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)

38 JAP KOR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola grypoceras var. odorifera W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 40(2): 41 (1923)

= Viola obtusa f. alba Sugim.; J. Geobot. 16: 50 (1968)

= Viola obtusa f. chibae (Makino) Hiyama ex F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 210 (1954)

= Viola obtusa f. hemileuca Sugim.; Keys Herb. Pl. Jap. 1(Dicot.): 735 (1965)

= Viola obtusa f. nuda (Ohwi) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 210 (1954)

= Viola obtusa var. chibae Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 26: 152 (1912)

= Viola obtusa var. nuda Ohwi; Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 33: 80 (1953)

= Viola odorifera Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 26: 151 (1912)

= Viola ovato-oblonga var. obtusa Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 26: 151 (1912)

= Viola sylvestris f. obtusa Miq.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 154 (1865)

variant :

var. tsuifengensis Hashim.; Ann. Tsukuba Bot. Gard. 6: 3 (1987)

Distribution: Taiwan

38 TAI

species :

Viola occidentalis (A.Gray) Howell; Fl. N. W. Amer. 1: 69 (1897)

Distribution: USA (California, Oregon)

73 USA 76 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola lanceolata subsp. occidentalis (A.Gray) N.H.Russell; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 54: 485 (1955)

= Viola primulifolia subsp. occidentalis (A.Gray) L.E.McKinney & R.J.Little; Phytologia 72(2): 79 (1992)

= Viola primulifolia var. occidentalis A.Gray; Bot. Gaz. 11: 255 (1886)

species :

Viola occulta Lehm.; Ind. Sem. Horti Bot. Hamb. 1829 (1829)

Distribution: European Russia; Crimea; Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan (incl. Nachichevan); Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); Iran (EC-Iran, N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, W-Iran); Afghanistan (Baghlan, Laghman, Parwan); Lebanon (C-Lebanon); Israel (N-Israel)

14 KRY RUS 32 KAZ KGZ TKM TZK UZB 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 AFG IRN ISR LEB TUR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. 1 Ebracteatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Ion occultum (Lehm.) Nevski; Acta Inst. Bot. Acad. Sci. URSS, Ser. 1, Fasc. 4, 217 (1937)

= Viola appendiculata (DC. ex Ging.) W.Becker; Mitth. Thüring. Bot. Vereins, n.f., 19: 40 (1904)

= Viola tricolor var. appendiculata DC. ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 303 (1824)

species :

Viola ocellata Torr. & A.Gray; Fl. N. Am. 1: 142 (1838)

Name: Pinto violet, Western heart´s ease violet, Southern two-eye violet

Distribution: USA (California, Oregon)

73 USA 76 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

species :

Viola odontocalycina Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 1: 461 (1867)

Distribution: Turkey (N-Anatolia)

34 TUR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola odorata L.; Sp. Pl. 934 (1753)

subspecies :

subsp. odorata

Name: Wohlriechendes Veilchen, März-Veilchen (DE)

Distribution: England; Ireland; Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal [I]; Spain [I]; Andorra [I]; France; Channel Isl. [I]; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Malta; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (scattered mainland, also Kerkyra, Ionian Isl., Thasos, Samothraki, Sporades, Evvoia, Naxos); Crete (rare); Estonia [I]; Latvia [I]; Lithuania [I]; Belarus [I]; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; W-European Russia; Moldova; Ukraine; Crimea; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Azores (Sao Miguel Isl., Sao Jorge, Faial, Flores Isl.); Madeira (Madeira Isl.); Kazakhstan [I]; Uzbekistan [I]; Tajikistan [I]; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Chios, Samos, Ikaria, Kos); Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq, SE-Iraq: Mesopotamia); Iran (NE-Iran: Mts., N-Iran); Cyprus (C-Mountains); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Israel (N-Israel); Jordania (W-Jordania); China [I]; Japan [I]; Taiwan [I]; Pakistan [I]; India [I]; Myanmar [I]; Vietnam [I]; Java [I]; Australia [I] (South Australia [I], New South Wales [I], Victoria [I]); New Zealand [I]; Chatham Isl. [I]; Fiji [I]; Hawaii [I] (Hawaii Isl. [I]); Canada [I] (British Columbia [I], Newfoundland [I], Nova Scotia [I], Ontario [I]); USA [I] (Arizona [I], California [I], Colorado [I], Connecticut [I], Georgia [I], Idaho [I], Illinois [I], Louisiana [I], Massachusetts [I], Maryland [I], Maine [I], Michigan [I], Montana [I], North Carolina [I], New Jersey [I], New York [I], Ohio [I], Oklahoma [I], Oregon [I], Pennsylvania [I], Rhode Island [I], Tennessee [I], Utah [I], Virginia [I], Washington State [I], Wisconsin [I]); Mexico [I]; Honduras [I]; Costa Rica [I]; Panama [I]; Dominican Republic [I]; Haiti [I]; Puerto Rico [I]; Trinidad & Tobago [I]; Colombia [I]; Venezuela [I]; Ecuador [I]; Peru [I]; Bolivia [I]; Argentina [I]; Chile [I] (Valparaíso [I], O´Higgins [I], Biobío [I])

10 DEN GRB IRE NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 ado cis COR FRA por SAR spa 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS KRI MLT MNT NMA ROM SIC SLV SMA SRB TUE 14 blr est KRY lat lit MLD RUS UKR 20 ALG MOR TUN 21 AZO MDR 32 kaz tzk uzb 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 CYP EAI IRN IRQ ISR JOR LEB TUR 36 chi 38 jap tai 40 ind pak 41 mya vie 42 jaw 50 aus 51 ctm nzl 60 fij 63 haw 71 cdn 72 cdn 73 usa 74 usa 75 usa 76 usa 78 usa 79 mex 80 cos hon pan 81 his pue trt 82 clm ven 83 bol ecu per 85 arg cle

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola alba var. stevenii (Besser) W.D.J.Koch; 62 (1843)

= Viola alba var. vinealis (Boreau) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 29 (1896)

= Viola bruneauniana E.Vilm.; Fl. Pleine Terre: 946 (1863)

= Viola consimilis Jord.; Mém. Acad. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci. 1: 18 (1852)

= Viola cyclophylla Gand.; Fl. Lyon.: 53 (1875)

= Viola dumetorum Jord.; Mém. Acad. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci. 1: 16 (1852)

= Viola favratii Hausskn. ex Favrat; Bull. Murith. Soc. Valais. Sci. Nat. 13-15: 61 (1887)

= Viola floribunda Jord.; Mém. Acad. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci. 1: 19 (1852)

= Viola gonzalii Sennen; Bol. Soc. Ibér. Ci. Nat. 25: 135 (1926)

= Viola gonzaloi var. semiglabra Sennen; Exsicc. (Pl. Esp.) 1929: no. 7283 (1930), nom. nud.

= Viola hirta subsp. odorata (L.) Fiori; Fiori et al., Fl. Anal. Italia 1: 404 (1898)

= Viola hirta var. odorata (L.) Fiori; Fiori et al., Fl. Anal. Italia 1: 405 (1898)

= Viola hortensis Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 82 (1866)

= Viola hybrida Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 79 (1866), nom. illeg.

= Viola ignobilis Rupr.; Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 15(2): 148 (1869)

= Viola incompta Jord.; Obs. Pl. Crit. 7: 11 (1849)

= Viola italica Voigt ex E.Vilm.; Fl. Pleine Terre, ed. 3: 1206 (1870)

= Viola jucunda Jord.; Pugill. Pl. Nov. 20 (1852)

= Viola leucantha Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 82 (1866)

= Viola lilacina Rossm. ex Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 2: 705 (1832)

= Viola martia Garsault; Fig. Pl. Anim. Med, t. 622 (1764), Descr. Pl. Anim. 360 (1767), Thell. in Bull. Herb. Boissier Ser. II. 8: 908

= Viola martia Hegetschw.; Fl. Schweiz: 241 (1839)

= Viola martii K.F.Schimp. & Spenn.; Spenn., 1086 (1829), nom. illeg.

= Viola martii subsp. odorata (L.) Schimp. & Spenn.; Fl. Friburg. 3: 1036 (1829), nom. illeg.

= Viola martii var. odorata (L.) Jess.; 219 (1879)

= Viola odora Neck.; Delic. Gallo-Belg.: 367 (1768), orth. var.

= Viola odorata proles barcinonensis Sennen; Bol. Soc. Ibér. Ci. Nat. 25: 136 (1926)

= Viola odorata proles incompta (Jord.) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 26 (1896)

= Viola odorata f. albiflora (Oborny) Neuman; 268 (1901)

= Viola odorata f. albiflora (Pancic) Niketic; Bot. Serbica 38(2): 226 (2014)

= Viola odorata f. albiflora Murr; 202 (1923), nom. inval.

= Viola odorata f. albiflora Neuman; Sver. Fl.: 268 (1901), nom. illeg.

= Viola odorata f. caerulea Grint.; Fl. Republ. Popul. Române 3: 646 (1955)

= Viola odorata f. dumetorum (Jord.) Grint.; Fl. Republ. Popul. Române 3: 560 (1955)

= Viola odorata f. lilacina (Rossm. ex Rchb.) Weisbarth; Exsicc. (Herb. Europ.) 1890: no. 6394 (1890)

= Viola odorata f. longifimbriata Neuman; 268 (1901)

= Viola odorata f. semperflorens hort. ex Gams; 651 (1925)

= Viola odorata f. simonkaiana Gáyer; Magyar Bot. Lapok 15: 49 (1916)

= Viola odorata f. subcarnea (Jord.) Gams; 650 (1925)

= Viola odorata f. sulfurea (Cariot) Grint.; Fl. Republ. Popul. Române 3: 560 (1955)

= Viola odorata f. sulphurea (Cariot) Gams; 651 (1925)

= Viola odorata f. variegata (DC.) Gams; 650 (1925)

= Viola odorata f. variegata (DC.) Grint.; Fl. Republ. Popul. Române 3: 560 (1955)

= Viola odorata subsp. rierolae Sennen; Diagn. Nouv. 1928-1935: 81 (1936)

= Viola odorata subsp. sarotina P.Fourn.; Monde Pl. 203: 36 (1933)

= Viola odorata subsp. subcarnea (Jord.) Corb.; Nouv. Fl. Normandie: 79 (1894)

= Viola odorata subsp. texidoris Sennen; Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat. 32: 112 (1932)

= Viola odorata var. alba Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 668 (1821 publ. 1822)

= Viola odorata var. alba H.Mart.; 44 (1817)

= Viola odorata var. albiflora Bogenh.; 161 (1850)

= Viola odorata var. albiflora Hampe; 19 (1836), nom. inval.

= Viola odorata var. albiflora Pancic; Verh. Zool.-Bot. Vereins Wien 6: 505 (1856)

= Viola odorata var. barraui O.Bolòs & Vigo; But. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., 38 Bot. 1: 80 (1974), nom. nov.

= Viola odorata var. ciliata Grint.; Fl. Republ. Popul. Române 3: 645 (1955)

= Viola odorata var. consimilis (Jord.) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 26 (1896)

= Viola odorata var. dumetorum (Jord.) Boreau; Fl. Centre France, éd. 3, 2: 76 (1857)

= Viola odorata var. dumetorum (Jord.) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 25 (1896)

= Viola odorata var. floribunda (Jord.) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 25 (1896)

= Viola odorata var. grandiflora Jacob-Makoy; Nursery Cat. (L. Jacob-Makoy & Co.) 114: 14 (1870)

= Viola odorata var. hirsuta Westerl.; Bot. Not. 1863: 144 (1863)

= Viola odorata var. hispidula Freyn; 284 (1878)

= Viola odorata var. incompta (Jord.) Espeut; Monde Pl., 464: 15 (1999)

= Viola odorata var. jucunda (Jord.) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 25 (1896)

= Viola odorata var. leucantha Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 2: 196 (1828)

= Viola odorata var. magna H.Mart.; 44 (1817)

= Viola odorata var. pallens Klett & Richt.; Fl. Leipzig: 230 (1830)

= Viola odorata var. pallida Bogenh.; 161 (1850)

= Viola odorata var. pallida Erdner; 569 (1911), nom. illeg.

= Viola odorata var. parmensis hort. ex Thorsrud & Reisæter; 121 (1948), nom. inval.

= Viola odorata var. propinqua (Jord.) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 26 (1896)

= Viola odorata var. purpurascens Bogenh.; 161 (1850)

= Viola odorata var. sarmentosa (M.Bieb.) Grint.; Fl. Republ. Popul. Române 3: 559 (1955)

= Viola odorata var. semperflorens hort. ex Thorsrud & Reisæter; 121 (1948), nom. inval.

= Viola odorata var. subcarnea (Jord.) Caldesi; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 11: 337 (1879)

= Viola odorata var. subcarnea (Jord.) Parl.; Fl. Ital. 9: 129 (1890), isonym

= Viola odorata var. sulfurea (Cariot) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 26 (1896)

= Viola odorata var. sulfurea P.Fourn.; Fl. Compl. Plaine Franç.: 52 (1928)

= Viola odorata var. sulphurea (Cariot) Rouy & Foucaud; 26 (1896)

= Viola odorata var. variegata DC.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 297 (1824)

= Viola odorata var. vinealis (Boreau) Caldesi; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 11: 337 (1879)

= Viola officinalis Crantz; Inst. Rei Herb. 2: 431 (1766)

= Viola parmensis E.Vilm.; Fl. Pleine Terre: 946 (1863)

= Viola perennis Miégev.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 12: 240 (1865), nom. illeg.

= Viola pirottae Chiov.; Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1893: 287 (1893)

= Viola propinqua Jord.; Mém. Acad. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci. 1: 18 (1852)

= Viola pseudosuavis Schur; Verh. Naturf. Ver. Bruenn 15(2): 103 (1877)

= Viola reptans C.Presl ex Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 705 (1832)

= Viola sarmentosa M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 172 (1808)

= Viola semperflorens Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. 1: 887 (1821), nom. inval.

= Viola spectabilis K.Richt.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 35: 419 (1885)

= Viola stevenii Besser ex Fauc.; Excurs. Bot. Valais: 96 (1872)

= Viola suaveolens Schur; Verh. Naturf. Vereins Brünn 15(2): 107 (1877)

= Viola suavissima Jord.; Mém. Acad. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci. 1: 21 (1852)

= Viola subcarnea Jord.; Mém. Acad. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci. 1: 17 (1852)

= Viola sulfurea Cariot; Étude Fl., éd. 7, 2: 81 (1884)

= Viola taynensis Elisafenko; Rastitelâcnyj mir Aziatskoj Rossi 1(no. 17): 24, figs. 1-5 (2015)

= Viola vilmoriniana Delacour & Mottet; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 46: 120 (1899)

= Viola vinealis Boreau; Fl. Centre France, éd. 3, 2: 75 (1857)

= Viola wiedemannii Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 1: 457 (1867)

subspecies :

subsp. maderensis (Lowe) G.Kunkel; Cuad. Bot. Canar. 22: 28 (1974)

Name: Madeira-Duftveilchen (DE)

Distribution: Madeira (Madeira Isl.); Canary Isl. (Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, La Palma Isl.)

21 CNY MDR

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola maderensis Lowe; Trans. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 4: 36 (1831)

= Viola odorata var. maderensis (Lowe) Lowe; Man. Fl. Madeira 1: 44 (1857)

= Viola plantaginea Webb ex Christ; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 9: 96 (1887)

subspecies :

subsp. stolonifera (J.J.Rodr.) Orell & Romo; But. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., 59 Bot. 8: 83 (1991)

Distribution: Baleares

12 BAL

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola stolonifera J.J.Rodr.; Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 25: 238 (1878)

species :

Viola oligyrtia A.Tiniakou; Phitos et al., The red data book of rare and endangered Plants of Greece, 516-517 (1991)

Distribution: Greece (NE-Peloponnisos: Mt. Oligyrtos, Mt. Saitas)

13 GRC

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola orbelica Pancic; Magyar Bot. Lapok 32: 9 (1933)

Distribution: S-Serbia; E-North Macedonia; SW-Bulgaria; NE-Greece (Rodopi)

13 BUL GRC NMA SRB

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola saxatilis f. orbelica (Pancic) Hayek; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(1): 517 (1925)

= Viola alpestris f. orbelica (Pancic) W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl., Abt. 2, 26(3): 345 (1910)

species :

Viola orbiculata (A.Gray) Geyer ex B.D.Jacks.; Index Kew. 2: 1208 (1895)

Name: Darkwoods violet

Distribution: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia); USA (Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington State, Wyoming)

71 CDN 73 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola sarmentosa var. orbiculata A.Gray; Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1(1): 199 (1895)

= Viola sempervirens subsp. orbiculata (Geyer ex B.D.Jacks.) M.S.Baker; Madroño 3: 55 (1935)

= Viola sempervirens var. orbiculata (Geyer ex B.D.Jacks.) J.K.Henry; Fl. S. Brit. Columbia: 208 (1915)

species :

Viola oreades M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucasus 3: 167 (1819)

Distribution: Crimea; Georgia [Caucasus]; Turkey (N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia)

14 KRY 33 GEO 34 TUR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola altaica subsp. oreades (M.Bieb.) W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 40(2): 91 (1924)

= Viola altaica var. longicalcarata Kupffer; Mat. Fl. Kavk. 3 9: 241 (1909)

= Viola altaica var. oreades (M.Bieb.) Kupffer; Fl. Caucas. Crit. 3(9): 241 (1909)

species :

Viola orientalis (Maxim.) W.Becker; B. Fedtsch. Fl. Asiat. Ross. No. 8. 95 (1915), et Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 265 (1916)

subspecies :

subsp. orientalis

Distribution: Russian Far East (Khabarovsk, Primorye); China (Heilongjiang, E-Jilin, Liaoning, E-Shandong); North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)

31 RFE 36 CHI 38 JAP KOR NKO

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola uniflora f. glabricapsula Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 26: 172 (1912)

= Viola uniflora var. capsulaglabra Maxim.; Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 9: 752 (1876)

= Viola uniflora var. glabricapsula Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 26: 172 (1912)

= Viola uniflora var. orientalis Maxim.; Enum. Pl. Mongolia 1: 81 (1889)

subspecies :

subsp. xanthopetala (Nakai) Espeut; Botanica Pacifica 9(1): 37 (2020)

Distribution: South Korea; Japan

38 JAP KOR

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola conferta (W.Becker) Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36(423): 31 (1922)

= Viola orientalis f. laciniata (Taken.) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 211 (1954)

= Viola orientalis var. conferta W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36(2): 50 (1918)

= Viola xanthopetala Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36(423): 29 (1922)

= Viola xanthopetala var. laciniata Taken.; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 46: 587 (1932)

species :

Viola ornata P.Gonzáles, Montesinos & J.M.Watson; Phytotaxa 571(1): 54 (2022)

Distribution: Peru

83 PER

species :

Viola orphanidis Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 1: 464 (1867)

subspecies :

subsp. orphanidis

Distribution: Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; SW-Bulgaria; Greece (mountains of N-Greece, south to Mt. Athos and Mt. Agrafa)

13 ALB BUL GRC KOS NMA SRB

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola orphanidis f. glabrescens Diklic & V.Nikolic; Glasn. Prir. Mus. Beogradu, Ser. B, Biol. Nauke 29: 18 (1974)

= Viola orphanidis var. pirinica Delip.; Fl. Nar. Republ. Bulgariya 7: 495 (1979)

subspecies :

subsp. crinita Delip.; Fl. Nar. Republ. Bulgariya 7: 494 (1979)

Distribution: North Macedonia; Bulgaria

13 BUL NMA

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola crinita (Delip.) Delip.; Opred. Rast. Bulg.: 111 (2011), nom. illeg.

= Viola nicolai Pant.; Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 23: 4 (1873)

= Viola orphanidis subsp. nicolai (Pant.) Valentine; Feddes Repert. 74: 30 (1967)

species :

Viola orthoceras Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. 1: 258 (1842)

Distribution: Georgia [Caucasus]

33 GEO

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola cornuta subsp. orthoceras (Ledeb.) Kupffer; Mat. Fl. Kavk. 3 9: 223 (1909)

species :

Viola ovalleana Phil.; Anales Univ. Chile 81: 494 (1892)

Distribution: Chile (Coquimbo)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 5 Relictium

species :

Viola ovato-oblonga (Makino) Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 21: 59 (1907)

Distribution: South Korea; Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)

38 JAP KOR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola acuminata f. shikokuensis (W.Becker) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 195 (1954)

= Viola grypoceras var. ovato-oblonga (Makino) W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl., Abt. 2, 40: 41 (1923)

= Viola grypoceras var. pubescens Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: (55) (1922)

= Viola micrantha subsp. shikokuensis W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 384 (1916)

= Viola ovato-oblonga f. albiflora Honda; J. Jap. Bot. 24: 30 (1949)

= Viola ovato-oblonga f. luteoviridiflora (Araki) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 211 (1954)

= Viola ovato-oblonga f. pubescens (Nakai) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 211 (1954)

= Viola ovato-oblonga f. variegata E.Hama; J. Jap. Bot., 51(11): 339 (1976)

= Viola ovato-oblonga var. luteoviridiflora Araki; J. Jap. Bot. 26: 263 (1951)

= Viola ovato-oblonga var. pubescens Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: (57), (90) (1922)

= Viola sylvestris f. ovato-oblonga Miq.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 154 (1865)

= Viola sylvestris var. montana Yatabe; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 6: 131 (1892)

= Viola sylvestris var. ovato-oblonga (Miq.) Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 16: 137 (1902)

species :

Viola oxyodontis H.E.Ballard; Phytologia 74(5): 359 (1993)

Distribution: Mexico (Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Sinaloa)

79 MEX

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 4 Mexicanae

species :

Viola pachyrrhiza Boiss. & Hohen.; Boiss., Diagn. ser. 1, 6: 21 (1846)

Distribution: Iraq (NE-Iraq); Iran (W-Iran)

34 IRN IRQ

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 16 Spathulidium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola bolivari Pau; Trab. Mus. Ci. Nat., Ser. Bot. 14: 17 (1918)

species :

Viola pachysoma M.Sheader & J.M.Watson; Phytotaxa 382(1): 114 (2018), nom. nov.

Distribution: Argentina (Neuquen)

85 ARG

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 8 Sempervivum

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola caviahuensis M.Sheader & A.Sheader; Alpine Gardener 82(3): 245 (2014), nom. nov. for V. copahuensis

= Viola copahuensis M.Sheader & A.Sheader; Alpine Gardener 82: 210 (2014), nom. superfl.

species :

Viola pacifica Juz.; Komarov, Fl. USSR 15: 411 (1949)

Distribution: Russian Far East (Primorye)

31 RFE

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola phalacrocarpa var. brevicalcarata W.Becker; Fedtsch., Fl. Aziatik Ross. 8: 72 (1915)

= Viola keiskei subsp. transmaritima W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 251 (1916)

species :

Viola painteri Rose & House; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 29: 443 (1905)

Distribution: Mexico (Ciudad de Mexico, Hidalgo, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Oaxaca, Puebla, Tlaxcala, Veracruz)

79 MEX

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

species :

Viola pallascaensis W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 181 (1922)

Distribution: Peru

83 PER

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. Xanthidium

species :

Viola palmata L.; Sp. Pl. 933 (1753)

Name: Early blue violet

Distribution: Germany [I]; Japan [I]; Canada (Ontario); USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin, West Virginia); Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo Leon)

11 ger 38 jap 72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA 77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola congener Leconte; Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 2: 140 (1826)

= Viola cucullata var. congener (Leconte) Torr. & A.Gray; Fl. N. Amer. 1: 137 (1838)

= Viola cucullata var. palmata (L.) A.Gray; Manual (Gray), ed. 2. 43 (1856)

= Viola falcata Greene; Pittonia 4: 3 (1899)

= Viola ornithodes Greene; Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1: 218 (1906)

= Viola palmata f. albiflora E.L.Rand & Redfield; Fl. Mt. Desert Isl.: 80 (1894)

= Viola palmata f. striata O.R.Willis; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 16: 278 (1889)

= Viola palmata f. variegata (Stowell) E.L.Rand & Redfield; Fl. Mt. Desert Isl.: 81 (1894)

= Viola palmata var. asarifolia House; Torreya 2: 68 (1902)

= Viola palmata var. dilatata Elliott; Sketch Bot. S. Carolina (Elliott) 1: 300 (1817)

= Viola palmata var. fragrans Elliott; Sketch Bot. S. Carolina 1: 300 (1817)

= Viola palmata var. obliqua Hitchc.; Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 5: 487 (1891)

= Viola palmata var. triloba (Schwein.) Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 291 (1824)

= Viola palmata var. variegata Stowell; J. Trenton Nat. Hist. Soc. 1: 26 (1887)

= Viola triloba f. albida Steyerm.; Rhodora 54: 256 (1952)

= Viola triloba f. annjoae Creutz; Wild Fl. 35: 9 (1959)

= Viola triloba f. dilatata (Elliott) E.J.Palmer & Steyerm.; Brittonia 10: 115 (1958)

= Viola triloba Schwein.; Am. J. Sci. Ser. I. 5: 57 (1822)

= Viola triloba var. dilatata (Elliott) Brainerd; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 37: 587 (1911)

= Viola vespertilionis Greene; Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1: 217 (1906)

species :

Viola palmensis (Webb & Berthel.) Sauer; Cat. Pl. Canar. Ins.: 13 (1880)

Name: La Palma-Stiefmütterchen (DE); Pensamiento de la cumbre (ES)

Distribution: Canary Isl. (La Palma Isl.)

21 CNY

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Mnemion palmense Webb & Berthel.; Hist. Nat. Iles Canaries 3(2

= Viola palmaensis Knowles & Westc.; Fl. Cab. 2: 165 (1838), sphalm.

species :

Viola palustris L.; Sp. Pl. 934 (1753)

Name: Marsh violet (EN), Sumpf-Veilchen (DE)

10 DEN FIN FOR GRB ICE IRE NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 ADO COR FRA POR SPA 13 BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA ROM SLV 14 BLR EST LAT LIT RUS UKR 20 MOR 21 AZO 30 SIB 72 CDN 76 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola inodora Gilib.; Fl. Lit. Inch. 2: 123 (1782), opus utique oppr.

= Viola juressi Link ex Cout.; Bol. Soc. Brot. 10: 28 (1892)

= Viola macloskeyi subsp. pallens (Banks ex Ging.) M.S.Baker; Madroño 12(2): 60 (1953)

= Viola macloskeyi var. pallens (Banks ex Ging.) C.L.Hitchc.; Vasc. Pl. Pacif. N. W. (C. L. Hitchcock & al.) 3: 445 (1961)

= Viola pallens (Banks ex Ging.) Brainerd; Rhodora 247 (1905)

= Viola palustris proles bourgaei Rouy; Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 10: 373 (1908)

= Viola palustris proles herminii Wein; Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 12: 141 (1906)

= Viola palustris proles juressi (Link ex Wein) Samp.; Ann. Sci. Acad. Polytecn. Porto 4: 121 (1909)

= Viola palustris f. herminii (Wein) Franco & P.Silva; Agron. Lusit. 12: 635 (1950)

= Viola palustris f. juressi (Link ex Wein) Samp.; Man. Fl. Port.: 261 (1911)

= Viola palustris f. minor Nyman ex Cout.; Notas Fl. Portugal 6: 10 (1926), nom. illeg.

= Viola palustris f. uliginosa Welw. ex Merino; Brotéria, Sér. Bot. 11: 192 (1913), nom. illeg.

= Viola palustris subsp. epipsila Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 35 (1896)

= Viola palustris subsp. herminii (Wein) Samp.; Bol. Soc. Brot., sér. 2, 10: 232 (1935)

= Viola palustris subsp. juressi (Link ex Cout.) Cout.; Notas Fl. Portugal 5: 12 (1921)

= Viola palustris subsp. pubifolia E.Kuta; Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 35: 21 (1991)

= Viola palustris var. angustata Wahlenb.; Fl. Suecica 2: 543 (1826)

= Viola palustris var. dimorpha Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 35 (1896)

= Viola palustris var. integrifolia Caball.; Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 7: 648 (1947)

= Viola palustris var. leimonia J.K.Henry; Fl. S. Brit. Columbia: 207 (1915)

= Viola palustris var. pensylvanica Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 294 (1824)

= Viola palustris var. rubra Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 669 (1821 publ. 1822)

= Viola palustris var. uliginosa Fr.; Novit. Fl. Svec.: 48 (1817)

= Viola pubifolia (E.Kuta) G.H.Loos; Jahrb. Bochum. Bot. Vereins 1: 130 (2010)

= Viola pubinervis Rehmann & Wol.; Fl. Polon. Exsicc. 1: no. 18 (1893)

= Viola rotundifolia var. pallens Banks ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 295 (1824)

species :

Viola papuana W.Becker & Pulle; Lorentz, Nova Guinea 8: 670 (1912)

Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea)

42 NWG

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola klossii Ridl.; Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9: 18 (1916)

species :

Viola paradoxa Lowe; Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. 6: reimp. 28 (1838)

Name: Madeira-Veilchen

Distribution: Madeira (Madeira Isl.)

21 MDR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola parnonia Kit Tan, Sfikas & Vold; Ann. Bot. Fenn. 34(3): 149 (1997)

Distribution: S-Greece (Mt. Parnonas)

13 GRC

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola parvula Tineo; Pl. Rar. Sic. Pug. 5 (1817)

Distribution: Portugal; Spain; Corsica; Italy; Sicily; North Macedonia; Greece (mountains of NC-, C-Greece, Peloponnisos, C-Evvoia, Thasos, Samothraki); Morocco; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan (Nachichevan); Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); Cyprus (C-Mountains); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon); Syria (Jbel Druze)

12 COR POR SPA 13 GRC ITA NMA SIC 20 MOR 33 ARM AZE GEO 34 CYP LEB SYR TUR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. 1 Ebracteatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola aetnensis Tornab.; Fl. Sicula (1887) 138, et Fl. Aetnea 1: 132 (1889)

= Viola arvensis subsp. bellioides (DC.) Lojac.; Fl. Sicul. 1: 141 (1889)

= Viola arvensis subsp. parvula (Tineo) W.Becker; Mitth. Thüring. Bot. Vereins, n.f., 19: 40, 42 (1904)

= Viola arvensis var. tezensis (Ball) Murb.; Contr. Fl. Maroc 2: 10 (1923)

= Viola micrantha C.Presl; J. & C. Presl, Delic. Prag.: 27 (1822)

= Viola modesta Ball; J. Bot. (London) 11: 300 (1873) [nom. illeg.] non Fenzl

= Viola occulta f. villosa W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 26(2): 346 (1910)

= Viola parvula f. paphlagonica Bornm.; Magyar Bot. Lapok 30: 57 (1931)

= Viola parvula var. angustissima H.Lindb.; Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn., Ser. B, Opera Biol. 1(2): 107 (1932)

= Viola parvula var. subarachnoidea H.Lindb.; Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn., Ser. B, Opera Biol. 2(7): 24 (1946)

= Viola parvula var. tenella (Webb) Pau; Font Quer, Iter Marocc. 1929 no. 308, in sched. (1930)

= Viola prunellifolia Fisch. ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 293 (1824), non Kunth

= Viola sosnowskyi Kopell.; Zametki Sist. Geogr. Rast. 10: 45 (1941)

= Viola tenella Poir.; Lam., Encycl. 8: 644 (1808)

= Viola tezensis Ball; J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 16: 350 (1877)

= Viola tricolor subsp. bellidioides (DC.) Litard.; Briq., Prodr. Fl. Corse 2(2): 212 (1936), nom. illeg.

= Viola tricolor subsp. bellioides (DC.) Litard.; Briq., Prodr. Fl. Corse 2(2): 212 (1935)

= Viola tricolor subsp. parvula (Tineo) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 3: 49 (1896)

= Viola tricolor subsp. parvula H.J.Coste; Fl. Descr. France 3: 718 (1906)

= Viola tricolor subvar. pygmaea Gams; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. 5: 601 (1926)

= Viola tricolor var. bellidioides DC.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 103 (1824)

= Viola tricolor var. bellioides DC. ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 303 (1824)

= Viola tricolor var. minima Bertol.; Fl. Ital. 2: 719 (1835), nom. illeg.

= Viola tricolor var. parvula (Tineo) Batt.; Fl. Algerie [Batt. & Trabut] Dicot.: 104 (1888)

= Viola tricolor var. parvula (Tineo) Lange; Willk. & Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. 3: 702 (1878), nom. illeg.

species :

Viola patrinii Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 293 (1824)

Name: China violet

Distribution: Siberia (Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, Yakutia); Russian Far East (Amur, Khabarovsk, Kuril Isl., Primorye, Sakhalin); China (Heilongjiang, ?Henan, ?Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, ?Shaanxi); Mongolia; North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); Myanmar (Kachin, Shan); Vietnam; New Caledonia [I]; Costa Rica [I]; Jamaica [I]

30 SIB 31 RFE 36 CHI 37 MON 38 JAP KOR NKO 41 MYA VIE 60 nwc 80 cos 81 jam

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola averyi Kellogg; Pacific Rural Press 1879: 354 (1879)

= Viola betonicifolia Bojer ex Baker; Fl. Mauritius: 10 (1877), nom. inval.

= Viola chinensis G.Don; Gen. Hist. 1: 322 (1831)

= Viola grandifolia Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 1447 (1829), nom. inval.

= Viola mandshurica var. patrinii (Ging.) Y.N.Lee; Fl. Korea: 1159 (1996)

= Viola mysurensis B.Heyne ex Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 1446 (1829), nom. inval.

= Viola nepaulensis DC. ex D.Don; Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 205 (1825)

= Viola patrinii f. angustifolia (Regel) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 212 (1954)

= Viola patrinii f. glabra (Nakai) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 212 (1954)

= Viola patrinii f. hispida W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 245-246 (1916)

= Viola patrinii f. prunellifolia (Nakai) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 212 (1954)

= Viola patrinii f. subsagittata (Maxim.) Regel; Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 4(4): 24 (1861)

= Viola patrinii f. toyokoroensis Koji Ito; J. Jap. Bot. 71: 301 (1996)

= Viola patrinii var. angustifolia Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(II): 476 (1862)

= Viola patrinii var. glabra (Nakai) F.Maek. ex H.Hara; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 212 (1954)

= Viola patrinii var. subsagitata Maxim.; Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 9: 48 (1859)

= Viola phalacrocarpa f. glaberrima (W.Becker) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 213 (1954)

= Viola phalacrocarpa var. glaberrima W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl., Abt. 2, 34: 246 (1916)

= Viola primulifolia var. angustifolia (Regel) Nakai; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 72: 191 (1925)

= Viola primulifolia var. glabra Nakai; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 72: 190 (1925)

= Viola primulifolia var. prunellifolia Nakai; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 72: 189 (1925)

= Viola roxburghiana Voigt; Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 76 (1845)

species :

Viola pectinata E.P.Bicknell; Torreya 4: 129 (1904)

Distribution: E-USA

75 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae. Not a synonym of V. brittoniana fide Marcussen et al. 2022

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola brittoniana f. pectinata (E.P.Bicknell) Gil-ad; Boissiera 53: 54 (1997)

= Viola brittoniana var. pectinata (E.P.Bicknell) Alexander; Ill. Fl. N. U. S. (Britton & Brown), ed. 3. 2: 558 (1952)

species :

Viola pedata L.; Sp. Pl. 933 (1753)

subspecies :

subsp. pedata

Name: Birdfoot violet

Distribution: Canada (Ontario); USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Wisconsin, West Virginia)

72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA 77 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 3 Pedatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Oionychion pedatum (L.) Nieuwl. & Kaczm.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 210 (1914)

= Oionychion pedatum var. ampliatum Nieuwl. & Kaczm.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 211 (1914)

= Oionychion pedatum var. inornatum (Greene) Nieuwl. & Kaczm.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 210 (1914)

= Viola ampliata Greene; Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1: 3 (1903)

= Viola atropurpurea Raf. ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 291 (1824), nom. inval.

= Viola digitata Pursh; Fl. Amer. Sept. (Pursh) 1: 171 (1813)

= Viola flabellifolia G.Lodd. ex G.Don; Gen. Hist. 1: 321 (1831)

= Viola inornata (Greene) Greene; Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1: 2 (1903)

= Viola multifida Mill.; Gard. Dict. ed. 8.: no. 5 (1768)

= Viola pedata f. alba Britton; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 17: 124 (1890)

= Viola pedata f. alba House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. 243-244: 46 (1923), nom. illeg.

= Viola pedata f. bicolor Britton; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 17: 123 (1890)

= Viola pedata f. lineariloba (DC.) F.Seym.; Phytologia Mem. 5: 602 (1982)

= Viola pedata f. rosea A.L.Sanders; Rhodora 13: 172 (1911)

= Viola pedata f. rosea House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. 243-244: 56 (1923), nom. illeg.

= Viola pedata var. atropurpurea DC.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 291 (1824)

= Viola pedata var. inornata Greene; Pittonia 3: 35 (1896)

= Viola pedata var. lineariloba DC.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 291 (1824)

= Viola pedata var. velutina Schwein.; Amer. J. Sci. Arts 5: 51 (1822)

= Viola redunca House; Torreya 6: 171 (1906)

= Viola reidiae Cory; Field & Lab. 18: 155 (1950) (tentative synonym)

variant :

var. flabellata D.Don & Link; Brit. Fl. Gard. (Sweet) (ser. 2) 3: tab. 247 (1834)

Distribution: E-USA (North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia)

75 USA 78 USA

variant :

var. ranunculifolia (Juss. ex Poir.) Ging. ex DC.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 291 (1824)

Distribution: USA (North Carolina, South Carolina)

78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola pedata f. ranunculifolia (Juss. ex Poir.) Fernald; Rhodora 51: 56 (1949)

= Viola ranunculifolia Juss. ex Poir.; Encycl. [J. Lamarck & al.] 8: 626 (1808)

subspecies :

subsp. cuneatiloba (Brainerd ex Fernald) H.E.Ballard; J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 150(1): 174 (2023)

Distribution: E-USA (Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Maryland, New Jersey)

75 USA 78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola pedata f. cuneatiloba Brainerd ex Fernald; Rhodora 51: 56, tab. 1136, fig. 3 (1949)

species :

Viola pedatifida G.Don; Gen. Hist. 1: 320 (1831)

Name: Prairie violet

Distribution: Canada (Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, Saskatchewan); USA (Arkansas, Arizona, Colorado, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Mexico, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Wisconsin, Wyoming)

71 CDN 72 CDN 73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 76 USA 77 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola delphinifolia Nutt.; Torr. & A. Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1: 136 (1838)

= Viola palmata var. pedatifida (G.Don) Cronquist; Gleason & Cronquist, Man. Vasc. Pl. Northeast. U.S. Canad., ed. 2: 864 (1991)

= Viola pedatifida var. indivisa Greene; Pittonia 5: 124 (1903)

= Viola viarum f. pilifera E.J.Palmer & Steyerm.; Brittonia 10: 116 (1958)

species :

Viola pedunculata Torr. & A.Gray; Fl. N. Am. 1: 141 (1857)

subspecies :

subsp. pedunculata

Name: California golden violet, Johnny-jump-up

Distribution: USA (California); Mexico (Baja California Norte)

76 USA 79 MEX

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

subspecies :

subsp. tenuifolia Baker & Clausen; Madroño 10: 127, tab. 5, 8 (1949)

Distribution: USA (California)

76 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola pedunculata var. tenuifolia (Baker & Clausen) J.T.Howell; Mentzelia 1: 8 (1975)

species :

Viola pekinensis (Regel) W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 251 (1916)

Distribution: China; etc.

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola kamtschatica var. pekinensis Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(II): 475 (1862)

species :

Viola pendulicarpa W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36(2): 55-56 (1918)

Distribution: China; etc.

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola kansuensis W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl., Abt. 2, 36(2): 56 (1918)

= Viola polymorpha Chang; Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., n. s. 1(3): 247, 261 (1949)

= Viola pseudoarcuata Chang; Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., n. s. 1(3): 245 (1949)

= Viola weixiensis C.J.Wang; Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 8(2): 17-19, f. 10 (1988)

species :

Viola pendulipes Yan S.Huang & Q.Fan; Nordic J. Bot. 2023(12)-e04165: 3 (2023)

Distribution: China (Guangdong)

36 CHI

species :

Viola pentadactyla Fenzl; Pug. Pl. Nov. Syr. 12 no. 41 (1842)

subspecies :

subsp. pentadactyla

Distribution: Turkey (S-Anatolia); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon); Syria (NW-Syria, Jbel Druze); Israel (N-Israel); Jordania (W-Jordania)

34 ISR JOR LEB SYR TUR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. 1 Ebracteatae

subspecies :

subsp. hierosolymitana Zohary; Fl. Palaestina 2: 459 (1972)

Distribution: Israel

34 ISR

species :

Viola perinensis W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 74 (1921)

Distribution: S-Bulgaria; NE-Greece (Mt. Falakron, Rodopi, Mt. Pangaion)

13 BUL GRC

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola perpusilla Boissieu; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55: 468 (1908)

Distribution: China

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

species :

Viola perreniformis (L.G.Adams) R.J.Little & Leiper; Austrobaileya 9(1): 82 (2013)

Distribution: Australia (E-Queensland, E-New South Wales)

50 AUS

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 5 Erpetion

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola hederacea subsp. perreniformis L.G.Adams; Fl. Australia 8: 386, 98 (1982)

species :

Viola petelotii W.Becker ex Gagnep.; Humbert, Suppl. Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 1: 181 (1939)

Distribution: N-Vietnam

41 VIE

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

species :

Viola petraea W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 21: 354 (1925)

Distribution: Argentina (Rio Negro)

85 ARG

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 8 Sempervivum

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola petraea f. albida W.Becker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928: 136 (1928)

species :

Viola phalacrocarpa Maxim.; Melanges Bot. 9: 726 (1876)

Distribution: Russian Far East (Primorye); China (E-Gansu, Hebei, SE-Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, E-Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan); North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)

31 RFE 36 CHI 38 JAP KOR NKO

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola conilii Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 285 (1879)

= Viola hirta var. glabella Regel; Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Petersbourg (Ser. 7) t. 4, 77 (1861)

= Viola ishidoyana Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 27: 129 (1913)

= Viola nipponica Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 21: 56 (1907)

= Viola oudemansii W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl., Abt. 2, 34: 422 (1916)

= Viola phalacrocarpa f. chionantha Hiyama; J. Jap. Bot. 32: 288 (1957)

= Viola phalacrocarpa f. leucantha Hiyama; J. Jap. Bot. 32: 288 (1957)

= Viola phalacrocarpa f. pallescens (Nakai) M.Nagas. ex F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 213 (1954)

= Viola phalacrocarpa f. plena Okuhara ex T.Shimizu; Fl. Nagano Pref. 1506 (1997)

= Viola phalacrocarpa f. subpubescens F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 213 (1954)

= Viola phalacrocarpa var. ishidoyana (Nakai) Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 85 (1922)

= Viola phalacrocarpa var. pallescens Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 42: 558, 592 (1928)

= Viola phalacrocarpoides Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 23: 136 (1909)

= Viola phalacrocarpoides var. major Nakai; J. Jap. Bot. 16: 69 (1940)

= Viola prionantha var. latifolia Miq.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 153 (1865)

= Viola pseudoprionantha W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34: 423 (1917)

= Viola reichii W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 422 (1917)

species :

Viola philippiana Greene; Pittonia 2: 14 (1889), nom. nov.

Distribution: Chile (Coquimbo)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola chrysantha Phil.; Linnaea 33: 15 (1864 publ. 1865)

= Viola toroensis Martic.; Gayana, Bot. 57(2): 192 (2000 publ. 2001), nom. nov.

species :

Viola philippica Cav.; Icon. Descr. Pl. Hisp. 6: 19 (1801)

subspecies :

subsp. philippica

Distribution: Russian Far East (Amur, Primorye); China (Anhui, Fujian, Hainan, Henan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, ?Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, ?Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); Ryukyu Isl.; Taiwan; India (Uttarakhand, Manipur); Myanmar; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam

31 RFE 36 CHI 38 JAP KOR NKO NNS TAI 40 IND 41 CBD LAO MYA VIE

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola alisoviana f. candida (Kitag.) Taken.; ? 1: 80 (1955)

= Viola alisoviana f. intermedia (Kitag.) Taken.; ? 1: 80 (1955)

= Viola alisoviana Kiss; Bot. Közlem. 19: 93 (1921)

= Viola chinensis f. alboviolacea Skvortsov

= Viola chinensis f. anomala Skvortsov

= Viola chinensis f. communis Skvortsov

= Viola chinensis f. dissecta Skvortsov

= Viola chinensis f. glabra Skvortsov

= Viola longistipulata Hayata; Icon. Pl. Formosan. 3: 29 (1913)

= Viola nantouensis S.S.Ying; Mem. Coll. Agric. Nation. Taiwan Univ. 28(2): 45 (1988)

= Viola patrinii var. chinensis Hayata; Icon. Pl. Formosan. 6: ? (1916)

= Viola philippica f. candida (Kitag.) Kitag.; Lin. Fl. Manshur. 322 (1939)

= Viola philippica subsp. munda W.Becker; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 54(5, Beibl. 120): 175-176 (1917)

= Viola philippica var. pseudojaponica (Nakai) Y.S.Chen; Fl. China 13: 100 (2007)

= Viola pseudojaponica f. micrantha K.Nakaj.; J. Geobot. 18: 12 (1970)

= Viola pseudojaponica f. pallescens K.Nakaj.; J. Geobot. 18: 12 (1970)

= Viola pseudojaponica f. pubescens K.Nakaj.; J. Geobot. 18: 12 (1970)

= Viola pseudojaponica f. viridescens K.Nakaj.; J. Geobot. 18: 12 (1970)

= Viola pseudojaponica Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 42: 561 (1928)

= Viola selkirkii H.Boissieu & Capit.; non Pursh

= Viola stenocentra Hayata ex Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 38 (1922)

= Viola taiwaniana Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36(423): 38 (1922)

= Viola tosaensis Nakai; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 72: 191 (1925)

= Viola yedoensis f. albescens (Taken.) Hiyama ex F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 223 (1954)

= Viola yedoensis f. barbata Hiyama; J. Jap. Bot. 26: 157 (1951)

= Viola yedoensis f. candida Kitag.; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 48(566): 102 (1934)

= Viola yedoensis f. glaberrima F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 223 (1954)

= Viola yedoensis f. micrantha (K.Nakaj.) K.Nakaj.; J. Jap. Bot., 51(11): 341 (1976)

= Viola yedoensis f. pallescens (K.Nakaj.) K.Nakaj.; J. Jap. Bot., 51(11): 341 (1976)

= Viola yedoensis f. pubescens (K.Nakaj.) K.Nakaj.; J. Jap. Bot. 51: 341 (1976)

= Viola yedoensis f. sonoharae E.Hama; J. Jap. Bot. 51: 340 (1976)

= Viola yedoensis f. viridescens (K.Nakaj.) K.Nakaj.; J. Jap. Bot. 51: 341 (1976)

= Viola yedoensis Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 26(305): 148-151 (1912)

= Viola yedoensis var. pseudojaponica (Nakai) T.Hashim.; J. Jap. Bot. 51: 340 (1976)

subspecies :

subsp. malesica W.Becker; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 54(5, Beibl. 120): 178 (1917)

Distribution: peninsular Malaysia; Sumatra; Sulawesi; Philippines; Java; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Flores); Moluccas

42 JAW LSI MLY MOL PHI SUL SUM

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola confusa Champ. ex Benth.; Hooker´s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: 260 (1851)

= Viola edanoii W.Becker; Philipp. J. Sci. 19: 722 (1921 publ. 1922)

species :

Viola phitosiana Erben; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 21(2): 396 (1985)

Distribution: Greece (fairly widespread); Crete

13 GRC KRI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae. Of uncertain status, possibly a hybrid involving V. hymettia and V. kitaibeliana.

species :

Viola pilosa Blume; Cat. Gew. Buitenzorg (Blume) 57 (1823), et Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 57 (1825)

Distribution: Afghanistan (Kunar / Nuristan, Laghman, Nangarhar, Paktia / Khost, Parwan); China (Guizhou, Sichuan); W-China; SE-Tibet; Pakistan (Waziristan, Kurram, Dir, Chitral, Pakistani Punjab, Murree, Hazara); Nepal; Bhutan; India (Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, J arnmu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Sri Lanka; Myanmar (Kachin, Mon); Thailand; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia; Sumatra; Sulawesi; Java; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali, Timor); Moluccas (Buru, Seram)

34 AFG 36 CHI TIB 40 BHU IND NEP PAK SRL 41 MYA THA VIE 42 JAW LSI MLY MOL SUL SUM

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola aspera Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 295 (1824)

= Viola blumii Korth.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3: 76 (1867)

= Viola buchaniana DC. ex D.Don; Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 206 (1825)

= Viola burgersdijkii f. nodosa Boissieu & Captin.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 57: 337 (1910)

= Viola burgersdijkii Oudem.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3: 77 (1867)

= Viola canescens H.Boissieu & Capit.; non Wall.

= Viola celebica W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 14: 321 (1916)

= Viola confusa H.Boissieu & Capit.; non Champ.

= Viola crenata Moon; (1824), nom. nud.

= Viola dubia Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 1450 (1829), nom. nud.

= Viola glandulifera Wall.; Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 2: 452 (1824)

= Viola griffithiana Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 2, 1: 54 (1854)

= Viola palmaris Buch.-Ham. ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 298 (1824)

= Viola pogonantha W.W.Sm.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 12: 228 (1920)

= Viola royleana Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 1448 (1829), nom. inval.

= Viola sarmentosa Burgersd.; Miq., Pl. Jungh.: 120 (1852), nom. illeg.

= Viola serpens subsp. gurhwalensis W.Becker

= Viola serpens var. glabra F.B.Forbes & Hemsl.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 23: 55 (1886)

= Viola serpens var. glabra Hook.f. & Thomson; Fl. Br. Ind. 1: 184 (1872)

= Viola serpens var. pilosa (Blume) Hochr.; Candollea 2: 438 (1925)

= Viola serpens var. pseudoscotophylla H.Boissieu

= Viola serpens Wall.; Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 2: 449 (1824)

= Viola serpens Wall. ex Ging.; DC.

= Viola wightiana var. pubescens Thwaites; Enum. Pl. Zeyl. [Thwaites] 20 (1858)

= Viola wightiana Wall. ex Wight & Arn.; Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 32 (1834)

species :

Viola pilushanensis S.S.Ying; New Taxa New Names 5: 185 (2022)

Distribution: Taiwan

38 TAI

Remarks: provisionally accepted name

species :

Viola pinetorum Greene; Pittonia 2: 14 (1889)

subspecies :

subsp. pinetorum

Name: Mountain yellow violet

Distribution: USA (California)

76 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola purpurea var. pinetorum (Greene) Greene; Fl. Francisc.: 243 (1891)

= Viola purpurea subsp. xerophyta M.S.Baker & J.C.Clausen; Madroño 10: 116 (1949)

subspecies :

subsp. grisea (Jeps.) R.J.Little; Phytologia 72(2): 77 (1992)

Name: Grey-leaved violet

Distribution: USA (California)

76 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola pinetorum var. grisea (Jeps.) R.J.Little; J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 5(2): 633 (2011)

= Viola purpurea var. grisea Jeps.; Fl. Calif. (Jeps.) 2: 521 (1936)

species :

Viola pinnata L.; Sp. Fl. 934 (1753)

Distribution: Switzerland; Austria; France; Italy; Slovenia

11 AUT SWI 12 FRA 13 ITA SLV

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

species :

Viola placida W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36(2): 58 (1918)

Distribution: N-India (Sikkim)

40 IND

Remarks: unresolved: protologue incomplete, type not in B (destroyed?)

species :

Viola pluviae Marcussen, H.E.Ballard & Blaxland; Nordic J. Bot. 36(9)-e01931: 3 (2018)

Distribution: USA (Washington State)

73 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

species :

Viola poetica Boiss. & Spruner; Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Or. Nov. 1(6): 21 (1845)

Distribution: C-Greece (Mt. Vardousia, Mt. Giona, Mt. Parnassos, Mt. Chelmos)

13 GRC

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. 2 Dispares

species :

Viola polycephala H.E.Ballard & P.Jørg.; Novon 7(1): 13 (1997), nom. nov.

Distribution: Ecuador

83 ECU

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 8 Sempervivum

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola parvifolia Benth.; Pl. Hartw. [Bentham] 161 (1845), nom. illeg.

species :

Viola polypoda Turcz.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 36: I. 555 (1863)

Distribution: Chile (Tarapacá, Antofagasta, Atacama, Coquimbo)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 9 Subandinium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola calderensis W.Becker; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37: 588 (1906)

= Viola psammophila Phil.; Linnaea 33: 14 (1864)

= Viola pseudasterias Reiche; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 16: 435 (1892)

= Viola pseudasterias var. psammophila (Phil.) Reiche; Anales Univ. Chile 90: 900 (1895), nom. superfl.

= Viola werdermannii f. glandulifera W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 23: 223. (1926)

= Viola werdermannii var. glaberrima W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 23: 223 (1926)

= Viola werdermannii W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 23: 222 (1926)

species :

Viola portalesia Gay; Fl. Chil. 1: 209, t. 6 (1846)

Distribution: Chile (Valparaíso, O´Higgins, Maule, Ñuble, Biobío, Araucanía, Los Rios, Los Lagos)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 3 Rübellium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola berteroniana Steud.; Flora 39: 422 (1856)

= Viola rubella Hook. & Arn.; Bot. Misc. 3: 144 (1833)

variant :

var. integerrima (Phil.) Reiche; Anales Univ. Chile 90: 897 (1895)

Distribution: Chile (Coquimbo, Valparaíso, O´Higgins, Maule)

85 CLE

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola integerrima Phil.; Linnaea 28: 672 (1858), nom. illeg.

species :

Viola portulacea Leyb.; Flora 48: 381 (1865)

Distribution: +Chile (+Metropolitana de Santiago)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 8 Sempervivum

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ludovicea Jan ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 303 (1824)

species :

Viola praemorsa Douglas; Bot. Reg, t. 1254 ex Lindl. (1829)

subspecies :

subsp. praemorsa

Name: Canary violet

Distribution: Canada (British Columbia); USA (California, Oregon, Washington State)

71 CDN 73 USA 76 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola nuttallii subsp. praemorsa (Douglas) Piper; Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 11: 393 (1906)

= Viola nuttallii var. praemorsa (Douglas) S.Watson; Botany (Fortieth Parallel) 35 (1871)

subspecies :

subsp. flavovirens (Pollard) Fabijan; Canad. J. Bot. 65(12): 2579 (1987)

Distribution: USA (Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Utah, Washington State, Wyoming)

73 USA 76 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola flavovirens Pollard; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 405 (1897)

= Viola praemorsa var. flavovirens (Pollard) R.J.Little; J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 4(1): 225 (2010)

subspecies :

subsp. linguifolia (Nutt.) M.S.Baker; Madroño 10(4): 128 (1949)

Distribution: Canada (Alberta); USA (California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington State, Wyoming)

71 CDN 73 USA 76 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola cyclophylla Greene; Pittonia 4: 7 (1899), nom. illeg., non Gand.

= Viola erectifolia A.Nelson; Bot. Gaz. 29: 143 (1900)

= Viola gomphopetala Greene; Pl. Baker. 3: 11 (1901)

= Viola linguifolia Nutt.; Torr. & A. Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1: 141 (1838)

= Viola nuttallii var. linguifolia (Nutt.) Jeps.; Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. (Jeps.) 645 (1925), isonym

= Viola nuttallii var. linguifolia (Nutt.) Piper; Fl. S. E. Washington (Piper & Beattie) 166 (1914)

= Viola praemorsa subsp. arida M.S.Baker; Brittonia 9: 227, fig. 11 (1957)

= Viola praemorsa subsp. oregona M.S.Baker; Brittonia 9: 228, fig. 12 (1957)

= Viola praemorsa var. altior Blank.; Sci. Stud. Montana Coll. Agric., Bot. 1: 83 (1905)

= Viola praemorsa var. linguifolia (Nutt.) M.Peck; Man. Pl. Oregon 486 (1941)

= Viola xylorrhiza Suksd.; Werdenda 1: 25 (1927)

species :

Viola pratincola Greene; Pittonia 4: 64 (1899)

Distribution: NE-USA

76 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae. Not a synonym of V. nephrophylla fide Marcussen et al. 2022

species :

Viola pricei W.Becker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928(6): 252 (1928)

Distribution: Taiwan

38 TAI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 1 Diffusae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola nagasawae C.F.Hsieh; Fl. Taiwan 3: 776 (1977) (non Makino & Hayata 1906)

= Viola nagasawae var. pricei (W.Becker) J.C.Wang & T.C.Huang; Taiwania 35: 47-49, f. 14 (1990)

= Viola diffusa var. pricei (W.Becker) S.S.Ying; Coloured Ill. Fl. Taiwan 4: 32 (1992)

species :

Viola primulifolia L.; Sp. Pl. 934 (1753)

Name: Primelblättriges Veilchen (DE)

Distribution: USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin, West Virginia)

74 USA 75 USA 77 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola acuta Bigelow; Fl. Boston., ed. 2, 95 (1824)

= Viola gronovii Willd. ex Schult.; Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. ed. 15[bis]. 5: 359 (1819)

= Viola primulifolia f. subcordata Griscom; Rhodora 38: 50 (1936)

= Viola primulifolia subsp. villosa (Eaton) N.H.Russell; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 54: 487 (1955)

= Viola primulifolia var. acuta (Bigelow) Torr. & A.Gray; Fl. N. Amer. (Torr. & A. Gray) 1: 139 (1838)

= Viola primulifolia var. australis Pollard; Bot. Gaz. 25: 342 (1898)

= Viola primulifolia var. boscii Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 293 (1824)

= Viola primulifolia var. nuttallii Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 293 (1824)

= Viola primulifolia var. ovata Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 293 (1824)

= Viola primulifolia var. villosa Eaton; Man. Bot. (A. Eaton), ed. 5. 443 (1829)

= Viola reptabunda Greene; Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 2: 94 (1910)

= Viola senecionis Greene; Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 2: 94 (1910)

species :

Viola principis H.Boissieu; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 57: 258 (1910)

Distribution: Russian Far East (Primorye); China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); SE-Tibet

31 RFE 36 CHI TIB

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola woroschilovii Bezd.; Fl. Ross. Dal´nego Vostoka 451 (106) (2006)

species :

Viola prionantha Bunge; Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersbourg, Ser. 6, Sci. Math. 2: 82 (1833)

Distribution: Siberia (Krasnoyarsk, W-Siberia, Altai); Russian Far East (Amur, Khabarovsk, Primorye); Kyrgyzstan [I]; China (Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan); USA [I] (Kansas [I], Nebraska [I])

30 SIB 31 RFE 32 kgz 36 CHI 74 usa

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola irinae Zolot.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 21: 230 (1984)

= Viola jeniseensis Zuev; Byull. Mosk. Obshch. Ispyt. Prir., Biol. 98(4): 104 (1993)

= Viola prionantha var. sylvatica Kitag.; Rep. Inst. Sci. Res. Manchoukuo 2: 296 (1938)

= Viola prionantha var. trichantha C.J.Wang; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 13(3): 262 (1991)

= Viola taischanensis C.J.Wang; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 13: 262 (1991)

species :

Viola producta W.Becker; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37: 591 (1906)

Distribution: Bolivia (Chuquisaca)

83 BOL

Remarks: unresolved. Type Fiebrig 2529 in B, probably destroyed

species :

Viola pseudaetolica Tomovic, Melovski & Niketic; Phytotaxa 253(4): 242 (2016), nom. nov.

Distribution: Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; North Macedonia; Albania

13 ALB BIH MNT NMA SRB

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola saxatilis var. pseudolutea Hayek; Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Denkschr. 99: 134 (1924)

species :

Viola pseudogracilis (A.Terracc.) Strobl ex Degen & Dörfl.; Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 64: 709 (1897)

subspecies :

subsp. pseudogracilis

Distribution: SC-Italy (Napoli, Salerno)

13 ITA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola pseudogracilis (A.Terracc.) Strobl; Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 27: 227 (1877), comb. inval.

= Viola cassinensis subsp. pseudogracilis (A.Terracc.) Bartolucci, Galasso & Wagens.; Phytotaxa 340(3): 287 (2018)

subspecies :

subsp. cassinensis (Strobl) Merxm. & A.Schmidt; Feddes Repert. 74: 30 (1967)

Distribution: SC-Italy (Monte Cassino)

13 ITA

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola cassinensis Strobl; Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 27: 228 (1877)

= Viola frusinatae Ricceri & Moraldo; Boll. Accad. Gioenia Sci. Nat. Catania 51(no. 381): FP 201, fig. 11 (2018)

= Viola cassinensis subsp. lucana Silletti; Phyton (Horn) 58(2): 112 (2018)

species :

Viola pseudograeca Erben; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 21(2): 489 (1985)

Distribution: NC-Greece (Mt. Olimbos)

13 GRC

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola pubescens Aiton; Hort. Kew. ed. 1, 3: 290 (1789)

Name: Downy yellow violet

Distribution: Canada (?Manitoba, Ontario, Québec); USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Wyoming)

72 CDN 73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 77 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Crocion pubescens (Aiton) Nieuwl.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 215 (1914)

= Viola pensylvanica Michx.; Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 149 (1803)

= Viola pubescens f. peckii (House) Lévesque & Dans.; Naturaliste Canad. 93: 515 (1966)

= Viola pubescens var. eriocarpon Nutt.; Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 1: 150 (1818)

= Viola pubescens var. glabriuscula A.Gray; Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1(1): 202 (1895)

= Viola pubescens var. peckii House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. 243-244: 50 (1923)

= Viola uniflora var. pubescens (Aiton) Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(II): 500 (1862)

species :

Viola pubipetala S.S.Ying; New Taxa New Names 4: 40 (2022)

Distribution: Taiwan

38 TAI

Remarks: provisionally accepted name

species :

Viola pulvinata Reiche; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 16: 434 (1892)

Distribution: Chile (Metropolitana de Santiago)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 9 Subandinium

species :

Viola pumila Chaix; Vill., Hist. Pl. Dauph. 1: 339 (1786)

Name: Zwerg-Veilchen, Niedriges Veilchen (DE)

Distribution: Sweden; Germany (+Brandenburg, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; France; Italy; ?Slovenia; Croatia; Serbia; Kosovo; Romania; Bulgaria; Estonia; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; Moldova; Ukraine; Crimea; Siberia (Altai, Tuva, W-Siberia); Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Georgia [Caucasus]

10 SWE 11 AUT CZE GER HUN POL SLO SWI 12 FRA 13 BUL CRO ITA KOS ROM SRB 14 EST KRY MLD RUS UKR 30 SIB 32 KAZ KGZ UZB 33 GEO

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola accrescens Klokov; Klokov & Wissjul., Fl. RSS Ucr. 7: 632 (1955)

= Viola canina subsp. pratensis (Mert. & W.D.J.Koch) Döll; 650 (1843)

= Viola canina subsp. pumila (Chaix) Döll; 649 (1896), nom. illeg.

= Viola canina subsp. pumila (Chaix) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 12 (1896), nom. illeg.

= Viola canina var. pratensis (Mert. & W.D.J.Koch) Kirschl.; 14 (1840)

= Viola lactea var. lanceolata Klett & Richt.; Fl. Leipzig: 236 (1830)

= Viola lactea W.D.J.Koch & Ziz; Cat. Pl. Palat.: 6 (1814), nom. illeg.

= Viola lancea Poir.; Lam., Encycl. 8: 635 (1808)

= Viola montana Ledeb.; Fl. Altaic. 1: 261 (1829), nom. illeg.

= Viola montana var. pratensis (Mert. & W.D.J.Koch) Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(II): 497 (1862), nom. illeg.

= Viola pratensis Mert. & W.D.J.Koch; Röhling, Deutschl. Fl., ed. 3, 2: 267 (1826)

= Viola pratensis var. humilis Mert. & W.D.J.Koch; 268 (1826)

= Viola pumila var. cordifolia Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 2: 201 (1828)

= Viola pumila var. ericetorum Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 4: 641 (1829)

= Viola pumila var. lancifolia Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 4: 641 (1829)

= Viola pumila var. orientalis Kupffer; Trudy Bot. Sada Imp. Yur´evsk. Univ. 4(3): 168 (1903)

= Viola pumila var. ovalis Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 4: 641 (1829)

= Viola ruppii J.Presl & C.Presl; Fl. Cech.: 53 (1819), nom. illeg., non All.

species :

Viola purpurea Kellogg; Proc. Calif. Acad. 1:, ed. 2, 55 (1873)

Name: Mountain violet

Distribution: USA (California, Oregon)

73 USA 76 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola kelloggii A.Nelson; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 17: 100 (1904), nom. superfl.

= Viola nuttallii Benth.; Pl. Hartw. [Bentham] 298 (1849), nom. illeg.

= Viola ophiophila Greene; Pittonia 5: 88 (1902)

= Viola senecta A.Nelson; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 17: 92 (1904)

variant :

var. dimorpha (M.S.Baker & J.C.Clausen) J.T.Howell; Mentzelia 1: 8 (1975)

Name: Dimorphic mountain violet

Distribution: USA (California, Oregon)

73 USA 76 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola purpurea subsp. dimorpha M.S.Baker & J.C.Clausen; Madroño 10: 122 (1949)

= Viola purpurea subsp. geophyta M.S.Baker & Clausen ex M.Peck; Man. Pl. Oregon 486 (1941)

= Viola purpurea var. geophyta (M.S.Baker & J.C.Clausen) J.T.Howell; Mentzelia 1: 8 (1975)

variant :

var. integrifolia (Baker & Clausen) J.T.Howell; Mentzelia 1: 8 (1975)

Distribution: USA (California, Nevada, Oregon)

73 USA 76 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola purpurea subsp. integrifolia M.S.Baker & Clausen; Madroño 10: 118 (t. 4) (1949)

variant :

var. mesophyta (Baker & Clausen) J.T.Howell; Mentzelia 1: 8 (1975)

Distribution: USA (California, ?Oregon)

76 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola purpurea subsp. mesophyta M.S.Baker & Clausen; Madroño 10(4): 114 (1949), et ex M. Peck, Man. Pl. Oregon 486 (1941)

variant :

var. venosa (S.Watson) Brainerd; Vermont Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 224: 111, Sp. no. 48c (1921)

Distribution: Canada (British Columbia); USA (California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington State, Wyoming)

71 CDN 73 USA 76 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola atriplicifolia Greene; Pittonia 3: 38 (1898)

= Viola atriplicifolia var. thorii (A.Nelson) A.Nelson; Coult., Man. Bot. Rocky Mt., ed. 2: 321 (1909)

= Viola aurea var. venosa (S.Watson) S.Watson; Watson, Bot. California 1: 56 (1876)

= Viola nuttallii var. venosa S.Watson; Botany [Fortieth Parallel]: 35 (1871)

= Viola praemorsa var. venosa (S.Watson) A.Gray; Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1(1): 200 (1895)

= Viola purpurea subsp. atriplicifolia (Greene) M.S.Baker & J.C.Clausen; Madroño 10: 126 (1949)

= Viola purpurea subsp. venosa (S.Watson) M.S.Baker & Clausen; Madroño 10: 125 (1949)

= Viola purpurea var. atriplicifolia (Greene) M.Peck; Man. Pl. Oregon 486 (1941)

= Viola purpurea var. atriplicifolia (Greene) R.J.Davis; Fl. Idaho 477 (1952)

= Viola thorii A.Nelson; Bot. Gaz. 30: 193 (1900)

= Viola venosa (S.Watson) Rydb.; Mem. N. York Bot. Gard. 1: 262 (1900)

species :

Viola pusilla Poepp.; Froriep, Notiz. Gebiet Natur-u. Heilk. Ser. I. 23: 277 (1829)

Distribution: Chile (Antofagasta, Atacama, Coquimbo, Valparaíso, Metropolitana de Santiago, O´Higgins, Maule, Ñuble, Biobío)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 9 Subandinium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola asterias Hook. & Arn.; Bot. Misc. 34: 145, t. 99 (1833)

= Viola asterias var. atacamensis Phil.; Anales Univ. Chile 81: 492 (1892)

= Viola asterias var. caulescens Phil.; Anales Univ. Chile 81: 491 (1892)

= Viola asterias var. depauperata Phil.; Anales Univ. Chile 81: 492 (1892)

= Viola asterias var. glabra Phil.; Anales Univ. Chile 90: 899 (1895)

= Viola miersii Bertero ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steud.] ed. 2, 2: 772 (1841), nom. inval.

= Viola stellata Miers; Trav. Chile 2: 531 (1826), nom. nud.

species :

Viola pusillima Wedd.; Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. V. 1: 291 (1864)

Distribution: Peru; Bolivia (La Paz)

83 BOL PER

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 8 Sempervivum

species :

Viola pygmaea Juss. ex Poir.; Encyc. 8: 630 (1808)

Distribution: Ecuador; Peru; Bolivia (Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, La Paz, Santa Cruz); Argentina (Jujuy, Salta)

83 BOL ECU PER 85 ARG

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 8 Sempervivum

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola alpina Ruiz & Pav. ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 300 (1824)

= Viola orbignyana Remy; Ann. Sci. Nat. (ser. 3).6: 353 (1846)

species :

Viola pyrenaica Ramond ex DC.; Lam. & DC., Fl. Fr. ed. 3, 4: 803 (1805)

Name: Pyrenäen-Veilchen (DE)

Distribution: Germany (Bayern); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Spain; Andorra; France; C-Italy; Slovenia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; ?Romania; Bulgaria; Greece (rare mountains of NW-Greece, Mt. Giona, Mt. Falakron, Mt. Pangaion, Thasos); Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; ?Iran (?N-Iran)

11 AUT GER LIE SWI 12 ADO FRA SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL GRC ITA KOS NMA SLV SRB 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola alba proles delphinensis (Jord.) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 31 (1896)

= Viola canina var. pyrenaica (Ramond ex DC.) Lapeyr.; Hist. Pl. Pyrénées: 122 (1813)

= Viola delphinensis Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 7: 3 (1849)

= Viola glabrescens Focke; Gremli, Beitr. Fl. Schweiz 61 (1870)

= Viola hirta subsp. sciaphila (W.D.J.Koch) Bonnier; Bonnier & R. C. V. Douin, 13 (1913)

= Viola hirta var. pyrenaica (Ramond ex DC.) Fiori; Nuov. Fl. Italia 1: 541 (1924)

= Viola martii var. sciaphila (W.D.J.Koch) Jess.; 219 (1879)

= Viola palustris var. pyrenaica (Ramond ex DC.) Mutel; Fl. Franç. Herbor. 1: 118 (1834)

= Viola prenja Beck; Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus. 2: 81 (1887)

= Viola pyrenaica subsp. montserratii Fern.Casado & Nava; Candollea 41: 102 (1986)

= Viola sciaphila W.D.J.Koch; Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. ed. 2: 90 (1843)

= Viola umbrosa Saut.; Flora 22: 259 (1839), nom. illeg.

species :

Viola qingruii Yan S.Huang & Q.Fan; Nordic J. Bot. 2023(6)-e03941: 3 (2023)

Distribution: China (Fujian, Guangdong, Zhejiang)

36 CHI

species :

Viola quercetorum M.S.Baker & J.C.Clausen; Leafl. West. Bot. 5: 101 (1948)

Distribution: USA (California, Oregon)

73 USA 76 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola purpurea subsp. quercetorum (M.Baker & J.C.Clausen) R.J.Little; Phytologia 72(2): 77 (1992)

species :

Viola raddeana Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(2): 463, 501 (1861)

Distribution: Russian Far East (Amur, Khabarovsk, Primorye); China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, ?Nei Mongol); North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Honshu, Kyushu)

31 RFE 36 CHI 38 JAP KOR NKO

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 4 Bilobatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola deltoidea Yatabe; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 5(56): 318-319 (1891)

= Viola raddeana var. japonica Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 6(60): 50 (1892)

= Viola thibauderi Boissieu; 1900 (not Franch. & Sav.)

species :

Viola rafinesquei Greene; Pittonia 4: 9 (1899)

Name: Field pansy

Distribution: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Northern Territories, Ontario, Saskatchewan); USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, Colorado, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia)

70 CDN 71 CDN 72 CDN 73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 76 USA 77 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Cleistogamae

Synonyms: hidden

= Mnemion rafinesquei (Greene) Nieuwl.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 217 (1914)

= Viola bicolor Pursh; Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 175 (1813), nom. illeg.

= Viola kitaibeliana var. rafinesquei (Greene) Fernald; Rhodora 40: 443 (1938)

= Viola rafinesquei f. caerulea Moldenke; Phytologia 26: 225 (1973)

= Viola rafinesquei f. minor Moldenke; Phytologia 26: 226 (1973)

= Viola rafinesquii f. caerulea Moldenke; Phytologia 26(4): 225 (1973)

= Viola rafinesquii f. minor Moldenke; Phytologia 26(4): 226 (1973)

= Viola tenella Raf.; Amer. Monthly Mag. & Crit. Rev. 4: 191 (1819), nom. illeg.

species :

Viola rauliniana Erben; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 21(2): 372 (1985)

Distribution: Crete (mountains); ?Cyprus

13 KRI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. 1 Ebracteatae

species :

Viola rausii Erben; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 21(2): 524 (1985)

Distribution: NC-Greece (Mt. Ossa, Mt. Pelion)

13 GRC

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola regina J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores; Int. Rock Gard. 122: 33 (2020)

Distribution: Chile (Valparaíso)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 8 Sempervivum

species :

Viola reichei Skottsb.; Scott, Rep. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patag. 8: Suppl. 176 (1914)

Distribution: Argentina (Chubut, Neuquen, Rio Negro, Santa Cruz, Tierra del Fuego); Chile (Maule, Ñuble, Biobío, Araucanía, Los Rios, Los Lagos, Aisén, Magallanes)

85 ARG CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 4 Chilenium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola maculata subsp. reichei (Skottsb. ex Macloskie) Weibel; Candollea 10: 82 (1943)

= Viola magelanica Reiche; Fl. Chile 1: 145 (1896) (non G. Forst.)

= Viola reichei f. gunckelii Sparre; Lilloa 17: 405 (1949)

species :

Viola reichenbachiana Jord. ex Boreau; Fl. Centre Fr. ed. 3, 2: 78 (1857)

Name: Wald-Veilchen (DE)

Distribution: England; Ireland; Denmark; Sweden; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Spain; France; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; San Marino [I]; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; Greece (mountans of mainland, Thasos, Samothraki, Kerkyra, Evvoia); Crete; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; W-European Russia; Moldova; Ukraine; Crimea; Morocco; Algeria; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Azerbaijan; East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Ikaria); Turkey (N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia); Pakistan (Waziristan, Chitral, Swat, Hazara); NW-India (Jammu & Kashmir)

10 DEN GRB IRE SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 COR FRA SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS KRI MNT NMA ROM SIC SLV sma SRB 14 BLR EST KRY LAT LIT MLD RUS UKR 20 ALG MOR 33 AZE GEO NCS 34 EAI TUR 40 IND PAK

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola arenicola Chabert; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 18: 196 (1871)

= Viola bertotii Souché ex Corb.; Nouv. Fl. Normandie: 77 (1894)

= Viola canina subsp. silvatica (Fr.) Kirschl.; Mém. Soc. Mus. Hist. Nat. Strasbourg 3(2): 8 (1840)

= Viola canina subsp. sylvestris Lam. ex Schübl. & G.Martens; 159 (1834)

= Viola canina var. degeneri Boenn.; Prodr. Fl. Monast. Westphal.: 71 (1824)

= Viola canina var. reichenbachiana (Jord. ex Boreau) Baker; Hook.f., 45 (1870)

= Viola canina var. silvatica Fr.; Fr. & Broberg, 46 (1819)

= Viola canina var. sylvestris Schltdl.; Fl. Berol. 1: 134 (1823)

= Viola canina var. tracheliifolia Wallr.; Sched. Crit.: 98 (1822)

= Viola degeneri Schweigg. ex Mert. & W.D.J.Koch; Röhling, Deutschl. Fl., ed. 3, 2: 264 (1826)

= Viola formosa Vuk.; Rad Jugos. Akad. Zagreb. 66: 29 (1883)

= Viola leucocentra Pinkw.; Baenitz, Exsicc. (Herb. Europ.): 3 (1897)

= Viola nemoralis Jord.; Mém. Acad. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci. 1: 21 (1852), nom. illeg.

= Viola reichenbachiana var. leucantha (Beck) M.Porter, M.J.Y.Foley & L.Lewis; Brit. Irish Bot. 2(3): 262 (2020)

= Viola reichenbachiana var. punctata (Rouy & Foucaud) P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 1: 692 (2018)

= Viola silvatica (Fr.) C.Hartm.; Bot. Not. 1841: 81 (1841)

= Viola silvatica proles reichenbachiana (Jord. ex Boreau) Samp.; Ann. Sci. Acad. Polytecn. Porto 4: 121 (1909)

= Viola silvatica subsp. nemoralis (Jord.) Corb.; Nouv. Fl. Normandie: 77 (1894)

= Viola silvatica subsp. reichenbachiana (Jord. ex Boreau) Syme; Sm., Engl. Bot., ed. 3B, 2: 20 (1864)

= Viola silvatica subsp. sylvestris (Lam.) Semler; 31 (1899), nom. illeg.

= Viola silvatica var. micrantha (Döll) T.Marsson; 58 (1869)

= Viola silvatica var. nemoralis Caldesi; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 11: 337 (1879)

= Viola silvatica var. reichenbachiana (Jord. ex Boreau) Crép.; Man. Fl. Belgique, ed. 3: 94 (1874)

= Viola silvatica var. reichenbachiana (Jord. ex Boreau) Nyman; 77 (1878)

= Viola silvestris proles arenicola (Chabert) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 15 (1896)

= Viola sylvestris f. leucantha Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich 2(1): 521 (1892)

= Viola sylvestris f. pygmaea (Gaudin) Gams; 635 (1925)

= Viola sylvestris subsp. reichenbachiana (Jord. ex Boreau) Tourlet; Cat. Pl. Vasc. Indre-et-Loire: 61 (1908)

= Viola sylvestris subvar. punctata Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 3: 13 (1896)

= Viola sylvestris var. barbata St.-Lag.; Cariot, Étude Fl., éd. 8, 2: 89 (1889)

= Viola sylvestris var. micrantha Döll; Rhein. Fl.: 652 (1843)

= Viola vicina Martrin-Donos; Fl. Tarn: 80 (1864)

= Viola vulgaris Rupr.; Fl. Ingrica: 135 (1843)

species :

Viola renifolia A.Gray; Proc. Amer. Acad. 8: 288 (1870)

Name: White violet

Distribution: Alaska; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Northern Territories, Nunavut, Ontario, Prince Edward Isl., Québec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); USA (Colorado, Connecticut, Iowa, Idaho, Massachusetts, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Vermont, Washington State, Wisconsin, Wyoming)

70 ASK CDN 71 CDN 72 CDN 73 USA 74 USA 75 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola blanda var. renifolia (A.Gray) A.Gray; Bot. Gaz. 11: 255 (1886)

= Viola brainerdii Greene; Pittonia 5: 89 (1902)

= Viola mistassinica Greene; Pittonia 4: 5 (1899)

= Viola renifolia var. brainerdii (Greene) Fernald; Rhodora 14: 88 (1912)

species :

Viola replicata W.Becker; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37: 589 (1906)

Distribution: Peru

83 PER

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

species :

Viola retusa Greene; Pittonia 4: 6 (1899)

Distribution: E-Canada; NE-USA

72 CDN 76 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae. Not a synonym of V. nephrophylla fide Marcussen et al. 2022

species :

Viola rhodopeia W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 26(2): 334 (1910)

Distribution: S-Bulgaria (W-Rodopi)

13 BUL

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola rhodopeia var. congesta Delip.; Fl. Nar. Republ. Bulgariya 7: 495 (1979)

species :

Viola rhombifolia Leyb.; Anales Univ. Chile 1859: 680 (1859)

Distribution: Chile (Atacama, Coquimbo, Valparaíso, Metropolitana de Santiago)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 9 Subandinium

species :

Viola riviniana Rchb.; Iconogr. Bot. Pl. Crit. 1: 81 (1823)

Name: Hain-Veilchen (DE)

Distribution: Iceland; Svalbard; Faeroe Isl.; England; Ireland; Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; Andorra; France; Channel Isl.; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Malta; ?San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; Greece (mountains of mainland, Thasos, Samothraki); Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; N-European Russia; Moldova; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Madeira (Madeira Isl.); Canary Isl. (Tenerife, La Gomera, Hierro, La Palma Isl.); East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Chios); Australia [I] (Victoria [I]); New Zealand [I]; Chatham Isl. [I]; Canada [I] (British California [I]); USA [I] (California [I], Oregon [I], Washington State [I])

10 DEN FIN FOR GRB ICE IRE NOR SVA SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 ADO CIS COR FRA POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MLT MNT NMA ROM SIC SLV SRB 14 BLR EST LAT LIT MLD RUS 20 ALG MOR TUN 21 CNY MDR 34 EAI 50 aus 51 ctm nzl 73 usa 76 usa

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola arenaria subsp. puberula (Lange) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur., Suppl. 2: 45 (1889)

= Viola broussonetiana Schult.; Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. ed. 15[bis]. 5: 371 (1819)

= Viola canina lusus riviniana (Rchb.) Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(II): 491 (1862)

= Viola canina proles riviniana (Rchb.) Samp.; Fl. Portugal: 315 (1947)

= Viola canina subsp. riviniana (Rchb.) Schübl. & G.Martens; Fl. Würtemberg: 159 (1834)

= Viola canina var. pubescens Merino; Contr. Fl. Galicia: 46 (1897)

= Viola canina var. riviniana (Rchb.) C.C.Gmel.; 629 (1826)

= Viola canina var. riviniana (Rchb.) Mert. & W.D.J.Koch; Röhling, Deutschl. Fl., ed. 3, 2: 264 (1826)

= Viola ×caniniformis K.Richt.; Verh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 38: 221 (1888)

= Viola cordata Willd.; Enum. Pl.: 264 (1809), nom. illeg.

= Viola guffroyi Rouy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 58: 298 (1911)

= Viola nemorosa (Neuman, Wahlst. & Murb.) G.H.Loos; Jahrb. Bochum. Bot. Vereins 1: 130 (2010)

= Viola puberula Lange; Vidensk. Meddel. Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1881: 102 (1882)

= Viola reichenbachiana var. pubescens Pau; Not. Bot. Fl. Españ. 6: 24 (1895)

= Viola riviniana f. minor Murb. ex E.S.Gregory; Brit. Violets: 63 (1912)

= Viola riviniana f. prolifera Valentine; Watsonia 10: 389 (1975)

= Viola riviniana f. sobolifera Valentine; Watsonia 10(4): 389 (1975)

= Viola riviniana subsp. minor (Murb. ex E.S.Gregory) Valentine; New Phytol. 40: 208 (1941)

= Viola riviniana var. leucocentra Pinkw.; Deutsche Bot. Monatsschr. 13: 105 (1895)

= Viola riviniana var. minor (Murb. ex E.S.Gregory) Valentine; Watsonia 10: 389 (1975)

= Viola riviniana var. nemorosa Neuman, Wahlst. & Murb.; Violae Suec., Exs.:. 1 (1886)

= Viola rupestris subsp. puberula (Lange) W.Becker; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 56: 189 (1906)

= Viola sequeirae Capelo, R.Jardim, J.C.Costa, Lousã & Rivas Mart.; Silva Lusitana 21(2): 236 (2014)

= Viola silvatica proles riviniana (Rchb.) Samp.; Bol. Soc. Brot. 24: 23 (1908), nom. superfl.

= Viola silvatica f. pygmaea (Lange) Samp.; Ann. Sci. Acad. Polytecn. Porto 4(2): 121 (1909)

= Viola silvatica Fr. ex C.Hartm.; Bot. Not. (1841), 81

= Viola silvatica subsp. insularis (Gren.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 77 (1878)

= Viola silvatica subsp. riviniana (Rchb.) Syme; Sm., Engl. Bot., ed. 3B, 2: 19 (1864), nom. superfl.

= Viola silvatica var. adunca Kurtz; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 364 (1894)

= Viola silvatica var. ascoplectron Svent. ex Marcet; Bol. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 46: 378 (1948), nom. nud.

= Viola silvatica var. grandiflora Gren.; Gren. & Godr., Fl. France Corse 1: 178 (1847)

= Viola silvatica var. macrantha Fr.; Novit. Fl. Suec. Mant. 3: 121 (1843)

= Viola silvatica var. pygmaea Lange; Vidensk. Meddel. Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1865: 92 (1866)

= Viola silvatica var. riviniana (Rchb.) Asch.; 72 (1860), nom. illeg.

= Viola silvatica var. riviniana (Rchb.) Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 1: 459 (1867), nom. superfl.

= Viola silvatica var. rostrata Cout.; Bol. Soc. Brot. 10: 30 (1892)

= Viola silvestris proles riviniana (Rchb.) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 14 (1896)

= Viola silvestris subsp. insularis (Gren.) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 15 (1896)

= Viola subsessilifolia Lázaro Ibiza; Bol. Real Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 6: 522 (1906)

= Viola sylvatica var. grandiflora Gren.; 178 (1847)

= Viola sylvestris lusus incompleta Merino; Brotéria, Sér. Bot. 11: 112 (1912)

= Viola sylvestris lusus semiglabra Merino; Brotéria, Sér. Bot. 11: 111 (1912)

= Viola sylvestris proles riviniana (Rchb.) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 14 (1896)

= Viola sylvestris f. albidotomentosa W.Becker; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 56: 189 (1906)

= Viola sylvestris subsp. nemorum Döll; 652 (1843)

= Viola sylvestris subsp. riviniana (Rchb.) Celak.; 83 (1870)

= Viola sylvestris subsp. riviniana (Rchb.) Tourlet; Cat. Pl. Vasc. Indre-et-Loire: 61 (1908)

= Viola sylvestris subsp. riviniana (Rchb.) W.D.J.Koch; Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv.: 91 (1837)

= Viola sylvestris subsp. rosulata P.Fourn.; Monde Pl. 33: 36 (1933)

= Viola sylvestris subvar. stenophylla Merino; Brotéria, Sér. Bot. 11: 111 (1913)

= Viola sylvestris var. crassa F.W.Schultz; 63 (1845)

= Viola sylvestris var. grandiflora (Gren.) Cadevall; Fl. Catalunya 1: 219 (1913)

= Viola sylvestris var. ilerdensis Font Quer; Treb. Mus. Ci. Nat. Barcelona, Sèr. Bot. 5(3): 206 (1920)

= Viola sylvestris var. longecalcarata P.Fourn.; Monde Pl. 33: 36 (1933)

= Viola sylvestris var. macrantha (Wallr.) Wimm. & Grab.; 220 (1827)

= Viola sylvestris var. macrantha Döll; Rhein. Fl.: 652 (1843)

= Viola sylvestris var. macrantha Wimm. & Grab.; Fl. Siles. 1: 220 (1827), nom. superfl.

= Viola sylvestris var. nemorum (Döll) Döll; 1264 (1862)

= Viola sylvestris var. pygmaea (Lange) Lázaro Ibiza; Revista Real Acad. Ci. Madrid 17: 277 (1919)

= Viola sylvestris var. riviniana (Rchb.) W.D.J.Koch; Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 1: 84 (1835)

species :

Viola robusta Hillebr.; Fl. Haw. Isl. 16 (1888)

Distribution: Hawaii (Molokai)

63 HAW

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 5 Nosphimium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta (Hillebr.) W.L.Wagner, Herbst & Sohmer; Bishop Mus. Occas. Pap. 29: 117 (1989)

species :

Viola roccabrunensis Espeut; Monde Pl. 99(482): 18 (2004)

Distribution: France

12 FRA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola tricolor f. olyssiponensis Albert & Jahand.; Cat. Pl. Vasc. Var: 56 (1908), non Rouy

species :

Viola rockiana W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 21(588-600): 236-237 (1925)

Distribution: China (Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan); E-Tibet

36 CHI TIB

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola jizushanensis S.H.Huang; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 25(4): 431 (2003)

= Viola biflora var. rockiana (W.Becker) Y.S.Chen; Fl. China (2007)

species :

Viola rodriguezii W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 22: 350 (1926)

Distribution: Argentina (Catamarca, Salta, Tucuman)

85 ARG

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola munozensis W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 23: 226 (1926)

species :

Viola roigii Rossow; Hickenia 2(21): 95 (1993)

Distribution: Argentina (San Juan)

85 ARG

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

species :

Viola rosacea Brainerd; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 37: 525 (1910)

Distribution: E-USA

75 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae. Not a synonym of V. affinis fide Marcussen et al. 2022

species :

Viola rossii Hemsl.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 23(152): 54-55 (1886)

Distribution: Russian Far East (Primorye); China (?Henan, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shandong, Zhejiang); North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)

31 RFE 36 CHI 38 JAP KOR NKO

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola matsumurae Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 16(184): 134-135 (1902)

= Viola rossii f. atropurpurea (Nakai) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 215 (1954)

= Viola rossii f. lactiflora (Nakai) Hiyama ex F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 215 (1954)

= Viola rossii var. atropurpurea Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 42: 562 (1928)

= Viola rossii var. lactiflora Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 42: 562 (1928)

species :

Viola rossowiana J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores; Rock Gard. Quart. 71(1): 59 (2013)

Distribution: Argentina (Neuquén)

85 ARG

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 8 Sempervivum

species :

Viola rostrata Pursh; Fl. Am. Sept. 1: 174 (1813)

Name: Longspur violet

Distribution: Canada (Ontario, Québec); USA (Alabama, Connecticut, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maryland, Michigan, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin, West Virginia)

72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Lophion rostratum (Muhl.) Nieuwl. & Kaczm.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 216 (1914)

= Viola rostrata f. phelpsiae Fernald; Rhodora 17: 180 (1915)

= Viola rostrata f. trirostrata Grover; Ohio J. Sci. 39: 147 (1939)

= Viola rostrata var. elongata Farw.; Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 19: 249 (1917)

= Viola rostrata var. phelpsiae (Fernald) Farw.; Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 19: 259 (1917)

variant :

var. japonica (W.Becker ex Boiss.) Ohwi; Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus. Tokyo no. 33: 80 (1953)

Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku)

38 JAP

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola rostrata f. albiflora Y.Ueno; J. Jap. Bot. 57: 318 (1982)

= Viola rostrata f. alpina E.Hama; J. Jap. Bot. 51: 339 (1976)

= Viola rostrata f. radicans M.Nagas.; Yaso 4: 62 (1938)

= Viola rostrata f. ramosa M.Nagas.; Yaso 4: 63 (1938)

= Viola rostrata subsp. japonica W.Becker & H.Boissieu; Bull. Herb. Boissier, sér. 2, 8: 742 (1908)

= Viola rostrata var. crassifolia Hashim.; Violets of Japan: 135 (1967)

= Viola rostrata var. japonica (W.Becker & H.Boissieu) Ohwi; Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 33: 80 (1953)

species :

Viola rosulata Poepp. & Endl.; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H. B. K.] 2: 49, t. 166 (1835)

Distribution: Chile (O´Higgins, Maule, Ñuble)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

species :

Viola rotundifolia Michx.; Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 150 (1803)

Name: Roundleaf yellow violet

Distribution: Canada (Ontario, Québec); USA (Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Vermont, West Virginia)

72 CDN 75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

species :

Viola rubella Cav.; Ic. 6: 20, t. 351, f. 1 (1800)

Distribution: Chile (Biobío, Araucanía, Los Rios, Los Lagos)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 3 Rübellium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola caulescens Molina ex F.Phil.; Cat. Pl. Vasc. Chil. 20 (1881)

= Viola chamaedrifolia Ruiz & Pav. ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 306 (1824), nom. inval.

= Viola corralensis Phil.; Linnaea 33: 16 (1864 publ. 1865)

= Viola rubella var. angustifolia Ging.; Linnaea 1: 410 (1826)

= Viola rubella var. latifolia Ging.; Linnaea 1: 410 (1826)

= Viola teucriifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult.; Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. ed. 15[bis]. 5: 391 (1819)

species :

Viola rubromarginata J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores; Int. Rock Gard. 106: 14 (2018)

Distribution: Argentina (Neuquén)

85 ARG

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

species :

Viola rudolphii Sparre; Lilloa 17: 410 (1949)

Distribution: Chile (Los Rios, Los Lagos)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 4 Chilenium

species :

Viola rugosa Phil. ex W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 182 (1922)

Distribution: Chile (Maule)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

species :

Viola rugulosa Greene; Pittonia 5: 26 (1902)

Name: Creepingroot violet

Distribution: Alaska; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Northern Territories, Ontario, Saskatchewan, Yukon); USA (Arizona, Colorado, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington State, Wisconsin, Wyoming)

70 ASK CDN 71 CDN 72 CDN 73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 76 USA 77 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Lophion rugulosum (Greene) Lunell; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 5: 238 (1918)

= Viola canadensis var. rugulosa (Greene) C.L.Hitchc.; Vasc. Pl. Pacif. N. W. [C. L. Hitchcock & al.] 3: 442 (1961)

= Viola discurrens Greene; Pittonia 5: 26 (1902)

species :

Viola rupestris F.W.Schmidt; Abh. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. ser. 2, 1: 60 (1791)

subspecies :

subsp. rupestris

Name: Sand-Veilchen (DE)

Distribution: England; Netherlands; Belgium; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, +Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, +Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Spain; Andorra; France; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Serbia; Kosovo; Romania; Bulgaria; N-Greece (Mt. Falakron, Mt. Olimbos, Mt. Mavrovouni, Mt. Voras); Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; W-European Russia; Ukraine; Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, W-Siberia, Yakutia); Russian Far East (Amur, Khabarovsk, Primorye, Sakhalin); Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (E-Anatolia); Iran; Afghanistan (Kunar / Nuristan, Paktia / Khost); China (SE-Gansu, Shanxi, Xinjiang); Mongolia; Pakistan (Chitral, Swat, Hazara, Gilgit, Baltistan, Deosai); NW-India (Jammu & Kashmir)

10 GRB 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE NET POL SLO SWI 12 ADO FRA SPA 13 BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS ROM SLV SRB 14 BLR EST LAT LIT RUS UKR 30 SIB 31 RFE 32 KAZ KGZ TZK UZB 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 AFG IRN TUR 36 CHI 37 MON 40 IND PAK

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola allionii Pio; Viola Spec. Bot. Med. 20 (1813), nom. illeg.

= Viola aprica Spreng.; Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) (Spreng.) 1: 800 (1824)

= Viola arenaria DC.; Fl. Franc. 4: 806 (1805)

= Viola arenaria f. glabrescens Neuman; 274 (1901)

= Viola arenaria subsp. rupestris (F.W.Schmidt) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 77 (1878), nom. illeg.

= Viola arenaria var. acaulis Wimm. & Grab.; Fl. Siles. 1: 217 (1827)

= Viola arenaria var. glabrata Wimm. & Grab.; Fl. Siles. 1: 217 (1827)

= Viola arenaria var. grandiflora Gren.; Gren. & Godr., Fl. France 1: 179 (1847)

= Viola arenaria var. lilacina Formánek; 78 (1886), nom. inval.

= Viola arenaria var. livida (Kit.) Hampe; 19 (1836)

= Viola arenaria var. livida Wimm. & Grab.; Fl. Siles. 1: 217 (1827)

= Viola arenaria var. macrantha Fr.; 121 (1845)

= Viola arenaria var. rupestris (F.W.Schmidt) Abrom.; 89 (1898), nom. illeg.

= Viola arenaria var. violacea Formánek; 78 (1886), nom. inval.

= Viola balbisii Re; Fl. Segus.: 73 (1805)

= Viola calabra A.Huet ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 77 (1878), nom. inval.

= Viola canina subsp. arenaria (DC.) Hook.f.; Student. Fl. Brit. Isl.: 45 (1870)

= Viola canina var. allionii Kirschl.; 10 (1840)

= Viola canina var. arenaria (DC.) C.C.Gmel.; 631 (1826)

= Viola canina var. arenaria (DC.) Hartm.; Handb. Skand. Fl.: 109 (1820)

= Viola canina var. nana Fr.; 274 (1828)

= Viola canina var. rupestris (F.W.Schmidt) Regel; Pl. Radd. 1: 250 (1861), et Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 39: 528 (1866)

= Viola cordifolia Schur; Verh. Naturf. Vereins Brünn 15(2): 114 (1877), nom. illeg.

= Viola glaberrima (Murb.) Serg.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 21: 283 (1961), nom. illeg.

= Viola glauca M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur. Caucasus 3: 165 (1819)

= Viola himalayensis W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 72 (1921)

= Viola krokeri J.F.Gmel.; Syst. Nat., ed. 13(bis). 2(1): 412 (1791)

= Viola livida Kit. ex Schult.; Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. ed. 15[bis]. 5: 363 (1819)

= Viola nummulariifolia Schleich. ex Link; Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 1: 240 (1821) non Vill.

= Viola nummulariifolia var. minima Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 101 (1824)

= Viola nummulariifolia var. rupestris (F.W.Schmidt) Pohl; Tent. Fl. Bohem. 1: 231 (1809)

= Viola pumila Schur; Verh. Naturf. Vereins Brünn 15(2): 114 (1877), nom. illeg.

= Viola purpurascens F.W.Schmidt; Fl. Boëm. 3: 49 (1794)

= Viola pusilla Schleich.; Cat. Pl. Helv., ed. 4: 61 (1821), nom. nud.

= Viola riphaea J.F.Gmel.; Syst. Nat. ed. 13[bis].: 413 (1791)

= Viola rupestris nothosubsp. glabrescens (Neum.) VI.V.Nikitin

= Viola rupestris f. pusilla (Schleich.) Gams; 638 (1925)

= Viola rupestris subsp. arenaria (DC.) Rothm.; Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 64: 7 (1963)

= Viola rupestris subsp. arenaria (DC.) Tzvelev; Arktichesk. Fl. SSSR 8: 33 (1980), isonym

= Viola rupestris subsp. glaberrima (Murb.) Vl.V.Nikitin; Fl. Vostochnoi Evropy 9: 190 (1996)

= Viola rupestris subsp. licentii W.Becker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928(6): 248 (1928)

= Viola rupestris subvar. macrantha (Fr.) Gams; 638 (1925)

= Viola rupestris var. arenaria (DC.) Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich 1: 519 (1892)

= Viola rupestris var. bolosii Montserrat; Soc. Ech. Pl. Vasc. Eur. Occid. Bassin Medit. H. Bull. 15: 79 (1972-1973 publ. 1974)

= Viola rupestris var. glaberrima Murb.; Bot. Not. 1887: 186 (1887)

= Viola rupestris var. glabra Popov; Konspekt Fl. Pober. Baikal: 213 (1966)

= Viola rupestris var. glabrescens Neuman; Sver. Fl.: 274 (1901)

= Viola rupestris var. grandiflora (Gren.) Lázaro Ibiza; Revista Real Acad. Ci. Madrid 17: 279 (1919)

= Viola rupestris var. himalayensis (W.Becker) S.P.Banerjee & Pramanik; Fasc. Fl. India 12: 33 (1983)

= Viola rupestris var. subarenaria Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich 1: 519 (1892)

= Viola saxigena Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 84 (1866)

= Viola sergievskajae Tzvelev; Opred. Sosud. Rast. Severo-Zap. Rossii: 679 (2000), nom. nov.

= Viola silvatica var. arenaria (DC.) Asch.; 72 (1860)

= Viola silvestris proles rupestris (F.W.Schmidt) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 16 (1896)

= Viola silvestris subsp. arenaria (DC.) Wigand; Fl. Kurhessen: 82 (1859)

= Viola silvestris subsp. arenaria Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 15 (1896)

= Viola sylvestris proles rupestris (F.W.Schmidt) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 16 (1896)

= Viola sylvestris subsp. arenaria (DC.) Döll; 652 (1843)

= Viola sylvestris subsp. arenaria (DC.) Wigand; Fl. Kurhessen: 82 (1859)

= Viola sylvestris var. arenaria (DC.) Asch.; 15 (1859)

= Viola sylvestris var. arenaria (DC.) Döll; Fl. Baden 3: 1265 (1862)

= Viola sylvestris var. glabrata Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 16 (1896)

= Viola sylvestris var. rupestris (F.W.Schmidt) Maxim.; Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 9: 743 (1876)

= Viola tricolor var. orophila (É.Rev. ex Debeaux) É.Rev. ex Debeaux; Rev. Bot. Bull. Mens. 13: 346 (1895)

subspecies :

subsp. orioli-bolosii Molero, L.Sáez & L.Villar; Acta Bot. Barcin. 45: 376 (1998)

Distribution: Spain

12 SPA

subspecies :

subsp. relicta Jalas; Ann. Bot. Soc. Zool.-Bot. Fenn. Vanamo 24(1): 70 (1950)

Distribution: Norway; Sweden; Finland

10 FIN NOR SWE

species :

Viola rupicola Elmer; Leafl. Philip. Bot. 1: 324 (1908)

Distribution: Philippines (Luzon)

42 PHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola effusa W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 424 (1917)

species :

Viola ruppii All.; Auct. Syn. Meth. Stirp. Hort. Regii Taur. 32 (1773)

Name: Heath dog violet (EN), Berg-Veilchen (DE)

Distribution: Iceland; Svalbard; Faeroe Isl.; England; Ireland; Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Netherlands; Belgium; Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Sachsen, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Spain; France; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Estonia; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; European Russia (widespread, incl. Novaja Zemlya); Moldova; Ukraine; Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, W-Siberia); Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Greenland [I]

10 DEN FOR GRB ICE IRE NOR SVA SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE NET POL SLO SWI 12 COR FRA SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SLV SRB TUE 14 BLR EST LAT LIT MLD RUS UKR 30 SIB 32 KAZ UZB 33 ARM GEO NCS 70 gnl

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola canina subsp. kochii Kirschl.; 12 (1840)

= Viola canina subsp. montana P.Fourn.; Quatre Fl. France: 448 (1936)

= Viola canina subsp. ruppii (All.) Schübl. & G.Martens; Fl. Würtemberg 159 (1834), nom. illeg.

= Viola canina subsp. stricta Wigand; Fl. Kurhessen: 81 (1859), nom. illeg.

= Viola canina var. einseleana (F.W.Schultz) Prantl; 248 (1884)

= Viola canina var. macrantha Fr.; 122 (1845), nom. illeg.

= Viola canina var. macrantha Gren. & Godr.; Fl. France Corse 1: 189 (1848)

= Viola canina var. nemoralis (Kütz.) Kirschl.; 12 (1840)

= Viola canina var. ruppii (All.) Burnat; Fl. Alpes Marit. 1: 171 (1892)

= Viola canina var. ruppii (All.) Mert. & W.D.J.Koch; Röhling, Deutschl. Fl., ed. 3, 2: 263 (1826)

= Viola canina var. ruppii (All.) Wigand; 81 (1859), nom. illeg.

= Viola canina var. turfosa Kirschl.; 13 (1840)

= Viola intermedia Krock.; Fl. Siles., Suppl. 1: 289 (1823), nom. illeg. non Lej.

= Viola lactea var. ruppii (All.) Pio; 21 (1813)

= Viola lactea var. ruppii (All.) Schult.; Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. ed. 15[bis]. 5: 369 (1819)

= Viola lactea var. stricta Fr.; Novit. Fl. Svec.: 86 (1823)

= Viola lancifolia M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 3: 165 (1819), nom. illeg.

= Viola lancifolia var. ruppii (All.) Loisel.; Fl. Gall.: 128 (1806)

= Viola montana f. caniniformis Schwind; 248 (1935)

= Viola montana subsp. ruppii (All.) Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 2: 206 (1828)

= Viola montana var. ruppii (All.) Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 299 (1824)

= Viola montana var. ruppii (All.) Moritzi; 167 (1832), isonym

= Viola nemoralis Kütz.; Linnaea 7: 46 (1832)

= Viola nemoralis subsp. abbreviata (Vl.V.Nikitin) Vl.V.Nikitin; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 86(1): 135 (2001)

= Viola nemoralis var. abbreviata Vl.V.Nikitin; Fl. Vostochnoi Evropy 9: 194 (1996)

= Viola paludosa Clairv.; Man. Herbor. Suisse: 67 (1811), nom. illeg.

= Viola pobedimovae Serg.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 21: 286 (1961)

= Viola ruppii Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 2: 707 (1832), nom. illeg.

= Viola stricta subsp. ruppii (All.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 77 (1878)

species :

Viola saccata Melch.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 28: 96 (1930)

Distribution: Peru

83 PER

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 1 Leptidium

species :

Viola sacchalinensis H.Boissieu; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 57: 188 (1910)

Distribution: Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, Yakutia); Russian Far East (Amur, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Kuril Isl., Magadan, Primorye, Sakhalin); China (Heilongjiang, Nei Mongol, Jilin, ?Shaanxi, S-Shanxi); Mongolia; North Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu)

30 SIB 31 RFE 36 CHI 37 MON 38 JAP NKO

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola canina var. kamtschatica Ging.; Linnaea 1: 407 (1826)

= Viola harae Miyabe & Tatew.; Trans. Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc. 16: 182 (1940)

= Viola komarovii W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 237-239 (1916)

= Viola koraiensis Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 281 (1916)

= Viola miranda W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 14: 322 (1916)

= Viola rupestris subsp. sacchalinensis (H.Boissieu) Vorosch.; Skvortsov (ed.), Florist. Issl. Razn. Raionakh SSSR: 182 (1985)

= Viola sacchalinensis f. albialpina E.Hama; Violets of Japan: 181 (1987)

= Viola sacchalinensis f. alpina (H.Hara) F.Maek. & T.Hashim.; J. Jap. Bot. 43: 163 (1968)

= Viola sacchalinensis f. chionantha E.Hama; Violets of Japan: 181 (1987)

= Viola sacchalinensis var. alpicola P.Y.Fu & Y.C.Teng; Fl. Pl. Herb. Chin. Bor.-Or. 6: 291 (1977)

= Viola sacchalinensis var. alpina H.Hara; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 50: 303 (1936)

= Viola venusta Nakai; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 22: 194 (1925)

species :

Viola sacculus Skottsb.; Svensk Vet-Akad Handl. n. s. 56: No. 5, 266 (1916)

Distribution: Argentina (Chubut, Neuquen, Rio Negro, Santa Cruz); Chile (Aisén)

85 ARG CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 8 Sempervivum

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola auritella W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 21: 356 (1925)

= Viola patagonica W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 21: 356 (1925)

= Viola squamulosa W.Becker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928: 138 (1928)

species :

Viola sagittata Aiton; Hort. Kew. ed. 1, 3: 287 (1789)

Name: Arrowleaf violet

Distribution: Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec); USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Wisconsin, West Virginia)

72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA 77 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola alleghanensis Schult.; Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. ed. 15[bis]. 5: 360 (1819)

= Viola ciliata Muhl.; Cat. Pl. Amer. Sept.: 25 (1813)

= Viola dentata Pursh; Fl. Amer. Sept. (Pursh) 1: 172 (1813)

= Viola emarginata var. acutiloba Brainerd; Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. N. U.S., ed. 2, 2: 553 (1913)

= Viola emarginata var. simulata Greene; Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1: 7 (1903)

= Viola sagittata f. albescens Farw.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 12: 127 (1930)

= Viola sagittata f. carlii Creutz; Wild Fl. 35: 9 (1959)

= Viola sagittata var. glabra Pennell; Bartonia 12: 19 (1931)

= Viola sagittata var. secedens (Greene) Farw.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 12: 68 (1930)

= Viola sagittifolia Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 130 (1796)

= Viola secedens Greene; Pittonia 5: 121 (1903)

species :

Viola samothracica (Degen) Raus; Willdenowia 35(1): 61 (2005)

Distribution: NE-Greece (Samothraki)

13 GRC

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola olympica var. samothracica Degen; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 41: 331 (1891)

species :

Viola sandaiojiaoensis S.S.Ying; New Taxa New Names 4: 50 (2022)

Distribution: Taiwan

38 TAI

Remarks: provisionally accepted name

species :

Viola sandrasea Melch.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 46: 39 (1939)

Distribution: Turkey (SW-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia)

34 TUR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola sandrasea subsp. cilicica Contandr. & Quézel; Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 123(7-8): 421 (1976)

species :

Viola santiagoensis W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 21: 353 (1925)

Distribution: Chile (Metropolitana de Santiago)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 8 Sempervivum

species :

Viola saxifraga Maire; Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc, No. 15, 11 (1926)

Distribution: Morocco

20 MOR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 15 Xylinosium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola saxifraga var. ciliata Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N.28: 340 (1937)

species :

Viola scandens Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult.; Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. ed. 15[bis]. 5: 391 (1819)

Distribution: Mexico (Veracruz, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Sinaloa, etc.); Honduras; Costa Rica; Panama; Colombia (Antioquia, Boyacá, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Nariño, Norte de Santander, Putumayo, Quindío, Risaralda, Santander, Tolima, Valle); Venezuela (Merida, Tachira, Trujillo); Ecuador; Peru

79 MEX 80 COS HON PAN 82 CLM VEN 83 ECU PER

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 1 Leptidium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola colombiana W.Becker; Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 41: 151 (1928)

= Viola cuatrecasasii L.B.Sm. & A.Fernández; Caldasia 6: 159 (1954)

= Viola dichotoma (Moc. & Sessé) ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 297 (1824)

= Viola lindeniana Turcz.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 27(2): 336 (1854)

= Viola nelsonii W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 19: 92 (1923)

= Viola pichinchensis Turcz.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 27(II): 335 (1854 publ. 1855)

= Viola scandens var. hirtella L.B.Sm. & A.Fernández; Caldasia 6: 159 (1954)

= Viola scandens var. integristipula Benoist; Publ. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 3: 78 (1933)

species :

Viola schariensis Erben; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 21(2): 622 (1985)

Distribution: North Macedonia (Sar Planina); ?Albania

13 NMA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola schultzii Billot ex F.W.Schultz; Flora 23: 121 (1840)

Name: Schultz-Veilchen (DE)

Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg, +Rheinland-Pfalz); Poland; Hungary; France; N-Italy; Serbia; Kosovo; S-Romania

11 GER HUN POL 12 FRA 13 ITA KOS ROM SRB

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Conservation Status: generally very rare and threatened throughout its range

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola canina subsp. schultzii (Billot) Döll; 649 (1843)

= Viola canina subsp. schultzii (Billot) Kirschl.; Fl. Alsace 1: 81 (1850)

= Viola canina var. schultzii (Billot) Kirschl.; 13 (1840)

= Viola hladnikii Rchb. ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 1: 77 (1878)

= Viola macrostipulata Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 84 (1866)

= Viola montana subsp. schultzii (Billot) Janch.; 248 (1958), nom. inval., et 237 (1959)

= Viola montana var. schultzii (Billot) W.Becker; Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. 8: 271 (1902)

= Viola schultzii Billot; Exsicc. (Fl. Gall. & Germ.) 1: 4 (1836)

= Viola stagnina var. schultzii (Billot) Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich 2(1): 523 (1892), isonym

= Viola stagnina var. schultzii (Billot) Prantl; 249 (1884)

= Viola turfosa Kirschl. ex F.W.Schultz; Flora 23: 121 (1840)

species :

Viola scopulorum (A.Gray) Greene; Pittonia 5: 27 (1902)

Distribution: USA (Colorado, New Mexico, Utah)

73 USA 76 USA 77 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola canadensis subsp. scopulorum (A.Gray) House; Rydb., Fl. Colorado: 234 (1906)

= Viola canadensis var. scopulorum A.Gray; Bot. Gaz. 11: 291 (1886)

species :

Viola scorpiuroides Coss.; Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 19: 80 (1872)

Name: Scorpion Violet

Distribution: S-Greece (Kithira, Andikithira); Crete (W-Crete, E-Crete); Libya; Egypt (Great Southwestern Desert, NW-coastal Egypt)

13 GRC KRI 20 EGY LBY

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 15 Xylinosium. V. methodiana may deserve subspecific rank fide Strid (2024)

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola methodiana Coustur. & Gand.; Bull Soc. Duffour, 37 (1914), et in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 1916 63: 4, 13 (1917)

= Viola scorpiuroides var. inflata Pamp.; Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1919: 117 (1919)

species :

Viola selkirkii Pursh ex Goldie; Edinb. Philos. Jour. 6: 324 (1822)

Name: Selkirks Violet

Distribution: Norway; Sweden; Finland; Estonia; C-European Russia; N-European Russia; Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, W-Siberia); Russian Far East (Amur, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Kuril Isl., Magadan, Primorye, Sakhalin); Kazakhstan; Northern Caucasus; China (Anhui, Hebei, Heilongjiang, ?Henan, ?Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, ?Shaanxi, Shandong, ?Shanxi, Sichuan); Mongolia; North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku); Alaska; Greenland; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, ?Northern Territories, ?Nunavut, Ontario, Québec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); USA (Colorado, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Vermont, Washington State, Wisconsin)

10 FIN NOR SWE 14 EST RUS 30 SIB 31 RFE 32 KAZ 33 NCS 36 CHI 37 MON 38 JAP KOR NKO 70 ASK CDN GNL 71 CDN 72 CDN 73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 77 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola borealis Weinm.; Linnaea 10: 66 (1835)

= Viola carnosula W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36(2): 57 (1918)

= Viola erecta H.M.Myers; Amer. Naturalist 4: 438 (1870), nom. illeg.

= Viola hirta var. umbrosa Wahlenb.; Fl. Suec. [Wahlenberg] 1: 543 (1826)

= Viola imberbis Ledeb.; Fl. Altaic. 1: 257-258 (1829)

= Viola kamtschatica Ging.; Linnaea 1: 406-407 (1826)

= Viola kamtschatica var. glabra Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(II): 474 (1862)

= Viola kamtschatica var. umbrosa (Fr.) Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(II): 474 (1862)

= Viola salina Turcz.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 15: 299 (1842)

= Viola selkirkii f. alba Tatew.; J. Sapporo Soc. Agric. 34(2): 89 (1931)

= Viola selkirkii f. albiflora (Nakai) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 217 (1954)

= Viola selkirkii f. subglabra (W.Becker) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 217 (1954)

= Viola selkirkii f. variegata (Nakai) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 217 (1954)

= Viola selkirkii var. albiflora Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 33: 9 (1919)

= Viola selkirkii var. angustistipulata W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 245 (1916)

= Viola selkirkii var. brevicalcarata (W.Becker) W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 414 (1917)

= Viola selkirkii var. glabrescens W.Becker & Hultén; Ark. Bot. 22: A-3 (1928)

= Viola selkirkii var. okudana Okuyama; Col. Ill. Wild. Pl. Japan 7: 74 (1963)

= Viola selkirkii var. subbarbata W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 414 (1917)

= Viola selkirkii var. subglabra W.Becker; Fl. Aziat. Ross. 8: 73 (1915)

= Viola selkirkii var. variegata Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 37 (1922)

= Viola umbrosa (Wahlenb.) Fr.; Novit. Fl. Suec. Alt.: 271 (1828)

species :

Viola sempervirens Greene; Pittonia 4: 8 (1899)

subspecies :

subsp. sempervirens

Name: Evergreen violet

Distribution: Alaska; Canada (British Columbia); USA (California, Idaho, Oregon, Washington State)

70 ASK 71 CDN 73 USA 76 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

subspecies :

subsp. orbiculoides M.S.Baker; Madroño 5: 224 (1940)

Distribution: Canada (British Columbia); USA (Washington State)

71 CDN 73 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola sarmentosa Douglas; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 80 (1830), non M. Bieb. 1808

species :

Viola sempervivum Gay; Fl. Chil. 1: 226 (1846)

Distribution: Chile (Coquimbo, Valparaíso, Metropolitana de Santiago)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 8 Sempervivum

species :

Viola senzanensis Hayata; Icon. Pl. Formosan. 6: 3-4 (1916)

Distribution: Taiwan

38 TAI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola wulingensis S.S.Ying; New Taxa New Names 2: 70 (2022)

species :

Viola seoulensis Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 32: 218 (1918)

Distribution: South Korea; ?etc.

38 KOR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

species :

Viola septemloba Leconte; Ann. Lyc. N. York 2: 141 (1828)

Name: Southern coastal violet

Distribution: Czech Republic [I]; USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas)

11 cze 75 USA 77 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola insignis Pollard; Bot. Gaz. 26: 334 (1898), nom. illeg., non K. Richt.

= Viola vicinalis Greene; Pittonia 4: 9 (1899)

species :

Viola septentrionalis Greene; Pittonia 3: 334 (1898)

Distribution: E-USA

75 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae. Not a synonym of V. sororia fide Marcussen et al. 2022

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola fletcheri Greene; Pittonia 4: 296 (1901)

= Viola macounii Greene; Pittonia 3: 335 (1898)

= Viola nesiotica Greene; Pittonia 5: 102 (1902)

= Viola septentrionalis f. alba Vict. & J.Rousseau; Contr. Inst. Bot. Univ. Montréal 36: 20 (1940)

= Viola subviscosa Greene; Pittonia 4: 293 (1901)

species :

Viola serpentinicola de Salas; Muelleria 36: 113 (2018)

Distribution: Australia (Tasmania)

50 AUS

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 5 Erpetion

species :

Viola serresiana Erben; Bot. Chronika 13: 51 (2000)

Distribution: ?S-Bulgaria; NE-Greece (Rodopi, Mt. Falakron, Mt. Pangaion, Mt. Athos)

13 GRC

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola serrula W.Becker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928(6): 247-248 (1928)

Distribution: China

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola sfikasiana Erben; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 21(2): 495 (1985)

Distribution: S-Greece (Mt. Taygetos)

13 GRC

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola sheltonii Torr.; Pacif. Rail. Rep. 4: 67, t. 2 (1856)

Name: Shelton´s violet

Distribution: USA (California, Colorado, Idaho, Oregon, Washington State)

73 USA 76 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola biternata Greene; Pl. Baker (Greene) 3: 12 (1901)

= Viola sheltonii var. biternata (Greene) A.Nelson; Bot. Gaz. 56: 66 (1913)

species :

Viola shikokiana Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 16: 132 (1902)

Distribution: Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)

38 JAP

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola epipsila var. acuminata Nakai; Icon. Pl. Koisikav. 4: 87 (1921)

= Viola hakonensis Nakai; Ic. Pl. Koisikav. 4: 87 (1921), in syn., et Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: p. (90), japonice (1922)

species :

Viola shinchikuensis Yamam.; J. Soc. Trop. Agric. 5: 352 (1933)

Distribution: Taiwan

38 TAI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola nagamiana Hashim.; Ann. Tsukuba Bot. Gard. 6: 1, f. 1 (1987)

species :

Viola shiweii Xiao C.Li & Z.W.Wang; PhytoKeys 196: 63-89 (2022)

Distribution: China (Guizhou)

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. Australasiaticae

species :

Viola sieberiana Spreng.; Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) (Spreng.) 4(2, Cur. Post.): 96 (1827)

Distribution: Australia (Sydney region, New South Wales, isolated E-Gippsland, Victoria)

50 AUS

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 5 Erpetion

Synonyms: hidden

= Erpetion spathulatum Don; Gen. Hist. 1: 335 (1831)

= Viola hederacea subsp. sieberiana (Spreng.) L.G.Adams; Fl. Australia 8: 387, 99 (1982)

= Viola hederacea var. sieberiana (Spreng.) Domin; Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 428 (1928)

species :

Viola sieboldii Maxim.; Bull. Acad. Petersb. 23: 320 (1877)

Distribution: Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)

38 JAP

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola pumilio f. variegata M.Nagas. ex F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 214 (1954)

= Viola pumilio W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 246 (1916)

= Viola sieboldii f. albiflora E.Hama; Violets of Japan: 181 (1987)

= Viola sieboldii f. albovariegata E.Hama; J. Jap. Bot., 51(11): 342 (1976)

= Viola sieboldii f. leucantha E.Hama; Violets of Japan: 181 (1987)

= Viola sieboldii f. major Sugim.; Keys Herb. Pl. Jap. 1(Dicot.): 735 (1965)

= Viola sieboldii f. variegata (M.Nagas. ex F.Maek.) F.Maek. & T.Hashim. ex T.Shimizu; Fl. Nagano Pref.: 1507 (1997), nom. illeg.

variant :

var. litoralis Konta & Katsuy.; Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, B. 31(4): 142 (2005)

Distribution: Japan (Honshu)

38 JAP

species :

Viola sieheana W.Becker; Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2, 2: 751 (1902)

Distribution: Romania; Bulgaria; Greece (scattered mainland, also Thasos, Samothraki, Evvoia, Andros); European Russia; Moldova; Crimea; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan (incl. Nachichevan); East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Chios); Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Iran (N-Iran); Cyprus (C-Mountains); Lebanon (C-Lebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria)

13 BUL GRC ROM 14 KRY MLD RUS 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 CYP EAI IRN LEB SYR TUR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola cypria H.Lindb.; Årsbok-Vuosik. Soc. Sci. Fenn. 20B(7): 5 (1942)

= Viola riviniana subsp. sieheana (W.Becker) Hayek; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(1): 506 (1925)

= Viola sieheana f. grandistipulata W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 26(2): 298 (1910)

= Viola sieheana var. oblongifolia W.Becker; Viol. Exc.: 135 (1905)

species :

Viola sikkimensis W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 260 (1916)

Distribution: China (Yunnan); SE-Tibet; Nepal; Bhutan; India (Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, West Bengal); Myanmar; ?Sumatra; Philippines (Luzon)

36 CHI TIB 40 BHU IND NEP 41 MYA 42 PHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. Australasiaticae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola hookeri Thomson ex Spare & C.E.C.Fisch.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1929: 251 (1929)

= Viola hookeri Thomson ex W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 259 (1916), descr. emend.

= Viola hookeri Thomson ex Hook.f. & Thomson; Fl. Br. Ind. 1: 183 (1872)

= Viola ramosiana W.Becker; Philipp. J. Sci. 19: 716 (1921 publ. 1922)

species :

Viola silicestris K.R.Thiele & Prober; Telopea 11(2): 99 (2006)

Distribution: Australia (New South Wales, Queensland)

50 AUS

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 5 Erpetion

species :

Viola singkiangensis Miau & Xiao L.Pan; Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 35(Suppl. 2): 46 (1996)

Distribution: China (Xinjiang)

36 CHI

Remarks: provisionally accepted name, status unconfirmed

species :

Viola singularis J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores; Phytotaxa 2: 20 (2009)

Distribution: Argentina (Mendoza)

85 ARG

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

species :

Viola sintenisii W.Becker; Mitteil. Thüring. Bot. Ver. 24: 1 (1909)

Distribution: Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Tajikistan; Afghanistan (Herat)

32 TKM TZK UZB 34 AFG

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola alba subsp. sintenisii (W.Becker) W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36(2): 21 (1918)

species :

Viola skottsbergiana W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 21: 352 (1925)

Distribution: Chile (Maule)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 8 Sempervivum

species :

Viola slavikii Formánek; Verh. Naturf. Ver. Brünn 38: 220 (1900)

Distribution: North Macedonia

13 NMA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola velutina var. elata Formánek; Verh. Naturf. Ver. Brünn 32: 178 (1893) p. p.

= Viola gracilis subvar. slavikii (Formánek) Hayek; Prodr. Fl. Penins. Balcan. 1: 512 (1927)

species :

Viola somalensis Engl.; Abh. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. 1891 308 (1892)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 13 Sclerosium. Often included in V. stocksii

species :

Viola somchetica K.Koch; Linnaea 15: 251 (1841)

Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; NW-Iran

33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 IRN

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola macroceras subsp. purpurea (Stev.) Kupffer; Mat. Fl. Kavk. 3 9: 218 (1909)

= Viola purpurea Steven; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 29(I): 310 (1856), nom. illeg.

species :

Viola sororia Willd.; Hort. Berol. 1: 72 (1809)

Name: Common blue violet

Distribution: Siberia [I] (W-Siberia [I]); South Korea [I]; Japan [I]; Canada (British Columbia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Isl., Québec, Saskatchewan); USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Vermont, Washington State, Wisconsin, West Virginia); Mexico (Veracruz, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, etc.)

30 sib 38 jap kor 71 CDN 72 CDN 73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola alachuana Murrill; Quart. J. Florida Acad. Sci. 12: 61 (1950)

= Viola allardii Greene; Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 2: 41 (1910)

= Viola cucullata var. alba Torr. & A.Gray; Fl. N. Amer. 1: 137 (1838)

= Viola cucullata var. sororia (Willd.) Torr. & A.Gray; Fl. N. Amer. 1: 137 (1838)

= Viola cuspidata Greene; Pittonia 3: 314 (1898)

= Viola domestica f. alba Farw.; Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. 2: 30 (1923)

= Viola laetecaerulea Greene; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 14: 70 (1901)

= Viola nodosa Greene; Pittonia 4: 296 (1901)

= Viola palmata var. sororia (Willd.) Pollard; Bot. Gaz. 26: 332 (1898)

= Viola papilionacea f. albiflora Grover; Ohio J. Sci. 39: 148 (1939)

= Viola papilionacea f. michaelii Creutz; Wild Fl. 35: 9 (1959)

= Viola papilionacea Pursh; Fl. Am. Sept. 1: 173 p. p. (1813)

= Viola papilionacea var. alba (Torr. & A.Gray) Farw.; Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 19: 259 (1917)

= Viola papilionacea var. domestica Pollard; Britton, Man. Fl. N. States: 636 (1901)

= Viola papilionacea var. priceana (Pollard) Alexander

= Viola planifolia Greene; Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 2: 41 (1910)

= Viola sororia f. beckwithiae House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. 243-244: 40 (1923)

= Viola sororia f. pallida F.Seym.; Phytologia Mem. 5: 395 (1982)

= Viola sororia var. incognita J.Lacey; Sida 3: 312 (1969)

= Viola thompsoniae Chapm.; Fl. South. U.S., ed. 3: 34 (1897)

species :

Viola spathulata Willd. ex Schult.; Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. ed. 15[bis]. 5: 353 (1819)

Distribution: Iran (N-Iran)

34 IRN

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 16 Spathulidium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola papillaris Boiss. & Hohen.; Diagn. Ser. I. 8: 52 (1849)

variant :

var. delirensis Khat.; Iran. J. Bot. 4(2): 177 (1989)

Distribution: Iran

34 IRN

variant :

var. latifolia Ghahrem. ex Khat.; Iran. J. Bot. 4(2): 177 (1989)

Distribution: Iran

34 IRN

species :

Viola spegazzinii W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 21: 351 (1925)

Distribution: Argentina (Salta)

85 ARG

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola spegazzinii f. villosa W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 21: 352 (1925)

species :

Viola sphaerocarpa W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36(2): 54-55 (1918)

Distribution: China (E-Sichuan)

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola keiskei f. hirsutior W.Becker

species :

Viola stagnina Kit.; Schult. Oesterr. Fl., ed. 2, 1: 426 (1814)

Name: Moor-Veilchen, Gräben-Veilchen (DE)

Distribution: England; Ireland; Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, +Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; France; Italy; Slovenia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Serbia; Kosovo; Romania; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; W-European Russia; Moldova; Ukraine; Siberia (Altai, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, W-Siberia, Yakutia); Kazakhstan

10 DEN FIN GRB IRE NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN NET POL SLO SWI 12 FRA 13 BIH ITA KOS ROM SLV SRB 14 BLR EST LAT LIT MLD RUS UKR 30 SIB 32 KAZ

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola billotiana F.W.Schultz ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 77 (1878), nom. inval.

= Viola billotiana var. angustifolia F.W.Schultz; 66 (1845)

= Viola billotiana var. latifolia F.W.Schultz; 66 (1845)

= Viola billotii F.W.Schultz; Fl. Gall. Germ. exs. (Bitche) 1: 4 (1836), et Flora 23: 120 (1840)

= Viola canina proles kutzingiana Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 10 (1896)

= Viola canina subsp. stagnina (Kit. ex Schult.) Döll; 649 (1843)

= Viola canina subsp. stagnina (Kit. ex Schult.) Wigand; Fl. Kurhessen: 81 (1859), isonym

= Viola canina var. billotii (F.W.Schultz) Gren. & Godr.; Fl. France Corse 1: 181 (1848)

= Viola canina var. stagnina (Kit. ex Schult.) Kirschl.; 14 (1840)

= Viola flexuosa Moretti ex Schult.; Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. ed. 15[bis]. 5: 370 (1819)

= Viola montana Planellas; Ensayo Fl. Gallega: 206 (1852), nom. illeg.

= Viola montana subsp. intermedia Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 2: 206 (1828)

= Viola montana subsp. stricta (Ging.) Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 2: 204 (1828)

= Viola montana var. campestris Wimm. & Grab.; Fl. Siles. 1: 222 (1827)

= Viola montana var. lucorum Wimm. & Grab.; Fl. Siles. 1: 222 (1827)

= Viola montana var. pratensis Wimm. & Grab.; Fl. Siles. 1: 222 (1827)

= Viola montana var. stagnina (Kit.) Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(II): 498 (1862)

= Viola persicifolia Hegetschw.; Fl. Schweiz: 243 (1839), nom. illeg.

= Viola persicifolia Kirschl.; Mem. Strasb. 3: n. II. 13 (1840), nom. illeg.

= Viola persicifolia var. lacteoides W.Becker & Kloos; Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 33: 192 (1924)

= Viola persicifolia var. major Dierb.; 223 (1825)

= Viola persicifolia var. minor Dierb.; 223 (1825)

= Viola persicifolia var. rothiana Wallr.; Sched. Crit.: 101 (1822)

= Viola persicifolia var. ruppiana Wallr.; Sched. Crit.: 101 (1822)

= Viola persicifolia var. stagnina (Kit. ex Schult.) Asch.; 15 (1859)

= Viola pumila subsp. stagnina (Kit. ex Schult.) Simonk.; 111 (1887)

= Viola recta Garcke; 55 (1848), nom. illeg., et Fl. N. Mitt.-Deutschland, ed. 3. 47 (1854)

= Viola recta var. stricta (Hornem.) Garcke; 55 (1848)

= Viola stagnina var. billotii Vollm.; 533 (1914), nom. illeg.

= Viola stagnina var. lacteoides (W.Becker & Kloos) Hof; Evol. Viola stagnina: 72 (2010)

= Viola stagnina var. major Wimm. & Grab.; Fl. Siles. 1: 221 (1827)

= Viola stagnina var. minor Wimm. & Grab.; Fl. Siles. 1: 221 (1827)

species :

Viola steinbachii W.Becker; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 9: 1040 (1926)

Distribution: Peru; Bolivia (Cochabamba, La Paz, Santa Cruz)

83 BOL PER

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 1 Leptidium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola boliviana W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 22(2): 88 (1907), non Britton (1889)

species :

Viola stewardiana W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 21(588-600): 237 (1925)

Distribution: China (Anhui, Fujian, SE-Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, ?Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, S-Shaanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang)

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola stipularis Sw.; Prodr. [O. P. Swartz] 117 (1788)

Name: Faux-ipeca, Violette, Violette-montagne (Lesser Antilles)

Distribution: Costa Rica; Panama; Nevis; St. Kitts; Guadeloupe; Dominica; Martinique; Colombia (Antioquia, Boyacá, Caldas, Caquetá, Cauca, Chocó, Cundinamarca, Huila, Magdalena, Meta, Nariño, Norte de Santander, Putumayo, Risaralda, Santander, Valle); Venezuela (Venezuela Distrito Federal, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Tachira, Trujillo); Ecuador; Peru

80 COS PAN 81 DOM GDL MAR STK 82 CLM VEN 83 ECU PER

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 1 Leptidium

Synonyms: hidden

= Ionidium stipulare (Sw.) Schult.; Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. ed. 15[bis]. 5: 392 (1819)

= Viola begoniifolia Benth.; Pl. Hartw. [Bentham] 161 (1843)

= Viola callosa Benth.; Pl. Hartw. [Bentham] 161 (1843) in nota

= Viola ciliaris Willd. ex W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 22(2): 86 (1907)

= Viola fruticosa W.Becker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1929: 121 (1929)

= Viola obliquifolia Turcz.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 27(II): 337 (1854 publ. 1855)

= Viola persicariifolia Poir.; Lam., Encycl. 8: 628 (1808)

species :

Viola stocksii Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 1: 435 (1867)

Distribution: Egypt (SE-Egypt); Sudan; Somalia; Soqotra; Iran (EC-Iran); Afghanistan (Paktia / Khost); Saudi Arabia; Oman; Yemen (W-Yemen); Pakistan (Baluchistan, Karachi, Sind, Waziristan, Kurram, N. W. Frontier Prov., Pakistani Punjab, Mirpur); India (Gujarat, Punjab, Rajasthan)

20 EGY 24 SOC SOM SUD 34 AFG IRN 35 OMA SAU YEM 40 IND PAK

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 13 Sclerosium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola arborea Forssk.; Fl. Aegypt.-Arab.: cxx (1775), nom. illeg.

= Viola arborea Forssk. ex DC.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 300 (1824)

= Viola arborea Forssk. ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 300 (1824), nom. illeg.

= Viola cinerea var. stocksii (Boiss.) W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36: 36 (1918)

= Viola forskaalii Greuter; Boissiera 13: 59 (1967)

= Viola nubica Hutch.; A. F. Broun & R. E. Massey, Fl. Sudan: 66 (1929)

species :

Viola stojanowii W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 19: 332 (1924)

Distribution: SW-Bulgaria (Belasica Planina); NE-Greece (Mt. Beles)

13 BUL GRC

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae. Some related plants have been described as V. ganiatsasii Erben.

species :

Viola stoloniflora Yokota & Higa; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 101(1061): 2 (1988), nom. illeg., non J. J. Rodr.

Distribution: Ryukyu Isl.

38 NNS

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. Formosanae

species :

Viola stoneana House; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 253 (1905)

Distribution: E-USA

75 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae. Not a synonym of V. palmata fide Marcussen et al. 2022

species :

Viola striata Aiton; Hort. Kew. ed. 1, 3: 290 (1789)

Name: Striped cream violet

Distribution: Canada (Ontario); USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Wisconsin, West Virginia)

72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Lophion striatum (Aiton) Nieuwl.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 216 (1914)

= Viola adunca f. masonii (Farw.) B.Boivin; Naturaliste Canad. 93: 437 (1966)

= Viola conspersa f. masonii (Farw.) House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. 254: 511 (1924)

= Viola conspersa var. masonii Farw.; Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 19: 248 (1918)

= Viola debilis f. muhlenbergii Farw.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 12: 68 (1930)

= Viola debilis Michx.; Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 150 (1803)

= Viola lewisiana Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 298 (1824)

= Viola ochroleuca Schwein.; Am. J. Sci. Ser. I. 5: 69 (1822)

= Viola repens Schwein.; Am. J. Sci. Ser. I. 5: 70 (1822)

= Viola striata f. albiflora Farw.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 11: 67 (1928)

= Viola striata var. lutescens Alph.Wood ex N.Coleman; Cat. Fl. Pl. S. Pen. Michigan: 8 (1874)

species :

Viola striatella H.Boissieu; Bull. Herb. Boissier Ser. 2(1): 1077) (1901)

Distribution: China (Anhui, Gansu, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan)

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola bambusetorum Hand.-Mazz.; Symb. Sin. 7(2): 377, f. 10: 1 (1931)

= Viola emeiensis C.J.Wang; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 14(4): 381, f. 1, 9-10 (1992)

= Viola lianhuashanensis C.J.Wang & K.Sun; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 13(3): 260-262, f. 2, 1-8 (1991)

= Viola pseudobambusetorum C.C.Chang; Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., n.s., 1: 256 (1949)

= Viola schensiensis W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 421 (1917)

species :

Viola striis-notata (J.Wagner) Merxm. & W.Lippert; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 13: 507 (1977)

Distribution: NC-Greece (Mt. Olimbos)

13 GRC

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola cenisia var. striis-notata J.Wagner; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 38: 282 (1935)

species :

Viola stuebelii Hieron.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21(3): 324 (1895)

Distribution: Colombia (Cauca, Nariño); Ecuador

82 CLM 83 ECU

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 4 Chilenium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola glandularis H.E.Ballard & P.M.Jørg.; Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75: 956 (1999)

= Viola glandulifera Hook.; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 1: t. 67 (1837), nom. illeg.

species :

Viola suavis M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucasus 3: 164 (1819)

subspecies :

subsp. suavis

Name: Blaues Veilchen, Hecken-Veilchen (DE), Russian Violet (EN)

Distribution: Germany [I]; Switzerland; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; Baleares; France; Andorra; Corsica; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; Moldova; Ukraine; Crimea; Morocco; ?Algeria; Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Turkey (N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); Iran (N-Iran); Syria (coastal W-Syria, W-Syrian Mountains); NW-India (Jammu & Kashmir)

11 AUT CZE ger HUN POL SLO SWI 12 ADO BAL COR FRA POR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SLV SRB 14 KRY MLD RUS UKR 20 MOR 32 KAZ KGZ TKM TZK UZB 33 ARM GEO NCS 34 IRN SYR TUR 40 IND

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola. Several taxa which are still included here might possibly deserve specific rank, like V. barceloi, V. cyanea or V. sepincola

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola adriatica Freyn; Flora (Regensb.) 67: 679 (1884)

= Viola alba subsp. sepincola (Jord.) H.J.Coste; Fl. Descr. France 3: 718 (1906), nom. inval.

= Viola austriaca A.Kern. & Jos.Kern.; Ber. Naturwiss.-Med. Vereins Innsbruck 3: 71 (1872)

= Viola barceloi Nyman; Consp. Fl. Europ. Suppl. 2: I. 45 (1889)

= Viola beraudii Boreau; Fl. Centre France, éd. 3, 2: 76 (1857)

= Viola beraudii subsp. adriatica (Freyn) E.Mayer; Seznam Praprotnic Cvetnic Sloven. Ozemlja: 99 (1952)

= Viola beraudii subsp. austriaca (A.Kern. & Jos.Kern.) Janch.; Phyton (Horn) 8: 238 (1959)

= Viola beraudii var. pubescens (W.Becker) Janch.; Phyton (Horn) 8: 238 (1959)

= Viola catalonica W.Becker; Cavanillesia 2: 43 (1929)

= Viola cyanea Celak.; Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 22: 349 (1872)

= Viola cyanea f. istrica W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 26(2): 17 (1909)

= Viola donetzkiensis Klokov; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Nizsh. Rast. (Kiew), 1974: 102 (1974)

= Viola hirta subsp. sepincola (Jord.) Sudre; Fl. Toulous.: 37 (1907)

= Viola hirta var. sepincola (Jord.) Hook.f.; 44 (1870)

= Viola lainzii P.Monts.; Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 54(1): 237 (1996)

= Viola martii var. suavis (M.Bieb.) Jess.; 219 (1879)

= Viola odorata proles albiflora Sennen; Bol. Soc. Ibér. Ci. Nat. 25: 136 (1926)

= Viola odorata proles austriaca (A.Kern. & J.Kern.) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 27 (1896)

= Viola odorata proles perennis Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 26 (1896)

= Viola odorata subsp. beraudii (Boreau) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 27 (1896)

= Viola odorata subsp. cyanea (Celak.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 78 (1878)

= Viola odorata subsp. suavis (M.Bieb.) Bonnier; Bonnier & R. C. V. Douin, 14 (1913)

= Viola odorata var. sepincola (Jord.) Caldesi; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 11: 337 (1879)

= Viola odorata var. suavis (M.Bieb.) Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 1: 458 (1867)

= Viola pontica W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36(2): 18 (1918)

= Viola reverchonii Willk.; Rev. Bot. Bull. Mens. 13: 345 (1895)

= Viola segobricensis Pau; Not. Bot. Fl. Espan 2: 9 (1889)

= Viola segobricensis var. leiocarpa Pau; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 1898: 199 (1898)

= Viola sepincola f. weiherburgensis (W.Becker) Gams; 649 (1925)

= Viola sepincola Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 7: 8 (1849)

= Viola sepincola subsp. adriatica (Freyn) Gams; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. 5: 648 (1925)

= Viola sepincola subsp. cyanea (Celak.) Gams; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. 5: 648 (1925)

= Viola sepincola subsp. cyanea P.Fourn.; Quatre Fl. France: 446 (1936)

= Viola sepincola subsp. glabrescens W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 26(2): 11 (1910)

= Viola sepincola subsp. pontica (W.Becker) Gams; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. 5: 648 (1925)

= Viola sepincola subsp. pontica (W.Becker) Hayek; 501 (1925)

= Viola sepincola subsp. wolfiana (W.Becker) P.Fourn.; Quatre Fl. France: 446 (1936)

= Viola sepincola var. beraudii (Boreau) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 78 (1878)

= Viola sepincola var. perennis (Miégev.) Pau; Bol. Soc. Aragonesa Ci. Nat. 14: 206 (1915)

= Viola sepincola var. pubescens W.Becker; Z. Ferdinandeums Tirol 3(48, S): 6 (1904)

= Viola sepincola var. tolosana (Timb.-Lagr.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 78 (1878)

= Viola suavis nothosubsp. cardonae J.J.Orell & Romo; Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 59(8): 85 (1991)

= Viola suavis subsp. adriatica (Freyn) L.Haesler; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 12: 111 (1975)

= Viola suavis subsp. austrodalmatica Mered´a & Hodálová; Syst. Biodivers. 9(3): 228 (2011)

= Viola suavis subsp. barceloi (Nyman) J.J.Orell & Romo; Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 59(8): 82 (1991)

= Viola suavis subsp. catalonica (W.Becker) O.Bolòs & Vigo; But. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., 38 Bot. 1: 80 (1974)

= Viola suavis subsp. cyanea (Celak.) Dostál; Folia Mus. Rer. Nat. Bohem. Occid., Bot. 21: 9 (1984)

= Viola suavis subsp. cyanea (Celak.) P.Fourn.; Fl. Compl. Plaine Franç.: 53 (1928)

= Viola suavis subsp. glabrescens W.Becker; Bot. Zhurn. 1920: 21 (1920)

= Viola suavis subsp. sepincola (Jord.) P.Fourn.; Fl. Compl. Plaine Franç.: 52 (1928)

= Viola suavis subsp. wolfiana (W.Becker) P.Fourn.; Fl. Compl. Plaine Franç.: 53 (1928)

= Viola suavis var. adriatica (Freyn) Prosp.; Fl. Oesterr. Küstenl. 1: 550 (1897)

= Viola suavis var. barceloi O.Bolòs & Vigo; But. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., India (38 Bot. 1: 80 (1974)

= Viola suavis var. catalonica (W.Becker) Espeut; Monde Pl., 464: 16 (1999)

= Viola suavis var. segobricensis (Pau) O.Bolòs & Vigo; But. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., 38 Bot. 1: 80 (1974)

= Viola suavis var. sepincola (Jord.) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 38: 80 (1974)

= Viola tolosana Timb.-Lagr.; Étud. Fl. Aquit., Viola: 6 (1853)

= Viola torresii Marcet; Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat. 7: 75 (1907)

= Viola wolffiana W.Becker; Schinz & Keller, Fl. Schweiz, ed. 3, 1: 363 (1909)

variant :

var. pannonica Hodálová & Mered´a; PhytoKeys 242: 13 (2024)

Distribution: Slovakia

11 SLO

subspecies :

subsp. naqshii A.H.Ganie, T.Islam & Khuroo; Phytotaxa 598(2): 169 (2023)

Distribution: NW-India (Jammu & Kashmir)

40 IND

species :

Viola subandina J.M.Watson; A. Hoffmann, M. K. Arroyo, F. Liberona, M. Munoz & J. Watson, Pl. Altoandinas Fl. Silv. Chile: 66 (1998), nom. nov.

Distribution: Argentina (Chubut, Mendoza, Neuquen); Chile (Metropolitana de Santiago, O´Higgins, Maule, Ñuble)

85 ARG CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 9 Subandinium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola pusilla Hook. & Arn. ex Hook.; Bot. Misc. 3: 145 (1833), non Poepp.

species :

Viola subatlantica (Maire) Ibn Tattou; Bocconea 8: 189 (1998)

Distribution: Morocco

20 MOR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola arvensis var. subatlantica Maire; Nem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 8(1): 210 (1924)

= Viola tricolor var. subatlantica (Maire) Maire; Cat. Pl. Maroc 2: 508 (1932)

species :

Viola subdimidiata A.St.-Hil.; Pl. Rem. Bres. 276 (1825)

Distribution: SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro); S-Brazil (Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul)

84 BRA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 1 Leptidium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola subdimidiata f. parvifolia W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 22(2): 89 (1907)

species :

Viola subsinuata (Greene) Greene; Pittonia 4: 4 (1899)

Distribution: Canada (Ontario); USA (Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, +Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin)

72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola emarginata var. subsinuata Greene; Pittonia 3: 313 (1898)

= Viola palmata var. angelliae (Pollard) W.Stone; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1903: 678, pl. 34, fig. 2 (1903)

= Viola ×angelliae Pollard; Torreya 2(2): 24 (-25) (1902)

species :

Viola sumatrana Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind. Suppl. 389 (1860)

Distribution: China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, ?Shaanxi, Yunnan); India (Jarnmu & Kashmir); Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (Kelantan, Perak, Pahang); Sumatra; Borneo

36 CHI 40 IND 41 MYA THA VIE 42 BOR MLY SUM

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. Australasiaticae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola jugalis Ridl.; J. Bot. 73: 18 (1935)

= Viola korinchensis Ridl.; J. Bot. 73: 15 (1935)

= Viola robinsonii Ridl.; J. Bot. 73: 16 (1935)

= Viola sikkimensis var. acuminatifolia W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 260 (1916)

= Viola sumatrana var. caerulescens Boissieu & Captin.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 57: 341 (1910)

species :

Viola szetschwanensis W.Becker & H.Boissieu; Bull. Herb. Boissier, ser. 2, 8: 742 (1908)

Distribution: China (W-Sichuan, N-Yunnan); Tibet

36 CHI TIB

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola biflora var. acutifolia H.Boissieu; Bull. Herb. Boissier, sér. 2, 1: 1074 (1901), nom. illeg.

= Viola biflora var. ciliicalyx H.Boissieu; Bull. Herb. Boissier, ser. 2, 1(11): 1074 (1901)

= Viola mainlingensis S.Y.Chen; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 18(4): 523-524, f. 1 (1980)

= Viola manaslensis F.Maek.; Acta Phyt. Geobot. 15: 173 (1954)

= Viola prattii W.Becker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1929(6): 202-203 (1929)

= Viola szetschwanensis var. kangdienensis C.C.Chang; Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., n.s., 1: 237 (1949)

= Viola szetschwanensis var. nudicaulis W.Becker; Bull. Herb. Boissier, ser. 2, 34(2): 262 (1916)

species :

Viola taltalensis W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 23: 223 (1926)

Distribution: Chile (Antofagasta)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 9 Subandinium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola taltalensis var. glaberrima W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 23: 224 (1926)

species :

Viola tanaitica Grosset; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 26: 80 (1929)

Distribution: S-European Russia; E-European Russia; ?Ukraine

14 RUS

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola tashiroi Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 21: 57 (1907)

Distribution: Ryukyu Isl.

38 NNS

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola tashiroi f. alboreticulata K.Nakaj.; J. Jap. Bot., 51(11): 342 (1976)

= Viola tashiroi f. takushii K.Nakaj.; J. Geobot. 18: 13 (1970)

= Viola tashiroi var. tairae K.Nakaj.; J. Geobot. 18: 13 (1970)

species :

Viola tatjanae Stepanov; Red Book Krasnoyarsk. Territ. [ed. 3] 455 (2022)

Distribution: Siberia (Krasnoyarsk)

30 SIB

Remarks: provisionally accepted name

species :

Viola tectiflora W.Becker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928: 139 (1928)

Distribution: Argentina (Mendoza, Neuquen)

85 ARG

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

species :

Viola tenuicornis W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 248-250 (1916)

subspecies :

subsp. tenuicornis

Distribution: China (Gansu, Hebei, SE-Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi); North Korea

36 CHI 38 NKO

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ircutiana subsp. tenuicornis (W.Becker) Vorosch.; A. K. Skvortsov (ed.), Florist. issl. v razn. raionakh SSSR: 182 (1985)

= Viola tenuicornis var. brachytricha W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36(2): 58 (1918)

= Viola tenuicornis W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 248 (1920)

= Viola variegata subsp. chinensis (Bunge ex Regel) W.Becker

= Viola variegata var. chinensis Bunge ex Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34: 226 (1861)

= Viola ×interposita Kitag.; Rep. Inst. Sci. Res. Manchoukuo 6(4): 123 (1942)

subspecies :

subsp. ircutiana (Turcz.) Espeut; Botanica Pacifica 9(1): 30 (2020)

Distribution: Siberia (Buryatia, Irkutsk); Russian Far East (Amur)

30 SIB 31 RFE

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ircutiana Turcz.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 15: 298 (1842)

= Viola variegata f. ircutiana (Turcz.) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 220 (1954)

= Viola variegata var. ircutiana (Turcz.) Regel; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(II): 471 (1862)

subspecies :

subsp. trichosepala W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 249-250 (1916)

Distribution: Siberia (Buryatia); Russian Far East (Amur, Primorye); China (Gansu, Hebei, SE-Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shanxi); Mongolia; North Korea

30 SIB 31 RFE 36 CHI 37 MON 38 NKO

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola trichosepala (W.Becker) Juz.; Fl. URSS 15: 416 (1949)

species :

Viola tenuipes Pollard; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 15: 201 (1902)

Distribution: USA (Georgia, Florida, Alabama)

78 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

species :

Viola tenuisecta Zumwalde & H.E.Ballard; J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 150(1): 235 (2023)

Distribution: USA (Virginia)

78 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola tenuissima C.C.Chang; Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., n.s., 1: 234 (1949)

Distribution: China (N-Guizhou, W-Sichuan)

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

species :

Viola thibaudieri Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 290 (1878)

Distribution: Japan (Honshu)

38 JAP

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola thomasiana Songeon & E.P.Perrier; Billot, Annot. Fl. France Allemagne: 183 (1860)

Distribution: Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; France; Italy; Siberia (Altai); Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Azerbaijan

11 AUT LIE SWI 12 FRA 13 ITA 30 SIB 33 AZE GEO NCS

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ambigua subsp. thomasiana (Songeon & E.P.Perrier) P.Fourn.; Quatre Fl. France 4: 445 (1936)

= Viola ambigua var. alpina (DC.) Gams; 643 (1925)

= Viola ambigua var. ganderi (Hausm.) Gams; 643 (1925)

= Viola ambigua var. glaberrima (W.Becker) Gams; 643 (1925)

= Viola ganderi Hausm. ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 1: 79 (1878)

= Viola hirta proles thomasiana (Perrier & Songeon) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 24 (1896)

= Viola hirta subsp. longifimbriata W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36(2): 23 (1918)

= Viola hirta subsp. thomasiana (Songeon & E.P.Perrier) Bonnier; Fl. Ill. France 2: 13 (1912)

= Viola hirta var. alpina DC.; 295 (1824)

= Viola thomasiana subsp. helvetica W.Becker; Veilschfl. Tirol: 12 (1909)

species :

Viola thomsonii Oudem.; Ann. Mus. B. Lugd.-Bat. 3: 74 (1867)

Distribution: China (NW-Yunnan); SE-Tibet; Nepal; Bhutan; India (Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Nagaland, Sikkim, West Bengal); Myanmar

36 CHI TIB 40 BHU IND NEP 41 MYA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

species :

Viola thymifolia Britton; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 16: 18 (1889)

Distribution: Peru; Bolivia (La Paz)

83 BOL PER

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 1 Leptidium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola weddellii W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 26: 25 (1929)

species :

Viola tienschiensis W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 314 (1921)

Distribution: Afghanistan (Kunar / Nuristan, Paktia / Khost); China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, ?Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan); SE-Tibet; Japan; Taiwan; Pakistan (Baltistan); Nepal; NW-India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand); Vietnam

34 AFG 36 CHI TIB 38 JAP TAI 40 IND NEP PAK 41 VIE

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola betonicifolia subsp. jaunsariensis (W.Becker) H.Hara; J. Jap. B. 49: 133 (1974)

= Viola flavida Bureau & Franch.; J. Bot. (Morot) 5: 21 (1891), nom. illeg., non Schur

= Viola gan-chouenensis W.Becker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928: 251 (1928)

= Viola kashimiriana W.Becker; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 54: Beibl. 120, 182 (1917)

= Viola oligoceps C.C.Chang; Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., n.s., 1: 252 (1949)

= Viola patrinii var. suaveolens Watt; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 18: 379 (1881)

= Viola prionantha subsp. jaunsariensis W.Becker; Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 54(120): 181 (1917)

species :

Viola tineorum Erben & Raimondo; Giorn. Bot. Ital., 129(1): 80 (1995)

Distribution: Sicily

13 SIC

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola tokaiensis Sugim. ex N.Yamada & Igari; J. Jap. Bot. 98(2): 61-70 (2023)

Distribution: Japan (Shikoku)

38 JAP

species :

Viola tokubuchiana Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 16: 129 (1902)

Distribution: NE-China; South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)

36 CHI 38 JAP KOR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola crassicornis W.Becker & Hultén; Ark. Bot. 22A(3): 3 (1928)

= Viola extremiorientalis Vorosch. & N.S.Pavlova; Byull. Glavn. Bot. Sada, Moskva, No. 69, 79 (1968)

= Viola funghuangensis P.Y.Fu & Y.C.Teng; Fl. Pl. Herb. Chin. Bor.-Orient. 6: 292 (1977)

= Viola nikkoensis Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 36 (1922), nom. superfl.

= Viola scabrida Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 28: 312 (1914)

= Viola takedana Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 21: 57 (1907)

= Viola takedana var. austroyezoensis Kawano; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 17: 104 (1958)

= Viola takedana var. tenuicornis Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 60 (1922)

= Viola takedana var. variegata Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 37 (1922)

= Viola tokubuchiana f. albiflora Hayashi; Bull. Gov. Forest Exp. Sta. 170: 83 (1964)

= Viola tokubuchiana f. austroyezoensis (Kawano) F.Maek. & T.Hashim.; J. Jap. Bot. 43: 162 (1968)

= Viola tokubuchiana f. concolor E.Hama; J. Jap. Bot. 51: 341 (1976)

= Viola tokubuchiana f. lactiflora E.Hama; J. Jap. Bot., 51(11): 341 (1976)

= Viola tokubuchiana f. takedana (Makino) F.Maek. & T.Hashim.; J. Jap. Bot. 43: 162 (1968)

= Viola tokubuchiana f. variegata (Nakai) Makino; Ill. Fl. Nippon: 314 (1940)

= Viola tokubuchiana var. crassicornis (W.Becker & Hultén) Espeut; Botanica Pacifica 9(1): 29 (2020)

= Viola tokubuchiana var. extremiorientalis (Vorosch. & N.S.Pavlova) Espeut; Botanica Pacifica 9(1): 29 (2020)

= Viola tokubuchiana var. scabrida (Nakai) M.Kim; Korean Endemic Pl. 142 (2017)

= Viola tokubuchiana var. takedana (Makino) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 28 (1954)

= Viola tokubuchiana var. tenuicornis (Nakai) F.Maek. ex Hashim.; J. Jap. Bot. 43: 162 (1968)

species :

Viola tomentosa M.S.Baker & J.C.Clausen; Leafl. West. Bot. 5: 142 (1949)

Name: Feltleaved violet

Distribution: USA (California)

76 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

species :

Viola tovarii P.Gonzáles & Molina-Alor; Phytotaxa 451(3): 248 (2020)

Distribution: Peru (Apurimac)

83 PER

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

species :

Viola tracheliifolia Ging.; Linnaea 1: 409 (1826)

Distribution: Hawaii (Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui)

63 HAW

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 5 Nosphimium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola chamissoniana subsp. tracheliifolia (Ging.) W.L.Wagner, D.R.Herbst & Sohmer; Bishop Mus. Occas. Pap. 29: 117 (1989)

= Viola chamissoniana var. olokelensis Skottsb.

= Viola robusta subsp. tracheliifolia (Ging.) W.L.Wagner, Herbst & Sohmer; Bishop Mus. Occas. Pap. 29: 117 (1989)

= Viola robusta var. mauiensis Rock

= Viola tracheliifolia f. canescens H.St.John; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 111(2): 194 (1989)

= Viola tracheliifolia f. forbesii H.St.John; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 111(2): 194 (1989)

= Viola tracheliifolia f. mauiensis (Rock) H.St.John; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 111(2): 194 (1989)

= Viola tracheliifolia f. olokelensis (Skottsb.) H.St.John; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 111(2): 196 (1989)

= Viola tracheliifolia f. populifolia (Skottsb.) H.St.John; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 111(2): 196 (1989)

= Viola tracheliifolia f. puberula H.St.John; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 111(2): 196 (1989)

= Viola tracheliifolia f. tomentosa (W.Becker) Skottsb.

= Viola tracheliifolia var. olokelensis (Skottsb.) Skottsb.

= Viola tracheliifolia var. populifolia Skottsb.

= Viola tracheliifolia var. tomentosa W.Becker

species :

Viola triangulifolia W.Becker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1929(6): 202 (1929)

Distribution: China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, ?Zhejiang)

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 4 Bilobatae

species :

Viola trichopetala C.C.Chang; Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., n.s., 1: 254 (1949)

Distribution: China (Yunnan)

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola betonicifolia f. pubescens H.Hara; Fl. E. Himal., 3rd. Rep.: 82 (1975)

= Viola philippica var. yunnanfuensis W.Becker; Acta Horti Gothob. 2: 286 (1926) non V. yunnanfuensis W. Becker

species :

Viola tricolor L.; Sp. Pl. 935 (1753)

subspecies :

subsp. tricolor

Name: Wildes Stiefmütterchen, Johnny-jump-up

Distribution: Iceland; Faeroe Isl.; England; Ireland; Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; France; Channel Isl.; Corsica; Italy; Malta; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Romania; Bulgaria; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; W-European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Azores [I] (Sao Miguel Isl. [I]); Canary Isl. [I] (Tenerife [I], La Gomera [I], La Palma Isl. [I]); South Africa [I]; Siberia (Altai, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, W-Siberia); Russian Far East [I] (Primorye [I], Sakhalin [I]); Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Sinai peninsula; China [I]; Mongolia; South Korea [I]; Japan [I]; Taiwan [I]; Pakistan [I]; Nepal [c]; India [c]; Bangladesh [I]; Myanmar [I]; Laos [I]; Vietnam [I]; Java [I]; Alaska [I]; Canada [I] (Alberta [I], British Columbia [I], Manitoba [I], New Brunswick [I], Newfoundland [I], Nova Scotia [I], Ontario [I], Prince Edward Isl. [I], Québec [I], Saskatchewan [I]); USA [I] (Alabama [I], Arkansas [I], California [I], Connecticut [I], District of Columbia [I], Delaware [I], Florida [I], Georgia [I], Iowa [I], Illinois [I], Indiana [I], Kansas [I], Kentucky [I], Louisiana [I], Massachusetts [I], Maryland [I], Maine [I], Michigan [I], Minnesota [I], Missouri [I], Mississippi [I], North Carolina [I], Nebraska [I], New Hampshire [I], New Jersey [I], New York [I], Ohio [I], Oklahoma [I], Oregon [I], Pennsylvania [I], Rhode Island [I], South Carolina [I], Texas [I], Utah [I], Virginia [I], Vermont [I], Washington State [I], Wisconsin [I], Wyoming [I]); Mexico [I]; Honduras [I]; Cuba [I]; Jamaica [I]; Dominican Republic [I]; Haiti [I]; Colombia [I]; Venezuela [I]; Ecuador [I]; Peru [I]; Bolivia [I]; Brazil [I]; Argentina [I]; Chile [I] (Valparaíso [I], Metropolitana de Santiago [I], O´Higgins [I], Maule [I], Ñuble [I], Biobío [I], Araucanía [I], Los Rios [I], Los Lagos [I])

10 DEN FIN FOR GRB ICE IRE NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 CIS COR FRA 13 BIH BUL CRO ITA KOS MLT MNT NMA ROM SLV SRB 14 BLR EST KRY LAT LIT RUS UKR 21 azo cny 27 saf 30 SIB 31 rfe 32 KAZ KGZ TZK 33 ARM GEO NCS 34 SIN TUR 36 chi 37 MON 38 jap kor tai 40 ban ind nep pak 41 lao mya vie 42 jaw 70 ask 71 cdn 72 cdn 73 usa 74 usa 75 usa 76 usa 77 usa 78 usa 79 mex 80 hon 81 cub his jam 82 clm ven 83 bol ecu per 84 bra 85 arg cle

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae. The infraspecific taxa are mostly highly disputed

Synonyms: hidden

= Ion tricolor (L.) Medik.; Malvenf. 102 (1787)

= Jacea tricolor (L.) Opiz; Seznam, 54 (1852)

= Mnemion nemausense (Jord.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n.s., 16: 341 (1868)

= Mnemion sagotii (Jord.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n.s., 16: 342 (1868)

= Mnemion tricolor (L.) Spach; Hist. Nat. Vég. 5: 515 (1836)

= Mnemion variatum (Jord.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n.s., 16: 341 (1868)

= Viola arvensis subsp. tricolor (L.) W.Becker; 48 (1904), nom. illeg.

= Viola arvensis var. media DC.; Lam. & A. DC., Fl. Franç., éd. 3, 6: 618 (1815)

= Viola atroviolacea W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 75 (1921)

= Viola banatica Kit. ex Schult.; Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. ed. 15[bis]. 5: 382 (1819)

= Viola bella Gren.; Gren. & Godr., Fl. France Corse 1: 184 (1847)

= Viola bicolor Hoffm.; Deutschl. Fl. Bot. Taschenb. 4: 170 (1804)

= Viola bicolor L.; Fornander, 12 (1753), nom. inval.

= Viola calcarata f. grandiflora (L.) Bolzon; Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1912: 84 (1912)

= Viola calcarata subsp. grandiflora (L.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 81 (1878)

= Viola calcarata var. grandiflora (L.) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 39 (1896)

= Viola cantiana Drabble; J. Bot. 47(Suppl. 2): 8 (1909)

= Viola confinis Jord. ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 80 (1878), nom. inval.

= Viola deminuta Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 87 (1866)

= Viola derelicta Jord.; Billot, Annot. Fl. France Allemagne: 101 (1859)

= Viola disiuncta W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 20(2): 126 (1906)

= Viola elegantula subsp. latisepala (Wettst.) W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 26(2): 334 (1910)

= Viola flavida Jord.; Mém. Acad. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci. 1: 25 (1852)

= Viola foucaudii A.Sav.; Ann. Soc. Sci. Nat. Charente-Infér. 14: 73 (1878)

= Viola garganica Strobl; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 27: 224 (1877)

= Viola grandiflora L.; Mant. Pl. 2: 518 (1771)

= Viola intermedia Lej.; Rev. Fl. Spa, 51 (1825), nom. inval.

= Viola kupffieri Klokov; Kom., Fl. URSS 15: 683 (1949)

= Viola lejeunei Jord.; Mém. Acad. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci. 1: 27 (1852)

= Viola lepida Jord.; Mém. Acad. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci. 1: 28 (1852)

= Viola leptoceras Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 87 (1866)

= Viola lilascens Heldr. ex Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 1: 466 (1867)

= Viola livonica Vl.V.Nikitin; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 35: 144 (2003)

= Viola lloydii Jord. ex Boreau; Fl. Centre France, éd. 3, 2: 80 (1857)

= Viola lutea var. sagotii (Jord.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 81 (1878)

= Viola lutea var. vivariensis (Jord.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 81 (1878)

= Viola luteola Jord.; Mém. Acad. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci. 1: 27 (1852)

= Viola media (DC.) Chaillet ex Schult.; Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. ed. 15[bis]. 5: 382 (1819), nom. superfl.

= Viola meduanensis Boreau; Fl. Centre France, éd. 3, 2: 80 (1857)

= Viola mentita Jord.; Billot, Annot. Fl. France Allemagne: 101 (1859)

= Viola micrantha Bertol.; Misc. Bot. 1: 15 (1842), nom. illeg.

= Viola mucuzii Orph. ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 80 (1878), nom. inval.

= Viola muscoides Phil.; Linnaea 28(6): 672 (1858)

= Viola mutabilis Rochel; Pl. Banat. Rar.: index (1828)

= Viola nemausensis Jord.; Obs. Pl. Crit. 2: 18 (1846)

= Viola olonnensis Genev.; Mém. Soc. Acad. Maine Loire 8: 178 (1860)

= Viola orcadensis Drabble; J. Bot. 65: 44 (1927)

= Viola pallescens Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 2: 10 (1846)

= Viola parviflora Kit. ex Schult.; Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. ed. 15[bis]. 5: 383 (1819), nom. inval.

= Viola peregrina Jord. ex Boreau; Fl. Centre France, éd. 3, 2: 82 (1857)

= Viola perennis E.Vilm.; Fl. Pleine Terre: 949 (1863)

= Viola perrobusta Borbás; Magyar Növényt. Lapok 13: 81 (1890)

= Viola provostii Boreau; Fl. Centre France, éd. 3, 2: 82 (1857)

= Viola pseudolutea Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 87 (1866)

= Viola ruralis Jord. ex Boreau; Fl. Centre France, éd. 3, 2: 81 (1857)

= Viola sagotii Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 2: 34 (1846)

= Viola sicula Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 86 (1866)

= Viola soongorica Fisch. ex Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. 1: 257 (1842)

= Viola subtilis Jord.; Billot, Annot. Fl. France Allemagne: 101 (1859)

= Viola tarbagataica Klokov; Komarov, Fl. USSR 15: 683 (1949)

= Viola tenella Muhl. ex Schwein.; Amer. J. Sci. Arts 5: 78 (1822), nom. illeg.

= Viola tricolor proles hortensis (DC. ex Ging.) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 41 (1896)

= Viola tricolor f. alba Sigunov; Glasn. Prir. Mus. Beogradu, Ser. B, Biol. Nauke 34: 86 (1979)

= Viola tricolor f. bicolor (Hoffm.) Gams; 602 (1925)

= Viola tricolor f. excelsa Brenner; Meddeland. Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 19: 80 (1893)

= Viola tricolor f. flavescens Brenner; Meddeland. Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 29: 44 (1904), nom. illeg.

= Viola tricolor f. luteo-coerulescens C.G.Westerl.; Bot. Not. 1906: 19 (1906)

= Viola tricolor f. luteo-roseola C.G.Westerl.; Bot. Not. 1906: 20 (1906)

= Viola tricolor f. perobscura C.G.Westerl.; Bot. Not. 1906: 17 (1906)

= Viola tricolor f. petrophila Brenner; Meddeland. Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 19: 80 (1893)

= Viola tricolor f. pulcherrima C.G.Westerl.; Bot. Not. 1906: 21 (1906)

= Viola tricolor f. purpurascens C.G.Westerl.; Bot. Not. 1906: 19 (1906)

= Viola tricolor f. rupicola Brenner; Meddeland. Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 19: 78 (1893)

= Viola tricolor f. sublutescens Brenner; Meddeland. Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 29: 45 (1904)

= Viola tricolor f. tenella Farw.; Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. 2: 35 (1923)

= Viola tricolor f. turgescens Brenner; Meddeland. Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 19: 78 (1893)

= Viola tricolor f. versicolor Wittr.; 58 (1897)

= Viola tricolor f. violaceosignata H.Lindb. ex Hiitonen; Suom. Kasvio: 412 (1933)

= Viola tricolor subsp. erecta Ehrh.; Hannover. Mag. 18: 232 (1780), nom. inval.

= Viola tricolor subsp. faeroensis W.Becker; Bot. Færöes 3: 856 (1908)

= Viola tricolor subsp. grandiflora (L.) Berher; Louis, Fl. Vosges, éd. 2: 46 (1887)

= Viola tricolor subsp. hortensis (DC. ex Ging.) Corb.; Nouv. Fl. Normandie: 80 (1894)

= Viola tricolor subsp. machadiana Cout.; 419 (1913)

= Viola tricolor subsp. montana Celak.; Prodr. Fl. Böhmen: 482 (1875), nom. inval.

= Viola tricolor subsp. procumbens Ehrh.; 232 (1780)

= Viola tricolor subsp. ruralis (Jord. ex Boreau) Berher; Louis, Fl. Vosges, éd. 2: 46 (1887)

= Viola tricolor subsp. vivariensis (Jord.) Braun-Blanq.; 224 (1933)

= Viola tricolor subsp. vivariensis (Jord.) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 51 (1896)

= Viola tricolor subsp. vulgaris (Rchb.) Oborný; Fl. Mähren 4: 1142 (1886)

= Viola tricolor subf. albescens Brenner; Meddeland. Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 29: 44 (1904)

= Viola tricolor subf. subflavescens Brenner; Meddeland. Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 29: 44 (1904)

= Viola tricolor var. aequalis Brenner; Meddeland. Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 19: 79 (1893)

= Viola tricolor var. albido-coerulescens C.G.Westerl.; Bot. Not. 1906: 21 (1906)

= Viola tricolor var. arvicola J.J.Schmitz & Regel; 394 (1841)

= Viola tricolor var. banatica (Kit. ex Schult.) Rupr.; Fl. Ingrica: 141 (1860)

= Viola tricolor var. bicolor Hartm.; Handb. Skand. Fl.: 110 (1820), nom. illeg.

= Viola tricolor var. bicolor S.Wilcke; 113 (1765)

= Viola tricolor var. calycina DC. ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 303 (1824)

= Viola tricolor var. cantiana (Drabble) P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 1: 692 (2018)

= Viola tricolor var. carpatica (Borbás) P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 1: 692 (2018), nom. inval.

= Viola tricolor var. crassifolia DC. ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 303 (1824)

= Viola tricolor var. degener DC. ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 303 (1824)

= Viola tricolor var. derelicta (Jord.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 80 (1878)

= Viola tricolor var. distinctissima C.G.Westerl.; Bot. Not. 1906: 17 (1906)

= Viola tricolor var. erecta Ehrh.; 26 (1790), nom. inval.

= Viola tricolor var. faeroensis Ostenf.; Bot. Færöes 3: 856 (1908)

= Viola tricolor var. fulvo-striata C.G.Westerl.; Bot. Not. 1906: 21 (1906)

= Viola tricolor var. galbanata Brenner; Meddeland. Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 46: 135 (1921)

= Viola tricolor var. gracilescens (DC. ex Ging.); Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 304 (1824)

= Viola tricolor var. grandiflora K.G.Hagen; 88 (1819)

= Viola tricolor var. grandiflora Lej. & Courtois; Comp. Fl. Belg. 1: 202 (1828)

= Viola tricolor var. hirta Hausm.; 102 (1851)

= Viola tricolor var. hortensis DC. ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 303 (1824)

= Viola tricolor var. hortensis H.Mart.; 45 (1817)

= Viola tricolor var. iridescens Wender.; 62 (1846)

= Viola tricolor var. lacticolor C.G.Westerl.; Bot. Not. 1906: 22 (1906)

= Viola tricolor var. lejeunei (Jord.) P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 1: 692 (2018)

= Viola tricolor var. luteola (Jord.) Willk.; Suppl. Prodr. Fl. Hispan.: 288 (1893)

= Viola tricolor var. major Roth; Enum. Pl. Phaen. Germ. 1(1): 763 (1827), nom. inval.

= Viola tricolor var. maxima Wender.; 61 (1846), nom. inval.

= Viola tricolor var. media Roth; Enum. Pl. Phaen. Germ. 1(1): 763 (1827)

= Viola tricolor var. minor Roth; Enum. Pl. Phaen. Germ. 1(1): 764 (1827)

= Viola tricolor var. nemausensis (Jord.) Gaut.; Cat. Rais. Fl. Pyr.-Or.: 96 (1898)

= Viola tricolor var. orcadensis (Drabble) P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 1: 692 (2018)

= Viola tricolor var. ovatifolia DC. ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 303 (1824)

= Viola tricolor var. pallescens (Jord.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 80 (1878)

= Viola tricolor var. parviflora Bluff & Fingerh.; 320 (1825), nom. illeg.

= Viola tricolor var. polygonata Brenner; Meddeland. Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 19: 80 (1893)

= Viola tricolor var. purpurea DC. ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 303 (1824)

= Viola tricolor var. pusilla Ortmann; Glückselig, 75 (1842), nom. inval.

= Viola tricolor var. raiblensis Lausi & Cusma-Vel.; Stud. Geobot. 6: 128 (1986)

= Viola tricolor var. reptans Bogenh.; 164 (1850)

= Viola tricolor var. sagotii (Jord.) Gaut.; Cat. Rais. Fl. Pyr.-Or.: 96 (1898)

= Viola tricolor var. speciosa Bogenh.; 164 (1850)

= Viola tricolor var. syrtica Rupr.; Fl. Ingrica: 141 (1860)

= Viola tricolor var. villosa Lange; Index Seminum (C, Hauniensi) 1853: 19 (1853)

= Viola tricolor var. vivariensis (Jord.) Gren.; 183 (1847)

= Viola variata Jord.; Billot, Annot. Fl. France Allemagne: 166 (1860)

= Viola variegata Vuk.; Rad Jugoslav. Akad. Znan. 44: 195 (1878), nom. illeg.

= Viola vectensis (F.N.Williams) Drabble; J. Bot. 65: 47 (1927)

= Viola versicolor Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 130 (1796), nom. superfl.

= Viola vespertina Klokov; Komarov, Fl. USSR 15: 684 (1949)

= Viola virgata Gren.; Gren. & Godr., Fl. France Corse 1: 184 (1847)

= Viola vivariensis Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 1: 17 (1846)

= Viola ×carpatica Borbás; Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 41: 422 (1801)

subspecies :

subsp. alpestris (Ging.) Ces.; Cattaneo, Not. Nat. Civ. Lombardia 1: 288 (1844)

Name: Gebirgs-Stiefmütterchen (DE)

Distribution: Germany (Bayern, Sachsen); Switzerland; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; N-Spain; Andorra; France; SW-France; Italy; San Marino [I]; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Estonia; Latvia; Ukraine; Crimea; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]

11 AUT CZE GER POL SLO SWI 12 ADO FRA SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SLV sma SRB TUE 14 EST KRY LAT UKR 33 GEO NCS

Synonyms: hidden

= Jacea tricolor var. saxatilis (F.W.Schmidt) Opiz; Seznam: 53 (1852)

= Mnemion alpestre (Ging.) Jord. & Fourr.; Ann. Soc. L. Lyon, N. S. 16: 342 (1868)

= Viola alpestris (Ging.) W.Becker; Neue Denkschr. Schweiz. Nat. Ges. 45: Abh. I. 72 (1910)

= Viola alpestris (Ging.) Wittr.; Acta Horti Berg. 2 1: 90 (1897)

= Viola alpestris Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 2: 32 (1846), nom. illeg.

= Viola alpestris subsp. paulinii Hayek; 596 (1909)

= Viola alpestris subsp. zermattensis Wittr.; 91 (1897)

= Viola bielziana Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 86 (1866)

= Viola decora Formánek; Verh. Naturf. Vereins Brünn 32: 179 (1893 publ. 1894), nom. illeg.

= Viola elisabethae Klokov; Komarov, Fl. USSR 15: 684 (1949)

= Viola flavida Schur; Verh. Naturf. Vereins Brünn 15(2): 119 (1877), nom. illeg.

= Viola lutea var. paillouxii (Jord.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 81 (1878)

= Viola lutea var. saxatilis (F.W.Schmidt) Pohl; Tent. Fl. Bohem. 1: 233 (1809)

= Viola monticola Jord.; Obs. Pl. Crit. 2: 37 (1846)

= Viola paillouxii Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 2: 36 (1846)

= Viola saxatilis F.W.Schmidt; Fl. Boëm. 3: 60 (1794)

= Viola tricolor proles royanensis (Châtenier) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 51 (1896)

= Viola tricolor proles saxatilis (F.W.Schmidt) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 41 (1896)

= Viola tricolor subsp. alpestris (DC. ex Ging.) Ces.; Cattaneo, Not. Nat. Civ. Lombardia 1: 288 (1844)

= Viola tricolor subsp. monticola (Jord.) W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 26(2): 343 (1910)

= Viola tricolor subsp. saxatilis (F.W.Schmidt) Arcang.; Comp. Fl. Ital.: 77 (1882)

= Viola tricolor subsp. subalpina Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 2: 210 (1828), nom. illeg.

= Viola tricolor subsp. zermattensis (Wittr.) W.Becker; 72 (1910)

= Viola tricolor var. alpestris (Fourr.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 80 (1878)

= Viola tricolor var. alpestris DC. ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 303 (1824)

= Viola tricolor var. bella Gren.; 184 (1847)

= Viola tricolor var. flavescens (Jord.) Gaut.; Cat. Rais. Fl. Pyr.-Or.: 96 (1898)

= Viola tricolor var. lutea M.Loehr; 89 (1852)

= Viola tricolor var. monticola Willk.; Suppl. Prodr. Fl. Hispan.: 288 (1893)

= Viola tricolor var. paillouxii (Jord.) Gaut.; Cat. Rais. Fl. Pyr.-Or.: 96 (1898)

= Viola tricolor var. pinetorum (Pacher) Gams; 604 (1925)

= Viola tricolor var. ramosa (Gaudin) Gams; 604 (1925)

= Viola tricolor var. sagotii Gren.; 184 (1847)

= Viola tricolor var. saxatilis (F.W.Schmidt) Günther, Grab. & Wimm.; 42 (1824)

= Viola tricolor var. subalpina (Gaudin) Moritzi; 167 (1832), nom. illeg.

= Viola tricolor var. zermattensis (Wittr.) Braun-Blanq.; 965 (1934)

subspecies :

subsp. curtisii (E.Forst.) Syme; Sowerby, Engl. Bot. ed. 3, 2: 26 (1865)

Name: Strand-Stiefmütterchen (DE)

Distribution: Iceland; England; Ireland; Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Germany (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Schleswig-Holstein); Switzerland; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Spain; Corsica; Italy; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; N-European Russia

10 DEN FIN GRB ICE IRE NOR SWE 11 BGM CZE GER NET POL SLO SWI 12 COR SPA 13 ITA 14 BLR EST LAT LIT RUS

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ammotropha (Wittr.) E.H.L.Krause; Sturm, Deutschl. Fl. Abbild., ed. 2, 6: 204 (1902)

= Viola curtisii E.Forst.; Engl. Bot. Suppl. 2: t. 2693 (1831)

= Viola litoralis subsp. litvinovii (Vl.V.Nikitin) Vl.V.Nikitin; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 86(1): 136 (2001)

= Viola litoralis var. litvinovii Vl.V.Nikitin; Fl. Vostochny Evropy 9: 194 (1996 publ. 1996)

= Viola lutea var. curtisii (E.Forst.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 80 (1878)

= Viola maritima (Schweigg. ex Clausen) Tzvelev; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 28: 163 (1991)

= Viola sabulosa (DC. ex Ging.) Boreau; Bull. Soc. Acad. Angers 24: 335 (1855)

= Viola saxatilis subsp. curtisii (E.Forst.) Kirschner & Skalický; Preslia 61(4): 317 (1989)

= Viola symei Baker; Curator´s Rep. Thirsk Nat. Hist. Soc. 1859: 8 (1859)

= Viola tricolor f. ammotropha (Wittr.) Neuman; 278 (1901)

= Viola tricolor f. arenaria (Sond.) Gams; 603 (1925)

= Viola tricolor f. coniophila (Wittr.) Neuman; 278 (1901)

= Viola tricolor f. sabulosa (DC.) Gams; 603 (1925)

= Viola tricolor f. stenochila (Wittr.) Neuman; 278 (1901)

= Viola tricolor f. syrtica (Mert. & W.D.J.Koch) Gams; 603 (1925)

= Viola tricolor subsp. ammotropha Wittr.; Acta Horti Berg. 2(1): 66 (1897)

= Viola tricolor subsp. coniophila Wittr.; 70 (1897)

= Viola tricolor subsp. maritima (Schweigg.) Hyl.; Uppsala Univ. Årsskr. 7: 243 (1945)

= Viola tricolor subsp. sabulosa (Boreau) Bonnier; Fl. Ill. France 2: 18 (1913)

= Viola tricolor subsp. stenochila Wittr.; 73 (1897)

= Viola tricolor var. curtisii (E.Forst.) P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 1: 692 (2018)

= Viola tricolor var. maritima (Schweigg. ex K.G.Hagen) T.Marsson; Fl. Neu-Vorpommern.: 58 (1869)

= Viola tricolor var. maritima Schweigg.; Königsberger Arch. Naturwiss. Math. 1: 210 (1812)

= Viola tricolor var. pesneaui (J.Lloyd & Foucaud) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 50 (1896)

= Viola tricolor var. sabulosa DC. ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 304 (1824)

= Viola tricolor var. sabulosa Wender.; 62 (1846)

= Viola tricolor var. syrtica Flörke ex Mert. & W.D.J.Koch; 272 (1826), nom. inval.

subspecies :

subsp. macedonica (Boiss. & Heldr.) A.F.W.Schmidt; Feddes Repert. 74: 30 (1967)

Distribution: Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Bulgaria; Greece (N-Greece, mountains of C-Greece, south to Mt. Agrafa and Mt. Pelion, also Thasos, Samothraki)

13 ALB BIH BUL GRC KOS MNT NMA SRB

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola alpestris subsp. macedonica (Boiss. & Heldr.) W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 26(2): 345 (1910)

= Viola bosniaca Formánek; Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. (1887) 368, Beck, in Annal, Naturh. Hofmus. Wien 10: 179 (1895

= Viola macedonica Boiss. & Heldr.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 2, 1: 56 (1854)

= Viola macedonica subsp. bosniaca (Formánek) Erben; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 21(2): 655 (1985)

= Viola pindicola Formánek

= Viola saxatilis subsp. macedonica (Boiss. & Heldr.) Hayek; Prodr. Fl. Penins. Balcan. 1: 516 (1927)

= Viola saxatilis subsp. thasia (W.Becker) Hayek; Prodr. Fl. Penins. Balcan. 1: 516 (1927)

= Viola thasia W.Becker; Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2, 2: 855 (1902)

= Viola tricolor var. macedonica (Boiss. & Heldr.) P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 1: 692 (2018)

subspecies :

subsp. matutina (Klokov) Valentine; Feddes Repert. 74: 31 (1967)

Distribution: S-European Russia; Belarus; Ukraine; N-Moldova; Northern Caucasus

14 BLR MLD RUS UKR 33 NCS

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola matutina Klokov; Komarov, Fl. USSR 15: 685 (1949)

subspecies :

subsp. polychroma (A.Kern.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. Suppl. 2: 47 (1889)

Name: Vielfarbiges Stiefmütterchen (DE)

Distribution: Germany (Bayern, Sachsen); Austria; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary

11 AUT CZE GER HUN SLO

Remarks: relationship to ssp. alpestris unclear, possibly the same

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola alpestris subsp. polychroma (A.Kern.) Hayek; Fl. Steiermark 1: 595 (1909)

= Viola alpestris subsp. vallombrosana Wittr.; 93 (1897)

= Viola decorata Zapal. ex Zablocki; Rosl. Polsk., Pl. Polon. Exsicc. Ser. II. Cent. II. 13 (1934), in obs., pro syn.

= Viola polychroma A.Kern.; Sched. Fl. Exs. Austro-Hung. 2: 89 (1882)

= Viola saxatilis subsp. polychroma (A.Kern.) Kirschner & Skalický; Preslia 61(4): 317 (1989)

= Viola tricolor subsp. polychroma (A.Kern.) Murr; Neue Übers. Bl.-Pfl. Vorarlberg 2: 207 (1923)

= Viola tricolor var. polychroma (A.Kern.) Gams; 604 (1925)

species :

Viola tridentata Sm.; Rees, Cycl. 37: n. 76 (1817)

Distribution: Argentina (Chubut, Santa Cruz, Tierra del Fuego); Chile (Los Lagos, Aisen, Magallanes); Falkland Isl.

85 ARG CLE 91 FAL

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 2 Tridens

species :

Viola triflabellata W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 21: 357 (1925)

Distribution: Argentina (Catamarca, Jujuy, La Rioja, Salta, Tucuman)

85 ARG

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 10 Triflabellium

species :

Viola trinervata (Howell) Howell ex A.Gray; Bot. Gaz. 11: 290 (1886)

Name: Rainier violet

Distribution: USA (Oregon, Washington State)

73 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola beckwithii var. trinervata Howell; Bot. Gaz. 8: 207 (1883)

= Viola chrysantha var. glaberrima Torr.; C. Wilkes, U.S. Expl. Exped. 17(Bot. 2): 238 (1874)

= Viola trinervata f. semialba H.St.John; Amer. Bot. (Binghamton) 34: 94 (1928)

species :

Viola tripartita Elliott; Sketch 1: 302 (1817)

Name: Threepart violet

Distribution: USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, West Virginia)

75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola hastata var. tripartita (Elliott) A.Gray; Bot. Gaz. 11: 291 (1886)

species :

Viola trochlearis J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores; Int. Rock Gard. 106: 16 (2018)

Distribution: Argentina (Neuquén)

85 ARG

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

species :

Viola truncata Meyen; Reise Erde 1: 314 (1834)

Distribution: Chile (Metropolitana de Santiago, O´Higgins, Maule, Biobío)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 3 Grandiflos

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola glacialis Poepp. & Endl.; Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 2: 49 (1838)

= Viola truncata var. glaberrima W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 187 (1922)

= Viola volcanica var. truncata (Meyen) Reiche; Anales Univ. Chile 90: 905 (1895)

species :

Viola tuberifera Franch.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33: 410-411 (1886)

Distribution: China (Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan); Tibet; Bhutan; India (Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim)

36 CHI TIB 40 BHU IND

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 3 Bulbosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola bulbosa subsp. tuberifera (Franch.) W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 418 (1971)

= Viola bulbosa var. franchetii H.Boissieu; Bull. Herb. Boissier, ser. 2, 1(11): 1076 (1901)

= Viola tuberifera var. brevipedicellata S.Y.Chen; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 18(4): 524 (1980)

= Viola tuberifera var. pseudopalustris H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13(368-369): 343 (1914)

species :

Viola tucumanensis W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 22: 352 (1926)

Distribution: Argentina (Tucuman)

85 ARG

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 10 Triflabellium

species :

Viola turkestanica Regel & Schmalh. ex Regel; Pl. Nov. Fedsch. 12 (1882)

Distribution: Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Afghanistan (Badghys, Balkh, Bamyan, Farah, Jawzjan / Sar-e-Pol, Logar, Paktia / Khost); Pakistan (Baluchistan, Chitral)

32 KGZ TKM TZK UZB 34 AFG 40 PAK

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola dolichocentra Botsch.; Not. Syst. Herb. Inst. Bot. & Zool. Acad. Sci. Uzbekistan. 11: 11 (1948)

species :

Viola turritella J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores; Int. Rock Gard. 124: 9, 38, figs.24-26, 28, 50, 55, 57-65 (2020)

Distribution: Argentina (Neuquén); Chile (Maule)

85 ARG CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 8 Sempervivum

species :

Viola ucriana Erben & Raimondo; Giorn. Bot. Ital., 129(1): 85 (1995)

Distribution: Sicily (Mt. Pizzuta near Palermo)

13 SIC

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Conservation Status: IUCN CR, known only from two localities

species :

Viola uleana W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 186 (1922)

Distribution: Brazil (São Paulo)

84 BRA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 1 Leptidium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola dusenii W.Becker & Sam.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 22: 107 (1925)

= Viola tenuis var. geralensis W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 185 (1922)

= Viola tenuis W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 22(2): 95 (1907), nom. illeg.

species :

Viola uliginosa Besser; Prim. Fl. Galic. 1: 169 (1809)

Name: Moor-Veilchen (DE)

Distribution: Denmark; Sweden; Finland; Germany (+Brandenburg, +Bayern, Sachsen, +Sachsen-Anhalt, +Thüringen); Poland; Czech Republic; Slovenia; Croatia; Serbia; Kosovo; ?Romania; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; N-European Russia; W-European Russia

10 DEN FIN SWE 11 CZE GER POL 13 CRO KOS SLV SRB 14 BLR EST LAT LIT RUS

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola hybrida Wulfen ex Schult.; Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. ed. 15[bis]. 5: 357 (1819)

= Viola nitens Host ex Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 2: 705 (1832)

= Viola riparia C.V.Hartm.; Växtnomenclatur: 128 (1884)

= Viola scaturiginosa Wallr.; Sched. Crit.: 97 (1822)

species :

Viola ulleungdoensis M.Kim & Jungsim Lee; Korean J. Pl. Taxon. 42(3): 203 (2012)

Distribution: South Korea

38 KOR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ulleungdoensis f. albiflora M.Kim; Korean J. Pl. Taxon. 42(3): 204 (2012)

species :

Viola umbraticola Kunth; Nov. Gen. et Sp. 5: 370 (1823)

Distribution: Mexico (Sonora, Chihuahua, Durango, ?Nayarit, ?Aguascalientes, Jalisco, ?Mexico State, México Distrito Federal, Hidalgo)

79 MEX

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola aliceae M.S.Baker; Madrono 15: 199 (1960)

= Viola pteropoda Hemsl.; Diagn. Pl. Nov. Mexic. 2: 20 (1879)

variant :

var. glaberrima W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 20: 7 (1924)

Name: Ponderosa violet

Distribution: USA (Arizona); Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango, Sonora)

76 USA 79 MEX

species :

Viola umphangensis S.Nansai, Srisanga & Suwanph.; Nordic J. Bot. 38(4)-e02668: 3 (2020)

Distribution: Thailand

41 THA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

species :

Viola uniflora L.; Sp. Pl. 936 (1753)

Distribution: Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, W-Siberia, Yakutia); Russian Far East (Primorye); Kazakhstan; Mongolia

30 SIB 31 RFE 32 KAZ 37 MON

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola uniflora subsp. lasczinskyi Zuev; Fl. Sibir. (Geraniac.-Cornac.) 10: 98 (1996)

= Viola lasczinskyi (Zuev) Baikov

species :

Viola uniquissima J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores; Int. Rock Gard. 128: 40 (2020)

Distribution: Chile (Tarapacá)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 10 Triflabellium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola unica J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores; bioRxiv http://dx. doi. org/10.1101/787564: 1, figs. 1-7 (2019), nom. illeg.

species :

Viola urophylla Franch.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33: 413-414 (1886)

Distribution: China (SW-Sichuan, NW-Yunnan)

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola subdelavayi S.H.Huang; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 25(4): 433 (2003)

= Viola urophylla var. densivillosa C.J.Wang; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 13(3): 265-266 (1991)

species :

Viola utahensis M.S.Baker & J.C.Clausen; Leafl. West. Bot. 5: 145 (1949)

Name: Utah violet

Distribution: USA (Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming)

73 USA 76 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

species :

Viola utchinensis Koidz.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 7: 113 (1938)

Distribution: Ryukyu Isl.

38 NNS

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola okinawensis K.Nakaj.; nom. nud.

species :

Viola vaginata Maxim.; Bull. Acad. Petersb. 23: 324 (1877)

Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu)

38 JAP

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola pachyrhiza Franch.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 26: 84 (1879)

= Viola vaginata f. albescens Sugim.; Keys Herb. Pl. Jap. 1(Dicot.): 736 (1965)

= Viola vaginata f. albiflora Honda; Nom. Pl. Jap., ed. emend.: 389 (1957)

= Viola vaginata f. purpureocalcarata H.Igarashi; J. Jap. Bot. 75: 187 (2000)

species :

Viola valderia All.; Fl. Pedem. 2: 98 (1785)

Name: Valdieri-Veilchen, Seealpen-Veilchen

Distribution: SE-France; NW-Italy

12 FRA 13 ITA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola cenisia subsp. valderia (All.) Bonnier & Layens; Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France: 37 (1894)

= Viola cenisia var. pubescens Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 2: 218 (1828)

= Viola cenisia var. valderia DC.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 302 (1824)

= Viola cenisia var. vestita Gren. & Godr.; Fl. France Corse 1: 186 (1848)

= Viola gracilis subsp. valderia (All.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 88 (1878), nom. illeg.

species :

Viola vallenarensis W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 111 (1927)

Distribution: Chile (Atacama)

85 CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 9 Subandinium

species :

Viola vallicola A.Nelson; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 128 (1899)

Name: Sagebrush violet

Distribution: Canada (Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan); USA (Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, North Dakota, Nevada, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington State, Wyoming)

71 CDN 73 USA 74 USA 76 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Crocion vallicola (A.Nelson) Nieuwl. & Lunell; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 4: 478 (1916)

= Viola nuttallii subsp. vallicola (A.Nelson) Roy L.Taylor & MacBryde; Canad. J. Bot. 56(2): 190 (1978)

= Viola nuttallii var. vallicola (A.Nelson) H.St.John; Fl. S.-E. Washington (St. John) 262 (1937)

= Viola physalodes Greene; Pl. Baker [Greene] 3: 12 (1901)

= Viola russellii B.Boivin; Canad. Field-Nat. 65: 22 (1951)

= Viola subsagittifolia Suksd.; Werdenda 1: 25 (1927)

variant :

var. major (Hook.) Fabijan; Canad. J. Bot. 65(12): 2575 (1987)

Distribution: Canada; USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola nuttallii var. major Hook.; Fl. Bor.-Amer. (Hooker) 1: 79 (1830)

= Viola praemorsa subsp. major (Hook.) M.S.Baker; Madroño 10(4): 128 (1949)

= Viola praemorsa var. major (Hook.) M.Peck; Man. Pl. Oregon 486 (1941)

species :

Viola variegata Fisch. ex Link; Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 1: 240 (1821)

subspecies :

subsp. variegata

Distribution: Siberia (Chita); Russian Far East (Amur, Khabarovsk, Primorye); China (Hebei, Heilongjiang, ?Henan, ?Hubei, ?Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, ?Shaanxi, ?Shanxi); Mongolia; North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Honshu, Shikoku)

30 SIB 31 RFE 36 CHI 37 MON 38 JAP KOR NKO

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola baicalensis W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 250-251 (1916)

= Viola maculata Patrin ex Ging.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 293 (1824), pro syn.

= Viola tenuicornis subsp. baicalensis (W.Becker); Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34: 251 (1917)

= Viola umemurae Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 16: 131 (1902)

= Viola variegata f. glaberrima W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl., Abt. 2, 34: 247 (1916)

= Viola variegata f. nipponica (Makino) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 220 (1954)

= Viola variegata f. viridis (Kitag.) Kitag.; Neo-Lineam. Fl. Manshur. 460 (1979), isonym

= Viola variegata f. viridis (Kitag.) P.Y.Fu & Y.C.Teng; Fl. Pl. Herb. Chin. Bor.-Or. 6: 105 (1977)

= Viola variegata var. nipponica Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 16: 159 (1902)

= Viola variegata var. viridis Kitag.; Rep. Inst. Sci. Res. Manchoukuo 1: 264 (1937)

subspecies :

subsp. primorskajensis (W.Becker) Espeut; Botanica Pacifica 9(1): 30 (2020)

Distribution: Russian Far East (Primorye)

31 RFE

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola primorskajensis (W.Becker) Vorosch.; A. K. Skvortsov (ed.), Florist. issl. v razn. raionakh SSSR: 182 (1985)

= Viola tenuicornis subsp. primorskajensis W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 250 (1916)

= Viola variegata var. primorskajensis (W.Becker) Vorosch.; Byull. Glavn. Bot. Sada (Moscow) 84: 34 (1972)

species :

Viola velutina Formánek; Verh. Naturf. Vereins Brünn 30: 75 (1891 publ. 1892)

Distribution: North Macedonia; NC-Greece (Mt. Varnounda, Mt. Voras)

13 GRC NMA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola velutina var. angustifolia Formánek; Verh. Naturf. Ver. Brünn 32: 177 (1893)

= Viola velutina var. parviflora Formánek; Verh. Naturf. Ver. Brünn 32: 177 (1893)

species :

Viola veronicifolia Planch. & Linden ex Triana & Planch.; Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. IV. 17: 121 (1862)

Distribution: Colombia (Cauca, Cundinamarca, Huila, Norte de Santander, Santander); N-Ecuador

82 CLM 83 ECU

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 1 Leptidium

species :

Viola viarum Pollard; Britton, Man. Fl. N. U. S. 635 (1901)

Name: Twoflower violet (EN)

Distribution: USA (Arkansas, Iowa, Illinois, Kansas, Louisiana, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota)

74 USA 75 USA 77 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola vilaensis Hayek; Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Math.-Nat. Kl. (Wien) 94: 154 (1918)

Distribution: Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro (Prokletje Mts.); Kosovo

13 BIH CRO KOS MNT

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola dinarica Trinajstic; (1975), nom. nov.

= Viola chelmea subsp. vratnikensis Gáyer & Degen; Magyar Bot. Lapok 13: 309 (1914)

= Viola dinarica subsp. vilaensis (Hayek) Trinajstic; (1975)

species :

Viola villosa Walter; Fl. Carol. [Walter] 219 (1788)

Name: Carolina violet

Distribution: USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia)

74 USA 77 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola alabamensis Pollard; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 13: 169 (1900)

= Viola carolina Greene; Pittonia 3: 259 (1898)

= Viola palmata var. villosa (Walter) B.L.Rob.; Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1(1): 196 (1895)

= Viola rugosa Small; Man. S.E. Fl.: 891 (1933), nom. illeg.

species :

Viola violacea Makino; Ill. Fl. Jap. 1(11): t. 67 (1891)

Distribution: South Korea; Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)

38 JAP KOR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola makinoi H.Boissieu; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 47: 320 (1900)

= Viola obtusosagitta Koidz.; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 39: 29 (1925)

= Viola sacraricola Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 42: 561 (1928)

= Viola tanakaeana Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 17: 86 (1903)

= Viola violacea f. albida (Nakai) F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 222 (1954)

= Viola violacea f. concolor Nakash.; J. Nat. Hist. Soc. Fukuoka 2: 164 (1938)

= Viola violacea f. leucantha E.Hama; Violets of Japan: 181 (1987)

= Viola violacea f. okuharae E.Hama; J. Jap. Bot., 51(11): 342 (1976)

= Viola violacea f. pictifolia Honda; J. Jap. Bot. 24: 30 (1949)

= Viola violacea f. rubra E.Hama; J. Jap. Bot., 51(11): 342 (1976)

= Viola violacea f. variegata E.Hama; J. Jap. Bot., 51(11): 342 (1976)

= Viola violacea f. versicolor E.Hama; J. Jap. Bot., 51(11): 341 (1976)

= Viola violacea var. albida Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: (91) (1922)

= Viola violacea var. makinoi (H.Boissieu) Hiyama ex F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 222 (1954)

= Viola violacea var. tanakaeana (Makino) T.Hashim. ex E.Hama & K.Nakaj.; J. Jap. Bot. 51: 342 (1976)

species :

Viola vittata Greene; Pittonia 3: 258 (1898)

Distribution: E-USA

75 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae. Not a synonym of V. lanceolata fide Marcussen et al. 2022

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola lanceolata subsp. vittata (Greene) N.H.Russell; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 54: 484 (1955)

= Viola lanceolata var. vittata (Greene) Weath. & Griscom.; Rhodora 36: 48 (1934)

species :

Viola volcanica Gill.; Bot. Misc. 3: 145, t. 98 (1833)

Name: Marmo [Chile]

Distribution: Argentina (Mendoza, Neuquen, San Juan, Tucuman, Rio Negro); Chile (O´Higgins, Maule, Ñuble, Biobío)

85 ARG CLE

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola pseudovulcanica W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 21: 358 (1925)

species :

Viola voliotisii Erben; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 21(2): 614 (1985)

Distribution: N-Greece (Mt. Voras)

13 GRC

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola vourinensis Erben; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 21(2): 500 (1985)

Distribution: NC-Greece (Mt. Vernon, Mt. Askio)

13 GRC

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola wailenalenae (Rock) Skottsb.; Acta Horti Gothob. 13: 462, 500 (1940), cum descr. lat.

Distribution: Hawaii (Kauai)

63 HAW

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 5 Nosphimium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola robusta var. wailenalenae Rock

species :

Viola wallichiana Ging. ex DC.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 300 (1824)

Distribution: Tibet; C-Nepal; Bhutan; India (Sikkim, West Bengal)

36 TIB 40 BHU IND NEP

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola reniformis Wall.; Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 2: 451-452 (1824)

species :

Viola walteri House; Torreya 6: 172 (1906)

Name: Prostrate blue violet

Distribution: USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Ohio, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia)

75 USA 77 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola canina var. multicaulis (Torr. & A.Gray) A.Gray; Bot. Gaz. 11: 292 (1886)

= Viola muhlenbergii var. multicaulis Torr. & A.Gray; Fl. N. Amer. 1: 140 (1838)

= Viola multicaulis (Torr. & A.Gray) Britton; Man. Fl. N. States: 640 (1901), nom. illeg.

species :

Viola weberbaueri W.Becker; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37: 588 (1906)

Distribution: Peru

83 PER

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 9 Subandinium

species :

Viola websteri Hemsl.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 23(152): 56-57 (1886)

Distribution: China (E-Jilin); North Korea

36 CHI 38 NKO

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola weibelii J.F.Macbr.; Candollea 8: 22: (1941)

Distribution: Peru

83 PER

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 4 Inconspicuiflos

species :

Viola willkommii R.Roem.; Linnaea 25: 10 (1852)

Name: Katalonisches Veilchen

Distribution: NE-Spain

12 SPA

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola canina var. integella Pau; Not. Bot. Fl. Españ. 2: 10 (1889)

= Viola pyrenaica Willk. ex Willk. & Lange; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. 3(3): 697 (1878), nom. illeg.

= Viola willkommii proles parvifolia Cadevall; Fl. Catalunya 1: 220 (1913)

= Viola willkommii var. caerulea Sennen; Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat. 32: 111 (1932)

= Viola willkommii var. cinereo-pubescens W.Becker; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 56: 188 (1906)

= Viola willkommii var. intermedia Marcet; Bol. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 46: 378 (1948), nom. nud.

species :

Viola wilsonii W.Becker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928(6): 251-252 (1928)

Distribution: China

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 1 Diffusae

species :

Viola wulinfarmensis S.S.Ying; New Taxa New Names 5: 192 (2022)

Distribution: Taiwan

38 TAI

Remarks: provisionally accepted name

species :

Viola xanthopotamica J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores; Int. Rock Gard. 115: 37, figs. 22, 23, 44, 60, 64-68, 74, 76 (2019)

Distribution: Argentina (La Rioja)

85 ARG

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 7 Rosulatae

species :

Viola xibaoensis S.S.Ying; New Taxa New Names 4: 45 (2022)

Distribution: Taiwan

38 TAI

Remarks: provisionally accepted name

species :

Viola yazawana Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 16: 158 (1902)

Distribution: Russian Far East (Primorye); Japan (Honshu)

31 RFE 38 JAP

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola chassanica Kork.; Bot. Zhurn. 71(1): 87 (1986)

species :

Viola yezoensis Maxim.; Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Petersbourg 23(2): 325-326 (1877)

Distribution: China (Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi); Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)

36 CHI 38 JAP

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola biacuta W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 414 (1917)

= Viola flaccida Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 1899 (242)

= Viola phalacrocarpa var. pallida Yatabe; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 6: 102 (1892)

= Viola pycnophylla Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 285 (1877)

= Viola yatabei Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 16(183): 122-124 (1902)

= Viola yezoensis f. discolor (Nakai) Hiyama ex F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 223 (1954)

= Viola yezoensis f. sordida Hiyama ex F.Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 224 (1954)

= Viola yezoensis var. asoana E.Hama; J. Jap. Bot., 51(11): 341 (1976)

= Viola yezoensis var. discolor Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 42: 558 (1928)

= Viola yezoensis var. dissecta Honda; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 52: 140 (1938)

species :

Viola yildirimlii Dinç & Bagci; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 141(4): 477 (2003)

Distribution: Turkey

34 TUR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

species :

Viola yrameae J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores; Int. Rock Gard. 153: 11 (2022)

Distribution: Argentina (Neuquén)

85 ARG

species :

Viola yunnanensis W.Becker & H.Boissieu; Bull. Herb. Boissier, ser. 2, 8: 740 (1908)

Distribution: China (Hainan, S-Yunnan); India (Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland); Myanmar; Thailand; Laos; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (Cameron Highlands, Pahang); Sumatra; Borneo; Java

36 CHI 40 IND 41 LAO MYA THA VIE 42 BOR JAW MLY SUM

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 1 Diffusae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola curvistylis Boissieu & Captin.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 57: 339 (1910)

= Viola lecomteana W.Becker ex Gagnep.; Humbert, Suppl. Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 1: 181 (1939), gallice

= Viola malvina Ridl.; J. Fed. Mal. States Mus 8: iv 15 (1917)

= Viola ovalifolia W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34(2): 256 (1916)

= Viola tonkinensis Gagnep.; Humbert, Suppl. Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 1: 174 (1939), gallice, et in Bull. Soc. Bot. France. 85: 600 (1939), latine. (1938)

species :

Viola yunnanfuensis W.Becker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928: 248 (1928)

Distribution: China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, ?Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang)

36 CHI

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola concordifolia C.J.Wang; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 13(3): 266 (1991), nom. nov., et in Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 51: 42 (1991), nom. nov.

= Viola concordifolia var. hirtipedicellata C.J.Wang; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 14: 382 (1992)

= Viola cordifolia W.Becker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1929(6): 201-202 (1929), non Schwein.

species :

Viola yuzufelensis A.P.Khokhr.; Byull. Glavn. Bot. Sada (Moscow), 175: 53 (1997)

Distribution: Turkey

34 TUR

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

species :

Viola ×aberrans Greene ex W.Stone; Proc. Acad. Philad. 55: 683 (1903)

Distribution: USA

Remarks: Viola communis x fimbriatula. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×adulterina Godr.; These Hybrid. 18 (1844)

Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Saarland); Czech Republic; Slovakia; Spain; etc.

11 CZE GER SLO 12 SPA

Remarks: Viola alba x hirta

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola hirta subsp. adulterina (Godr.) Gremli; 105 (1874)

= Viola ×abortiva Jord.; Mém. Acad. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci. 1: 14 (1852)

= Viola ×adulterina Schur; Verh. Naturf. Ver. Bruenn 15(2): 108 (1877)

= Viola ×adulterina var. abortiva (Jord.) Boreau; Fl. Ouest France 2: 73 (1857)

= Viola ×adulterina var. badensis (Wiesb.) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 33 (1896)

= Viola ×adulterina var. intricata (Arv.-Touv.) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 33 (1896)

= Viola ×badensis Wiesb.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 24: 225 (1874)

= Viola ×castillensis W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 26(2): 365 (1910)

= Viola ×intricata Arv.-Touv.; Bull. Soc. Dauphin. Échange Pl. 7: 264 (1880)

= Viola ×roxolanica Blocki; Deutsche Bot. Monatsschr. 5: 147 (1887)

= Viola ×schoenachii Murr & Pöll; Allg. Bot. Zeitschr. 13: 90 (1907)

species :

Viola ×albovii Vl.V.Nikitin; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 31: 225 (1998)

Distribution: Georgia [Caucasus] (Adzharia)

33 GEO

Remarks: Viola oreades x orthoceras

species :

Viola ×awagatakensis T.Yamaz., I.Ito & Ageishi; J. Jap. Bot. 72: 60 (1997)

Distribution: Japan

38 JAP

Remarks: Viola faurieana x rostrata var. japonica

species :

Viola ×bachtschisaraensis Vl.V.Nikitin; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 86(1): 145 (2001)

Distribution: Crimea

14 KRY

Remarks: Viola alba ssp. dehnhardtii x caspia

species :

Viola ×balearica Rosselló, Mayol & Mus; Boll. Soc. Hist. Nat. Balears 32: 154 (1988), nom. nov.

Distribution: Baleares (Mallorca)

12 BAL

Remarks: Viola alba x jaubertiana

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ×barceloi L.Chodat; Bull. Soc. Bot. Geneve, Ser. 2, 15: 234 (1924)

species :

Viola ×basilensis W.Becker; Neue Denkschr. Schweiz. Nat. Ges. 45: Abh. 50: 10 (1910)

Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg); Switzerland; Austria; Spain; France; etc.

11 AUT GER SWI 12 FRA SPA

Remarks: Viola alba x odorata. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola odorata var. multicaulis (Jord.) Rhiner; 196 (1893)

= Viola ×cluniensis Murr & Pöll; Allg. Bot. Zeitschr. 13: 90 (1907)

= Viola ×multicaulis Jord.; Mém. Acad. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci. 1: 15 (1852)

= Viola ×multicaulis var. chatenieri Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 34 (1896)

= Viola ×multicaulis var. grandifolia Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 34 (1896)

= Viola ×pardoi W.Becker; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 56: 187 (1906)

= Viola ×pluricaulis Borbás; Hallier & Wohlf., 179 (1890)

= Viola ×vorarlbergensis W.Becker; Neue Denkschr. Schweiz. Nat. Ges. 45: Abh. 50: 10 (1910)

species :

Viola ×bavarica Schrank; Baier. Fl. 1: 491 (1789) pro sp.

Distribution: Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Thüringen); Switzerland; Austria; Czech Republic; Spain; etc.

11 AUT BGM CZE GER LUX SWI 12 SPA

Remarks: Viola reichenbachiana x Viola riviniana. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae. This hybrid is reported to be abundant in Central Europa, but recent cytological investigations show that most supposed hybrids are colour morphs of V. riviniana

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola sylvestris nothosubsp. bavarica (Schrank) Bertsch; 294 (1962), nom. inval.

= Viola ×bethkeana E.H.L.Krause; P. Prahl, Krit. Flora Prov. Schleswig-Holstein (1889), nom. illeg.

= Viola ×bethkei K.Richt.; 221 (1888), nom. inval.

= Viola ×dubia Wiesb.; Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 36: 191 (1886), nom. inval.

= Viola ×savourei H.Lév.; Monde Pl. Rev. Mens. Bot. 8(109): 44 (1898), nom. nud.

= Viola ×wettsteinii K.Richt.; Verh. Kaiserl.-König. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 37: 189-200 (1887)

species :

Viola ×bernardii (Greene) Greene; Pittonia 5: 123 (1903)

Distribution: USA (Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, North Carolina, North Dakota, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin, West Virginia)

74 USA 75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Viola pedatifida x Viola sororia. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola pedatifida var. bernardii Greene; Pittonia 3: 259 (1898)

= Viola ×fallacissima Greene; Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1: 185 (1906)

= Viola ×perpensa Greene; Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1: 184 (1906)

= Viola ×angellae Pollard; (1902)

species :

Viola ×bissellii House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 505 (1924)

Distribution: USA (Connecticut, District of Columbia, Massachusetts, Maine, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin)

74 USA 75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Viola communis x Viola cucullata, Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×blaxlandiae J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores; Rock Gard. Quart. 70(4): 370 (2012)

Distribution: Argentina (Neuquén)

85 ARG

Remarks: Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sempervivoid alliance; Viola pachysoma x cotyledon

species :

Viola ×bonnevillensis Cottam; Bull. Univ. Utah, Biol. Ser. 4, No. 3: 3, tab. 1 (1939)

Distribution: USA (Utah, etc.)

76 USA

Remarks: Viola beckwithii x utahensis. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 6 Chamaemelanium

species :

Viola ×brauniae Grover ex Cooperr.; Mich. Bot. 25(3): 108 (1986)

Distribution: Canada (Ontario); USA (Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, North Carolina, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia)

72 CDN 75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Viola rostrata x striata. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×braunii Borbás; Hallier, Koch´s, Syn. deutsch. Fl. ed. 3: 202 (1890) [nothossp.]

subspecies :

subsp. braunii

Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern); Austria; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Spain; etc.

11 AUT CZE GER HUN SLO 12 SPA

Remarks: Viola canina x rupestris. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

subspecies :

subsp. zinserlingii Vl.V.Nikitin; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 86(1): 142 (2001) [nothossp.]

Distribution: N-European Russia

14 RUS

species :

Viola ×burnatii Gremli; Fl. anal. Suisse (1886) 124, et Neue Beitr. Fl. Schweiz. 5: 18 (1890)

Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Rheinland-Pfalz); Czech Republic; Slovakia; Spain; etc.

11 CZE GER SLO 12 SPA

Remarks: Viola riviniana x rupestris. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×caesariensis House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 506 (1924)

Distribution: USA

Remarks: Viola palmata var. triloba x sagittata. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×caflischii Woerl.; Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. 3: 21 (1889)

Distribution: +Germany (+Baden-Württemberg)

11 GER

Remarks: Viola canina x schultzii. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×cestrica House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 507 (1924)

Distribution: USA

Remarks: Viola emarginata x sagittata. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×champlainensis House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 504 (1924)

Distribution: USA (Vermont)

75 USA

Remarks: Viola affinis x septentrionalis

species :

Viola ×chejuensis Y.N.Lee & Y.C.Oh; Bull. Korea Pl. Res. 5: 13 (2005)

Distribution: South Korea (Cheju Isl.)

38 KOR

Remarks: Viola albida (chaerophylloides) x phalacrocarpa. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

species :

Viola ×chrysantha Schrad. ex Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 709 (1832)

Distribution: Europe

Remarks: Viola calcarata x lutea. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola ×cinerascens A.Kern.; Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 18: 20 (1868)

Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern); Austria; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Spain; etc.

11 AUT CZE GER SLO 12 SPA

Remarks: Viola reichenbachiana x rupestris. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ×bethkeana Borbás; Oesterr. bot. Zeitsch. 41: 422 (1890)

= Viola ×bethkeana Prahl; Krit. Fl. Prov. Schlesw.-Holst. 2: 23 (1890)

= Viola ×iselensis W.Becker; Neue Denkschr. Schweiz. Nat. Ges. 45: Abh. 50: 40 (1910)

= Viola ×leunisii Borbás; Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. xli 422 (1891)

species :

Viola ×columbiana House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 504 (1924)

Distribution: USA

Remarks: Viola affinis x Viola communis, Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×conjugens Greene; Pittonia 4: 3 (1899)

Distribution: Canada (Newfoundland, Prince Edward Isl., Québec); USA (Connecticut, District of Columbia, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Minnesota, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Wisconsin)

72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Viola communis x sagittata. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×consobrina House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 503 (1924)

Distribution: USA (District of Columbia, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Tennessee)

75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Viola affinis x hirsutula. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ×dowelliana House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 266. 25 (1925)

species :

Viola ×consocia House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 504 (1924)

Distribution: USA (Connecticut, New Jersey, New York, Vermont)

75 USA

Remarks: Viola affinis x cucullata. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×consona House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 504 (1924)

Distribution: USA

Remarks: Viola affinis x sororia. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×contempta Jord.; Pugill. Pl. Nov. 24 (1852)

subspecies :

subsp. contempta

Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Schleswig-Holstein, Sachsen); Czech Republic; Channel Isl. [I]; NW-European Russia; Northern Caucasus; etc.

11 CZE GER 12 cis 14 RUS 33 NCS

Remarks: Viola arvensis x tricolor ssp. tricolor. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

Synonyms: hidden

= Mnemion ×contemptum (Jord.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n.s., 16: 341 (1868)

= Viola arvensis var. contempta (Jord.) Espeut; Biocosme Mésogéen 27(4): 132 (2010)

= Viola tricolor subsp. tricoloriformis (Gerstl.) Bertsch & F.Bertsch; 307 (1948), nom. inval.

= Viola ×contempta subsp. lactea Vl.V.Nikitin; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 34: 128 (2002)

= Viola ×marihelenae Vl.V.Nikitin; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 92(3): 399 (2007)

= Viola ×norvegica Wittr.; 113 (1897)

= Viola ×tricoloriformis Gerstl.; 54 (1943)

subspecies :

subsp. bohemica (Beck) Mártonfi; Goliasová & Síposová, 182, 386 (2008) [nothossp.]

Distribution: Germany (Bayern); Czech Republic; Spain; etc.

11 CZE GER 12 SPA

Remarks: Viola arvensis x tricolor ssp. alpestris

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ×bohemica Beck; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 450 (1921)

= Viola tricolor var. subarvensis (Wittr.) Gams; 604 (1925)

species :

Viola ×conturbata House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 505 (1924)

Distribution: USA

Remarks: Viola cucullata x sororia, Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×convicta House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 506 (1924)

Distribution: USA

Remarks: Viola fimbriatula x subsinuata. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×cooperrideri H.E.Ballard; Castanea 58(1): 2 (1993)

Distribution: USA (Ohio, Tennessee, West Virginia)

75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Viola striata x walteri. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×cordifolia (Nutt.) Schwein.; Am. J. Sci. Ser. I. 5: 62 (1822)

Distribution: USA (Connecticut, District of Columbia, Indiana, Kentucky, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee)

75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Viola hirsutula x sororia. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ×perpera House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 503 (1924)

= Viola villosa var. cordifolia Nutt.; Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 1: 147 (1818)

species :

Viola ×crassula Greene; Pittonia 5: 95 (1902)

Distribution: USA (Tennessee)

78 USA

Remarks: Viola nephrophylla x sororia. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×davisii House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 503 (1924)

Distribution: USA (New York)

75 USA

Remarks: Viola affinis x brittoniana. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×digenea Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France 3: 34 (1896)

Distribution: Slovakia; Spain; France; etc.

11 SLO 12 FRA SPA

Remarks: Viola alba x riviniana

species :

Viola ×dimissa House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 507 (1924)

Distribution: USA

Remarks: Viola emarginata x hirsutula. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×discors House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 503 (1924)

Distribution: USA

Remarks: Viola affinis x subsinuata. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×dissena House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 504 (1924)

Distribution: USA

Remarks: Viola affinis x sagittata. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×dissita House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 503 (1924)

Distribution: USA (District of Columbia, Indiana, North Carolina, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia)

75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Viola hirsutula x palmata var. triloba. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×doii Taken.; Fukuoka Hakabuts. Zasshi (Ed. Ann. Soc. Hist.-Nat. Fukuok.) 2: 194 (1938)

Distribution: Japan

38 JAP

Remarks: Viola mandshurica x violacea. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ×doii f. glabra (Taken.) Sugim.; Keys Herb. Pl. Jap. 1(Dicot.): 725 (1965)

= Viola ×doii f. kisokomana E.Hama & K.Nakaj.; J. Jap. Bot. 51: 344 (1976)

= Viola ×doii var. glabra Taken.; J. Nat. Hist. Soc. Fukuoka 2: 194 (1938)

species :

Viola ×duffortii Fouill.; Rev. Bot. Syst. Geogr. Bot. 2: 153 (1904)

Distribution: Germany; Spain; France; etc.

11 GER 12 FRA SPA

Remarks: Viola alba x reichenbachiana. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

species :

Viola ×eamesii House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 507 (1924)

Distribution: USA (Connecticut, New Jersey)

75 USA

Remarks: Viola brittoniana x subsinuata. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×eclipes H.E.Ballard; Mich. Bot. 28(4): 217 (1989)

Distribution: Canada (Ontario); USA (Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maryland, Michigan, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, West Virginia)

72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Viola labradorica x striata. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×egglestoniana House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. 266: 25 (1925)

Distribution: USA

Remarks: Viola fimbriatula x latiuscula. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×egregia House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. 266: 25 (1925)

Distribution: USA

Remarks: Viola brittoniana x sororia. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×eizasieboldii Sugim. ex T.Shimizu; Fl. Nagano Pref : 1506 (1997)

Distribution: Japan

38 JAP

Remarks: Viola albida (eizanensis) x sieboldii. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

species :

Viola ×eriksoniana W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl., Abt. 2, 26(2): 371 (1910)

Distribution: Europe

Remarks: Viola riviniana x uliginosa. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×erratica House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 506 (1924)

Distribution: USA

Remarks: Viola emarginata x fimbriatula. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×excerpta House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 501 (1924)

Distribution: USA

Remarks: Viola baxteri x fimbriatula. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×fennica Nyl.; Spicil. Pl. Fenn. Cent. 1: 28 (1843)

Distribution: Germany (Brandenburg, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern); etc.

11 GER

Remarks: Viola epipsila x palustris. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ×ruprechtiana Borbás; Verh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 41: 20 (1891)

species :

Viola ×fernaldii House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 506 (1924)

Distribution: USA

Remarks: Viola fimbriatula x sororia. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×festata House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 505 (1924)

Distribution: USA

Remarks: Viola cucullata x sagittata var. sagittata. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×filicetorum Greene; Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1: 215 (1906)

Distribution: USA (District of Columbia, Indiana, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont)

75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Viola affinis x sororia. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola filicetorum var. parthenica Greene; Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1: 216 (1906)

species :

Viola ×fissifolia Kitag.; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 49(580): 226-228, f. 2 (1935)

Distribution: China (Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, ?Nei Mongol)

36 CHI

Remarks: Viola ingolensis x ?, Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ×jettmari Hand.-Mazz.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 87: 302 (1935)

species :

Viola ×foliosa Celak.; Arch. Naturwiss. Landesdurchf. Böhmen 2: 477 (1875)

Distribution: Europe; Germany; Spain; etc.

11 GER 12 SPA

Remarks: Viola hirta x suavis. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ×balmesii Sennen; (1932)

= Viola ×kerneri Wiesb.; Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 30: 189 (1880)

= Viola ×pragensis Wiesb.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 34: 184 (1884)

species :

Viola ×fouilladei W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 26(2): 382 (1910)

Distribution: Spain; France

12 FRA SPA

Remarks: Viola lactea x reichenbachiana. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ×sabuletorum Rouy & Foucaud; (1896), nomen

species :

Viola ×fujisanensis S.Watan.; J. Jap. Bot. 80(2): 121 ) (2005)

Distribution: Japan (Honshu)

38 JAP

Remarks: Viola albida (eizanensis) x shikokiana. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

species :

Viola ×ganeschinii Vl.V.Nikitin; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 92(3): 389 (2007)

Distribution: Siberia (Irkutsk, Tuva)

30 SIB

Remarks: Viola mauritii x rupestris. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×glabrescens (Neuman) Tzvelev; Opred. Sosud. Rast. Severo-Zap. Rossii: 679 (2000), nom. illeg.

Distribution: European Russia

14 RUS

Remarks: Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola rupestris nsubsp. glabrescens (Neuman) Vl.V.Nikitin; Fl. Vostochnoi Evropy 9: 190 (1996)

= Viola arenaria var. glabrescens Neuman

species :

Viola ×gotlandica W.Becker; Neue Denkschr. Schweiz. Nat. Ges. 45: Abh. I. 57 (1910)

Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Rheinland-Pfalz, Sachsen-Anhalt); Czech Republic; etc.

11 CZE GER

Remarks: Viola pumila x stagnina. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×grandis Greene; Cyb. Columb. 1: 28 (1914)

Distribution: USA

Remarks: Viola communis x sororia

species :

Viola ×greatrexii Nakai & Maek.; Ic. Pl. As. Or. 1: No. 1, 6 (1935)

Distribution: Japan (Kyushu)

38 JAP

Remarks: Viola phalacrocarpa x violacea. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

species :

Viola ×greenei House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 507 (1924)

Distribution: USA

Remarks: Viola emarginata x communis. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×greenmanii House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 505 (1924)

Distribution: USA (Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania)

75 USA

Remarks: Viola cucullata x palmata var. triloba. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×gremblichii Murr; Deutsche Bot. Monatsschr. 4: 151 (1886), Borbás in Hallier, Koch´s Syn. Deutsch. Fl. ed. 3, 184 (1892)

Distribution: Austria (Tirol); Spain; etc.

11 AUT 12 SPA

Remarks: Viola odorata x pyrenaica

species :

Viola ×grossii Gerstl.; 50 (1943)

Distribution: Germany; etc.

11 GER

Remarks: Viola (x) bavarica x pumila. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×grubovii Vl.V.Nikitin; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 92(3): 395 (2007)

Distribution: Mongolia

37 MON

Remarks: Viola dactyloides x variegata. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

species :

Viola ×halacsyana Degen & Dörfl.; Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 64: 711 (1897)

Distribution: C-North Macedonia

13 NMA

Remarks: Viola allchariensis x arsenica. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola ×hallieri Borbás; Magyar. Noven. Lapok 13: 78 (1890), et in Hallier, Koch´s Syn. Deutsch. Fl. ed. 3, 183 (1892)

Distribution: Hungary; etc.

11 HUN

species :

Viola ×haynaldii Wiesb.; Herb. Eur. 1886: 3133 (1886)

Distribution: E-Europe

Remarks: Viola ambigua x suavis. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ×kelleri W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 26(2): 362 (1910)

species :

Viola ×heterocarpa Borbás; Koch, Syn. Deut. Schweiz. Fl. ed. 3, 1: 197 (1890), et ex C. Richt., Sitzungsber. zool. bot. Ges. Wien. 41: 20 (1891)

Distribution: Germany; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Spain; France; etc.

11 CZE GER SLO 12 FRA SPA

Remarks: Viola mirabilis x rupestris. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ×schmalhausenii Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France. 3: 18 (1896)

species :

Viola ×hirtiformis Wiesb.; Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 30: 190 (1880)

Distribution: Czech Republic; Slovakia; etc.

11 CZE SLO

Remarks: Viola ambigua x hirta. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ×serpens Pöll; Allg. Bot. Zeitschr. 12: 190 (1906), nom. illeg.

species :

Viola ×hiyamae Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 224 (1954), sine descr. lat.

Distribution: Japan

38 JAP

Remarks: Viola mandshurica x minor. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

species :

Viola ×hollickii House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 503 (1924)

Distribution: USA (Connecticut, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia)

75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Viola affinis x fimbriatula. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×holmiana House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 507 (1924)

Distribution: E-USA

75 USA

Remarks: Viola brittoniana x emarginata. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×hungarica Degen & Sabr.; Deutsche Bot. Monatsschr. (1885) 8

Distribution: Slovakia; Hungary; etc.

11 HUN SLO

Remarks: Viola ambigua x odorata. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola medlingensis Wiesb.; Doubl. Verz. Schles. Tauschver 23: 1885 (1886) ex Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 36: 190 (1886)

species :

Viola ×hyrcanica Vl.V.Nikitin; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 31: 213 (1998)

Distribution: Azerbaijan (Talysh)

33 AZE

Remarks: Viola caspia ("V. sieheana") x reichenbachiana. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×ibukiana Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 19: 106 (1905)

Distribution: Japan

38 JAP

Remarks: Viola albida (chaerophylloides) x violacea. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

species :

Viola ×igoschinae Vl.V.Nikitin; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 86(1): 140 (2001)

Distribution: E-European Russia

14 RUS

Remarks: Viola canina x mauritii. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×incisa Turcz.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 15: 302 (1842)

Distribution: Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, W-Siberia); Russian Far East (Amur, Primorye); Kazakhstan; Mongolia

30 SIB 31 RFE 32 KAZ 37 MON

Remarks: Viola ingolensis x ?. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola dissecta var. incisa (Turcz.) Y.S.Chen; Fl. China 13: 93 (2007)

species :

Viola ×incissecta Vl.V.Nikitin; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 92(3): 393 (2007)

Distribution: Siberia (Irkutsk)

30 SIB

Remarks: Viola incisa x multifida. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

species :

Viola ×indivisa Greene; Pittonia 5(27): 124, fig. 8 (1903)

Distribution: USA (Vermont)

75 USA

Remarks: Viola pedatifida x pratincola. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×insessa House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 505 (1924)

Distribution: USA (Vermont)

75 USA

Remarks: Viola cucullata x nephrophylla. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×insolita House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 507 (1924)

Distribution: USA (Connecticut, New York)

75 USA

Remarks: Viola brittoniana x communis. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×interjecta Borbás; Hallier & Wohlf., 190 (1890)

Distribution: Hungary; E-Europe; etc.

11 HUN

Remarks: Viola ambigua x hirta. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola hirta var. subciliata Borbás; Enum. Pl. Com. Castriferr.: 253 (1887)

= Viola ×hybrida Wiesb.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 36: 192 (1886), nom. illeg.

= Viola ×parvula Opiz; Böhm. Phan. Crypt. Gew.: 32 (1823), nom. illeg.

species :

Viola ×jagellonica Zapal.; Bull. Int. Acad. Sci. Cracovie, Cl. Sci. Math., Sér. B, Sci. Nat. 1914(4B): 455 (1914)

Distribution: Europe

Remarks: Viola alba x suavis

species :

Viola ×jindoensis M.Kim; Korean Endemic Pl. 149 (2017)

Distribution: South Korea

38 KOR

Remarks: Viola albida (chaerophylloides) x violacea. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

species :

Viola ×joannis-wagneri Karpati; Borbásia 5-6: 89 (88-90, figs.) (1946)

Distribution: Europe

Remarks: Viola hirta x riviniana. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

species :

Viola ×josephii J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores; Int. Rock Gard. 119: 98 (2019)

Distribution: Argentina (Tucumán)

85 ARG

Remarks: Viola triflabellata x ?. sect. Triflabellium

species :

Viola ×juzepczukii Vl.V.Nikitin; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 92(3): 397 (2007)

Distribution: Russian Far East (Primorye)

31 RFE

Remarks: Viola dissecta x mandshurica. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

species :

Viola ×kalksburgensis Wiesb.; Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 27: 153 (1877)

Distribution: Europe; Slovakia; Spain; etc.

11 SLO 12 SPA

Remarks: Viola alba x suavis. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Viola

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ×eliasii Sennen & Pau; Bol. Soc. Aragonesa Ci. Nat. 6: 24 (1907)

= Viola ×valentiana W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 26(2): 352 (1910)

species :

Viola ×karakulensis Vl.V.Nikitin & O.Baranova; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 92(3): 398 (2007)

Distribution: E-European Russia

14 RUS

Remarks: Viola canina x collina. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×kiliensis E.H.L.Krause; Prahl, Krit. Fl. Prov. Schlesw.-Holst. 2: 24 (1889)

Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Sachsen, Thüringen); Czech Republic; Slovakia; European Russia; etc.

11 CZE GER SLO 14 RUS

Remarks: Viola canina x riviniana. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola canina var. lucorum Rchb.; Iconogr. Bot. Pl. Crit. 1: 60 (1823)

= Viola canina var. procera Klett & Richt.; Fl. Leipzig: 235 (1830), nom. superfl.

= Viola ×baltica W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 26(2): 379 (1910)

= Viola ×chevalieri H.Lév.; Monde Pl. Rev. Mens. Bot. 8(109): 44 (1898), nom. nud.

= Viola ×intersita Beck; Verh. K. K. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien 41: 642 (1891), et Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 26(2): 379 (1910)

= Viola ×recensita Camus; J. Bot. (Morot) 1898: 267 (1898)

= Viola ×weinharti W.Becker; Allg. Bot. Zeitschr., 75 (1899)

species :

Viola ×kisoana Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 42: 559 (1928)

Distribution: Japan

38 JAP

Remarks: Viola mandshurica x variegata var. nipponica. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

species :

Viola ×klingeana Ronniger; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 53: 531 (1903)

Distribution: Europe

Remarks: Viola canina x uliginosa. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ×lehbertiana Kupffer; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 53: 531 (1903)

species :

Viola ×klopotovii W.Becker; B. Fedtsch., Fl. Asiat. Ross. 8: 74 (1915)

Distribution: Siberia; etc.

30 SIB

Remarks: Viola epipsila x selkirkii. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

species :

Viola ×krascheninnikoviorum Vl.V.Nikitin; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 86(1): 144 (2001)

Distribution: E-European Russia

14 RUS

Remarks: Viola pumila x rupestris. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×kupfferiana W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 26(2): 371 (1910)

Distribution: Europe

Remarks: Viola canina x uliginosa. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×lacmonica Hausskn.; Mitth. Thür. Bot. Ver. N. Folge 5: 44 (1893)

Distribution: Greece

13 GRC

Remarks: Viola aetolica x orphanidis; Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola ×lambertii H.Lév.; Monde Pl. 8(109): 44 (1898)

Distribution: Spain

12 SPA

Remarks: Viola lactea x riviniana. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×lavandulacea E.P.Bicknell; Torreya 4: 130 (1904)

Distribution: USA

Remarks: Viola cucullata x emarginata. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×lesmehrhoffii A.Haines; Bot. Notes 17: 2, figs. 3-4 (2023)

Distribution: USA (Massachusetts)

75 USA

Remarks: Viola brittoniana x pectinata

species :

Viola ×luciae Skottsb.; Bot. Not. 811 (1939)

Distribution: Hawaii (Molokai)

63 HAW

Remarks: Viola maviensis x chamissoniana

species :

Viola ×lutzii E.G.Camus; J. Bot. (Morot) 12: 279 (1898)

Distribution: France

12 FRA

Remarks: Viola hispida x tricolor

species :

Viola ×malteana House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 511 (1924)

Distribution: Canada (Ontario, Québec); USA (Michigan, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Vermont)

72 CDN 75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Viola labradorica x rostrata. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×marcetii W.Becker; Oester. Bot. Zeitschr. 12: 188 (1906)

Distribution: Spain; etc.

12 SPA

Remarks: Viola reichenbachiana x willkommii. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×markgrafii W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 23: 146 (1926)

Distribution: Albania; Greece

13 ALB GRC

Remarks: Viola albanica x dukadjinica. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola ×martini Maek.; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 224 (1954)

Distribution: Japan

38 JAP

Remarks: Viola mandshurica x phalacrocarpa. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

species :

Viola ×marylandica House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 507 (1924)

Distribution: USA

Remarks: Viola brittoniana x sagittata. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×matczkasensis Vl.V.Nikitin; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 86(1): 146 (2001) [nothossp.]

Distribution: C-European Russia

14 RUS

Remarks: Viola collina x mirabilis. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ×matczkasensis subsp. saburensis Vl.V.Nikitin; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 86(1): 146 (2001)

species :

Viola ×megapolitana E.H.L.Krause; Prahl, Krit. Fl. Prov. Schlesw. Holst. 2: 24 (1889)

Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Sachsen); etc.

11 GER

Remarks: Viola canina x reichenbachiana. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ×pseudosilvatica K.Richt.; Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 38: 221 (1888), nom. inval.

= Viola ×litoralis Spreng.; Novi Provent.: 43 (1818)

species :

Viola ×melissifolia Greene; Pittonia 5: 103 (1902)

Distribution: Canada (New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Prince Edward Isl.); USA (New York, Vermont)

72 CDN 75 USA

Remarks: Viola cucullata x septentrionalis. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×menitzkii Vl.V.Nikitin; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 31: 230 (1998)

Distribution: Georgia [Caucasus]

33 GEO

Remarks: Viola arvensis x occulta. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola ×mistura House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 500 (1924)

Distribution: USA (Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, Minnesota, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont)

75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Viola sagittata x subsinuata. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×mixta A.Kern.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 21 (1868)

Distribution: Germany (Bayern); Czech Republic; Slovakia; Spain; etc.

11 CZE GER SLO 12 SPA

Remarks: Viola canina x reichenbachiana. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ×borussica (Borbás) W.Becker; Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. 8: 269 (1902)

species :

Viola ×miyajiana Koidz.; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 39: 29 (1925)

Distribution: Japan; etc.

38 JAP

Remarks: Viola albida (eizanensis) x yezoensis. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

species :

Viola ×modesta House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 509 (1924), nom. illeg., non Fenzl

Distribution: USA (Arkansas, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maine, North Carolina, New York)

75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Viola lanceolata x primulifolia. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

species :

Viola ×modica House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 500 (1924)

Distribution: USA

Remarks: Viola communis x subsinuata. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×mollicula House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 508 (1924)

Distribution: USA (New Jersey, New York)

75 USA

Remarks: Viola minuscula x primulifolia. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

species :

Viola ×montfortensis Murr & Pöll; Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 13: 91 (1907)

Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg); Spain; etc.

11 GER 12 SPA

Remarks: Viola alba x hirta x odorata. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

species :

Viola ×montivaga House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 503 (1924)

Distribution: USA

Remarks: Viola septentrionalis x sororia. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×mulfordiae Pollard; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 15: 203 (1902)

Distribution: USA (Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, New Jersey, New York)

75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Viola brittoniana x fimbriatula. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×murbeckii Dörfl.; Herb. Norm. No. 3103 (1897)

Distribution: Sweden; Spain; etc.

10 SWE 12 SPA

Remarks: Viola canina x lactea. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ×murbeckii H.Lév.; Monde Pl. 8(109): 43 (1898), nomen

= Viola ×militaris Savouré; H. Lév., Petite Fl. Mayenne, Suppl. 2: 8 (1899), nom. nud.

species :

Viola ×najadum Wein; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 17 (1913)

Distribution: Germany; C-European Russia; etc.

11 GER 14 RUS

Remarks: Viola riviniana x stagnina. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ×nataliae Vl.V.Nikitin; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 92(3): 390 (2007)

species :

Viola ×napae House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 501 (1924)

Distribution: USA (Indiana, Missouri, Tennessee, Vermont, Wisconsin)

74 USA 75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Viola pratincola x sororia. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×neglecta F.W.Schmidt; Fl. Boem. Centr. 3: 55 (1794)

Distribution: Germany (Bayern, Thüringen); etc.

11 GER

Remarks: Viola montana x riviniana. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×neglectiformis Vl.V.Nikitin; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 86(1): 141 (2001)

Distribution: C-European Russia

14 RUS

Remarks: Viola canina x tanaitica. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×nemenyiana Wagner; Magyar Bot. Lap. 12: 33 (1913)

Distribution: Hungary; Spain; etc.

11 HUN 12 SPA

Remarks: Viola rupestris x suavis. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×nikitinii Vasjukov; Turczaninovia 18(1): 18 (2015)

Distribution: Russian Far East (Amur)

31 RFE

Remarks: Viola mirabilis x sachalinensis. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ×bezdelevae Vl.V.Nikitin; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 92: 392 (2007), nom. illeg.

= Viola ×bezdelevae Vorosch.; Byull. Mosk. Obshch. Ispyt. Prir., Biol. 92(1): 134 (1987)

species :

Viola ×notabilis E.P.Bicknell; Torreya 4: 131 (1904)

Distribution: USA (Connecticut, New Jersey, New York, Virginia)

75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Viola brittoniana x cucullata. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×obtusoacuminata T.Hashim. ex T.Shimizu; Fl. Nagano Pref : 1506 (1997)

Distribution: Japan

38 JAP

Remarks: Viola acuminata x obtusa. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×obtusogrypoceras Makino; J. Jap. Bot. 4: 9 (1927)

Distribution: Japan

38 JAP

Remarks: Viola grypoceras x obtusa. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×ogawae Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 44: 529 (1930)

Distribution: Japan

38 JAP

Remarks: Viola albida (chaerophylloides) x violacea. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ×ogawae f. variegata E.Hama ex T.Shimizu; Fl. Azagano Pref : 1506 (1997)

species :

Viola ×okuharae F.Maek. ex T.Shimizu; Fl. Nagano Pref : 1506 (1997)

Distribution: Japan

38 JAP

Remarks: Viola hirtipes x violacea var. makinoi. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

species :

Viola ×olimpia Beggiat.; Att. Soc. It. Sci. Nat. 8: 174, t. 1 (1865)

Distribution: C-Europe; Spain; etc.

12 SPA

Remarks: Viola odorata x reichenbachiana. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

species :

Viola ×orophila Wiesb.; Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 36: 191 (1886)

Distribution: Germany; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Spain; S-France; Bulgaria; etc.

11 CZE GER SLO 12 FRA SPA 13 BUL

Remarks: Viola mirabilis x riviniana. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola mirabilis subsp. pseudomirabilis (H.J.Coste) P.Fourn.; Quatre Fl. France: 446 (1936)

= Viola ×pseudomirabilis H.J.Coste; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 40: cxv (1893)

= Viola ×teresiana Sennen & Gonzalo; (1926) in sched.

species :

Viola ×pacheri Wiesb.; Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 36: 190 (1886), et 40: 134, 162 (1890), Borbás in Hallier, Koch´s Syn. Deutsch. Fl. ed. 3: 185 (1892)

Distribution: Austria (Tirol); Spain; etc.

11 AUT 12 SPA

Remarks: Viola hirta x pyrenaica. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

species :

Viola ×palatina Y.N.Lee; Bull. Korea Pl. Res. 5: 15 (2005)

Distribution: South Korea; etc.

38 KOR

Remarks: Viola albida (chaerophylloides) x japonica. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

species :

Viola ×paradoxa K.Richt.; 220 (1888), nom. inval., non Lowe

Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg)

11 GER

Remarks: Viola hirta x mirabilis. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

species :

Viola ×parca House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 506 (1924)

Distribution: USA

Remarks: Viola fimbriatula x septentrionalis. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×peckiana House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 500 (1924)

Distribution: USA

Remarks: Viola sororia x subsinuata. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×perplexa Gremli; Excursionsfl. Schweiz ed. 2: 106 (1874)

Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Thüringen); Czech Republic; Slovakia; Spain; etc.

11 CZE GER SLO 12 SPA

Remarks: Viola mirabilis x reichenbachiana. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ×spuria Celak.; Arch. Naturw. Landesk. Böhm. 3: 478 (1875)

= Viola ×uechtritziana Borbás; Sitzungsber. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 41: 20 (1891), et in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 33 (1891), Beck, Fl. Nied.-Oesterr. 1(2): 519 (1892)

species :

Viola ×poelliana Murr; Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 16: 3 (1910)

Distribution: Germany; etc.

11 GER

Remarks: Viola collina x hirta x odorata. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

species :

Viola ×poltavensis Vl.V.Nikitin; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 86(1): 139 (2001)

Distribution: Ukraine; etc.

14 UKR

Remarks: Viola elatior x riviniana. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×polysecta Nakai; Bot. Mag, Tokyo 33: 206 (1919)

Distribution: Japan

38 JAP

Remarks: Viola eizanensis x yezoensis. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola incisa var. multifida Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 284, 291 (1878)

= Viola ×miyajiana f. sordida E.Hama ex T.Shimizu; Fl. Nagano Pref.: 1506 (1997)

= Viola ×multifida (Franch. & Sav.) Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 16: 125 (1902), nom. illeg.

= Viola ×savatieri var. multifida (Franch. & Sav.) Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 26: 157 (1912)

species :

Viola ×popovae Vl.V.Nikitin; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 31: 216 (1998) [nothossp.]

Distribution: Crimea; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]

14 KRY 33 GEO NCS

Remarks: Viola canina x caspia ("sieheana"). Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ×popovae subsp. romankoshica Vl.V.Nikitin; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 35: 138 (2003)

species :

Viola ×populifolia Greene; Pittonia 3: 337 (1898)

Name: Peck´s violet

Distribution: Canada (Ontario); USA (Connecticut, District of Columbia, Indiana, Kentucky, Minnesota, Missouri, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Vermont)

72 CDN 75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Viola sororia x palmata var. triloba. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola palmata var. variabilis (Greene) W.Stone; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1903: 677 (1903)

= Viola ×variabilis Greene; Pittonia 5: 90 (1902)

species :

Viola ×porphyrea R.Uechtr.; Engl., 139 (1871), et ex Garcke, Fl. Deutschland, ed. 13: 51 (1878)

Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Rheinland-Pfalz); Switzerland; etc.

11 GER SWI

Remarks: Viola collina x odorata. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ×hellwegeri Murr; 20 (1899)

= Viola ×hellwegeri var. leucopetala (Murr & Pöll) Murr; 205 (1923)

= Viola ×merkensteinensis subsp. vadutiensis (Murr & Pöll) Murr; 204 (1923)

= Viola ×merkensteiniensis Wiesb.; Halácsy & Braun, Nachtr. Fl. Nieder-Oesterr.: 166 (1882)

= Viola ×merkensteiniensis Wiesb. ex Murr; Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 40: 134 (1890), Beck, Fl. Nied.-Oest 2: I. (1892)517

= Viola ×subcollina Beck; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 450 (1921)

= Viola ×vadutiensis Murr & Pöll; Allg. Bot. Zeitschr. 14: 135 (1908)

species :

Viola ×porteriana Pollard; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 404 (1897)

Distribution: Canada (Ontario); USA (Connecticut, Indiana, Massachusetts, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Vermont)

72 CDN 75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Viola cucullata x fimbriatula. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×preywischiana Nauenb.; Flor. Rundbr. 21(1): 3 (1987)

Distribution: Germany (Nordrhein-Westfalen)

11 GER

Remarks: Viola arvensis x lutea ssp. westfalica. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola ×pseudomakinoi M.Mizush. ex T.Shimizu; Fl. Nagano Pref : 1507 (1997)

Distribution: Japan

38 JAP

Remarks: Viola sieboldii f. variegata x violacea var. makinoi. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

species :

Viola ×pynzarii Vl.V.Nikitin; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 86(1): 136 (2001)

Distribution: Moldova

14 MLD

Remarks: Viola reichenbachiana x tanaitica. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×raunsiensis W.Becker & Kosanin; Bull. Inst. Jard. Bot. Univ. Beograd 1: 33 (1928)

Distribution: N-Albania

13 ALB

Remarks: Viola dukadjinica x epirota. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola ×ravida House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 502 (1924)

Distribution: USA (District of Columbia, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee)

75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Viola hirsutula x subsinuata . Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×redacta House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 506 (1924)

Distribution: USA (New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania)

75 USA

Remarks: Viola fimbriatula x hirsutula. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×reschetnikovae Vl.V.Nikitin; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 35: 140 (2003)

Distribution: C-European Russia

14 RUS

Remarks: Viola rupestris x selkirkii. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×rhenana Gerstl.; 50 (1943)

Distribution: Germany; etc.

11 GER

Remarks: Viola (x) bavarica x stagnina

species :

Viola ×ritschliana W.Becker; Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. 8: 270 (1903)

Distribution: Germany (Brandenburg, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hamburg, Rheinland-Pfalz, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Czech Republic; Slovakia; etc.

11 CZE GER SLO

Remarks: Viola canina x stagnina. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ×genevensis W.Becker & Cheneverd; Bull. Trav. Soc. Bot. Genève 9: 98

= Viola ×gregoriae Druce; Rep. Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 7: 865 (1925 publ. 1926), nom. nud.

species :

Viola ×robinsoniana House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 506 (1924)

Distribution: USA (Arkansas, Connecticut, Massachusetts, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Oklahoma)

74 USA 75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Viola fimbriatula x palmata var. triloba. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×rupestriformis Vl.V.Nikitin; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 86(1): 143 (2001) [nothossp.]

Distribution: C-European Russia

14 RUS

Remarks: Viola elatior x rupestris. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ×rupestriformis subsp. kovenensis Vl.V.Nikitin; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 86(1): 143 (2001)

species :

Viola ×ryoniae House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 505 (1924)

Distribution: USA (Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York)

75 USA

Remarks: Viola cucullata x subsinuata. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×savatieri Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 16(184): 125-126 (1902)

Distribution: China (Liaoning); Japan

36 CHI 38 JAP

Remarks: Viola albida (eizanensis) x tokubuchiana. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola incisa var. acuminata Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 1: 41 (1875)

= Viola patrinii var. acuminata (Franch. & Sav.) Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 19(221): 73 (1905)

= Viola ×savatieri f. variegata E.Hama ex T.Shimizu; Fl. Nagano Pref.: 1507 (1997)

species :

Viola ×scabra F.Braun; Flora 3: 469 (1820)

Name: Raues Bastard-Veilchen (DE)

Distribution: Germany (Brandenburg, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Sachsen, Thüringen); Czech Republic; Slovakia; Spain; etc.

11 CZE GER SLO 12 SPA

Remarks: Viola hirta x Viola odorata. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola hirta subsp. permixta (Jord.) Berher; Louis, Fl. Vosges, éd. 2: 46 (1887), isonym

= Viola hirta subsp. permixta (Jord.) Gremli; 105 (1874)

= Viola odorata var. oblongata Celak.; Prodr. Fl. Böhmen 3: 476 (1875)

= Viola ×decliva C.Du Moulin; 389 (1867)

= Viola ×leptostolona Pöll; Allg. Bot. Zeitschr. 13: 29 (1907)

= Viola ×permixta Jord.; Obs. Pl. Crit. 7: 6 (1849)

species :

Viola ×schauloi Vl.V.Nikitin; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 92(3): 387 (2007)

Distribution: Siberia (Irkutsk, Tuva); Russian Far East (Khabarovsk, Primorye, Sakhalin); Mongolia

30 SIB 31 RFE 37 MON

Remarks: Viola rupestris x sacchalinensis. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×segniensis Gáyer & Degen; Degen, Fl. Velebit. 2: 440 (1937)

Distribution: Slovenia (Dalmatia)

13 SLV

species :

Viola ×semseyana Borbás; Hallier & Wohlf., 211 (1890)

Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Sachsen); Czech Republic; Slovakia; etc.

11 CZE GER SLO

Remarks: Viola canina x pumila. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×sermenika Formanek; Dt. Bot. Monatsschr. 1897: 75 (1897)

Distribution: North Macedonia; etc.

13 NMA

Remarks: Viola aetolica x tricolor ("macedonica"). Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola ×silana Merino; Fl. Galicia 3: 521 (1909)

Distribution: Spain; etc.

12 SPA

species :

Viola ×skofitziana Wiesb.; Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 36: 190 (1886), et in Natur und Offenb. 37: 500 (1891)

Distribution: Germany (Bayern, Rheinland-Pfalz, Thüringen); Czech Republic; etc.

11 CZE GER

Remarks: Viola elatior x pumila. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×slavinii House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 502 (1924)

Distribution: USA (Indiana, Kentucky, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Ohio)

75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Viola affinis x triloba

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ×milleri Moldenke; Phytologia 2: 241 (1947)

species :

Viola ×suaviflora Borbas & Heinr.Braun; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 40: 26 (1890), et Fl. Nied.-Oest. 2(1): 516 (1892)

Distribution: Austria (etc.)

11 AUT

Remarks: Viola collina x suavis. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

species :

Viola ×sublanceolata House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 508 (1924)

Name: Lanceleaf violet

Distribution: Canada (New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec); USA (Iowa, Minnesota, New York)

72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA

Remarks: Viola lanceolata x minuscula. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 5 Stolonosae

species :

Viola ×subsagittata Greene; Pittonia 3: 316 (1898)

Distribution: USA

Remarks: Viola fimbriatula x sagittata

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola sagittata var. subsagittata (Greene) Pollard; Bot. Gaz. 26: 340 (1898)

species :

Viola ×suevica Gerstl.; 43 (1943), nom. inval.

Distribution: Germany (Bayern, Niedersachsen, Rheinland-Pfalz)

11 GER

Remarks: Viola (x) bavarica x canina. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×sukaczewii Vl.V.Nikitin; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 86(1): 144 (2001)

Distribution: E-European Russia; Siberia (W-Siberia)

14 RUS 30 SIB

Remarks: Viola canina x mirabilis. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×takahashii (Nakai) Taken.; ? 24(4): 40, f. 2 (1962)

Distribution: China (Hebei, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Ningxia, N-Shaanxi, Shanxi)

36 CHI

Remarks: Viola pinnata x prionantha. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola albida f. takahashii (Nakai) Kitag.; Neolin. Fl. Manshur. 452 (1979)

= Viola albida var. takahashii (Nakai) Nakai; Icon. Pl. Koisikav. 1(4): 94 (1912), et Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 286 (1916)

= Viola dissecta subvar. multifida Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 26(305): 154 (1912)

= Viola dissecta subvar. takahashii (Nakai) Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 26: 154 (1912)

= Viola dissecta var. takahashii Nakai; Icon. Pl. Koisik. 1(4): 94 (1912)

species :

Viola ×taradakensis Nakai; J. Jap. Bot. 15: 407 (1939)

Distribution: Japan (Kyushu)

38 JAP

Remarks: Viola eizanensis x violacea

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ×taradakensis f. variegata E.Hama ex T.Shimizu; Fl. Nagano Pref: 1507 (1997)

= Viola ×taradakensis var. eizalacea F.Maek. & T.Hashim. ex T.Shimizu; Fl. Nagano Pref : 1507 (1997)

species :

Viola ×tatrae Borbás; Magyar Növényt. Lapok 13: 81 (1890)

Distribution: Czech Republic; Slovakia; etc.

11 CZE SLO

Remarks: Viola lutea ssp. sudetica x tricolor. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola ×tichomirovii Vl.V.Nikitin; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 86(1): 139 (2001)

Distribution: C-European Russia; etc.

14 RUS

Remarks: Viola canina x elatior. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×tigirekica Vl.V.Nikitin; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 34: 128 (20 June 2002) (2002)

Distribution: Siberia (Altai, Tuva)

30 SIB

Remarks: Viola altaica x tricolor. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 10 Melanium, subsect. Bracteolatae

species :

Viola ×torslundensis W.Becker; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 26(2): 385 (1910)

Distribution: Czech Republic

11 CZE

Remarks: Viola elatior x stagnina. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×tuvinica Vl.V.Nikitin; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 34: 126 (20 June 2002) (2002)

Distribution: Siberia (Tuva)

30 SIB

Remarks: Viola sacchalinensis (komarovii) x mauritii. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×tzvelevii Vl.V.Nikitin; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 86(1): 136 (2001)

Distribution: E-European Russia

14 RUS

Remarks: Viola pumila x riviniana. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ×tzvelevii f. tschistopolensis Vl.V.Nikitin; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 86(1): 139 (2001)

species :

Viola ×valesiaca Hausskn. ex Favrat; Bull. trav. Soc. Murith. Fasc. xiii-xv. 61 (1887)

Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Rheinland-Pfalz); Austria; Czech Republic; Slovakia; etc.

11 AUT CZE GER SLO

Remarks: Viola collina x hirta. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola hirta var. umbrosa (Hoppe) Rchb.; 705 (1832), nom. inval.

= Viola ×umbrosa Hoppe; Flora 11: 648 (1828), nom. illeg.

= Viola ×colliniformis Murr; Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 43: 196 (1893)

= Viola ×dumoulinii Erdner; 60 (1907)

species :

Viola ×venustula Greene; Pittonia 3: 335 (1898)

Distribution: USA (Vermont, etc.)

75 USA

Remarks: Viola affinis x nephrophylla. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola crenulata Greene; Pittonia 4: 295 (1901)

= Viola obliqua var. crenulata (Greene) Farw.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 12: 68 (1930)

= Viola ×subaffinis House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 254: 503 (1924)

species :

Viola ×vermontana House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. N. 266: 25 (1925)

Distribution: USA (Vermont, etc.)

75 USA

Remarks: Viola latiuscula x sororia. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×viatkensis Vl.V.Nikitin; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 86(1): 146 (2001)

Distribution: N-European Russia

14 RUS

Remarks: Viola canina x selkirkii. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×villaquensis Benz; Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr., 25 (1905)

Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern); etc.

11 GER

Remarks: Viola ruppii (montana auct.) x rupestris. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×vilnaensis W.Becker; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 477 (1922)

Distribution: Poland; Siberia (Altai)

11 POL 30 SIB

Remarks: Viola rupestris x stagnina. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ×talmensis Vl.V.Nikitin; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 35: 137 (2003)

species :

Viola ×vindeliciana Gerstl.; 38 (1943)

Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern)

11 GER

Remarks: Viola (x) bavarica x mirabilis. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×vindobonensis Wiesb.; Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 30: 191 (1880)

Distribution: Germany (Bayern, Niedersachsen, Sachsen); Austria; Slovakia; Spain; European Russia; Northern Caucasus; etc.

11 AUT GER SLO 12 SPA 14 RUS 33 NCS

Remarks: Viola odorata x suavis. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Viola

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ×erdneri Gerstl.; Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. 26: 29 (1943)

= Viola ×kozo-poljanskii Grosset; Bull. Soc. Nat. Woronesh. 1: 12 (1925), Fedde in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 25: 96 (1928)

= Viola ×praesignis Beck; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 450 (1921)

species :

Viola ×wansanensis Y.N.Lee; Bull. Korea Pl. Res. 4: 19 (2004)

Distribution: South Korea; etc.

38 KOR

Remarks: Viola albida (chaerophylloides) x mandshurica. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

species :

Viola ×wiesbaurii Sabr.; Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 34: 131 (1884) ex Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur. Suppl. 2: I. 48 (1889)

Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg); Slovakia; etc.

11 GER SLO

Remarks: Viola alba x collina. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

species :

Viola ×wilczekiana Beauverd; Bull Soc. Bot. Geneve, Ser. II. 10: 301 (1918 publ. 1919)

Distribution: Switzerland; Spain; etc.

11 SWI 12 SPA

Remarks: Viola hirta x rupestris. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola ×fragrans Wiesb. ex Sabr.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 34: 133 (1884), nom. inval.

species :

Viola ×wilhelmii Vl.V.Nikitin; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 31: 226 (1998)

Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]

33 GEO NCS

Remarks: Viola oreades x tricolor ssp. saxatilis

species :

Viola ×wilibaldii Vl.V.Nikitin; Bot. Zhurn. 86(1): 142 (2001), nom. nov.

Distribution: European Russia; etc.

14 RUS

Remarks: Viola pumila x reichenbachiana. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola lancifolia Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. (Steudel), ed. 2(2): 772

species :

Viola ×wilmatteae Pollard & Cockerell; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 15: 178 (1902)

Distribution: USA

Remarks: Viola nephrophylla x pedatifida. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 7 Nosphimium, subsect. 1 Borealiamericanae

species :

Viola ×wittrockiana Gams; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel-Eur. 5: 1. 616 (1925) ex Nauenb. & Buttler, Kochia 2: 38 (2007)

Name: Garden Violet, Garden Pansy (EN), Garten-Stiefmütterchen (DE)

Distribution: widely cultivated, origin garden trade

Remarks: garden cultivars involving at least V. altaica, V. lutea, and V. tricolor

Synonyms: hidden

= Viola hortensis hort. ex Steud.; 773 (1841), nom. inval.

= Viola hortensis Wettst.; 36, 300 (1901), nom. inval.

= Viola maxima hort. ex Domin; 100 (1935), nom. inval.

= Viola tricolor f. maxima hort. ex Thorsrud & Reisæter; 121 (1948), nom. inval.

= Viola tricolor var. hortensis hort. ex Vilm.; 1211 (1870), nom. illeg.

= Viola tricolor var. maxima H.Eisenach; 177 (1886), nom. illeg.

species :

Viola ×woosanensis Y.N.Lee & J.Kim; Korean J. Pl. Taxon. 28(1): 30 (1998)

Distribution: South Korea; etc.

38 KOR

Remarks: Viola albida (chaerophylloides) x ulleungdoensis. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 9 Plagiostigma, subsect. 2 Patellares

species :

Viola ×wujekii H.E.Ballard; Castanea 58(1): 3 (1993)

Distribution: USA (Maryland, Pennsylvania, West Virginia)

75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Viola appalachiensis x striata. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 2 Rostratae

species :

Viola ×yurii Vl.V.Nikitin; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 86(1): 144 (2001)

Distribution: Europe; S-European Russia; etc.

14 RUS

Remarks: Viola collina x riviniana. Subgen. 2 Viola, sect. 8 Viola, subsect. 1 Viola

species :

Viola ×zapalowiczii Zmuda; Sprawozd. Akad. Umiejetn. Krakow. 53/54: 69 (1920)

Distribution: Poland; etc.

11 POL

species :

Viola ×zophodes K.R.Thiele & Prober; Muelleria 18: 21 (2003)

Distribution: Australia (Victoria)

50 AUS

Remarks: Viola eminens x fuscoviolacea; sect. Erpetion

species :

Viola ×zwienenii J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores; Int. Rock Gard. 113: 35 (2019)

Distribution: Argentina (Mendoza)

85 ARG

Remarks: Viola atropurpurea x beckeriana. Subgen. 1 Neoandinium, sect. 8 Sempervivum

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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 24.11 (November 5th, 2024)

Covering 355,576 accepted species,
8,715 hybrids, 47,863 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,000,581 synonyms,
in total 1,412,785* names

[about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus*" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life

Contact

How to Cite:

Search

+ Family

Filter

Order

Family (36)

Genus (31)

Display options

A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 24.11 (November 5th, 2024)

Covering 355,576 accepted species, 8,715 hybrids, 47,863 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,000,581 synonyms, in total 1,412,785* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life

Covering 355,576 accepted species,
8,715 hybrids, 47,863 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,000,581 synonyms,
in total 1,412,785* names

[about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus*" are deliberately omitted]