495.0000
Family
Apocynaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 143 (1789), nom. cons.
372 genera, ca. 6500 spp. According to modern authors and PCR Asclepiadaceae is only a subfamily of Apocynaceae.
Species listed in database: 6677; hybrids: 9
= Asclepiadaceae Borkh.; Bot. Wörterb. 1: 31 (1797), nom. cons.
= Carissaceae Bertol; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 23: 212 (1891)
= Cerberaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 119 (1820)
= Cynanchaceae G.Mey.; Chloris Han. 245, 251 (1836)
= Ophioxylaceae Mart.; Consp. Regn. Veg. [Martius] 24 (1835)
= Pacouriaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 447 (1820)
= Periplocaceae Schltr.; Nachtr. Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee [Schumann & Lauterbach] 351 (1905), nom. cons.
= Plumeriaceae Horan.; Prim. Lin. Syst. Nat. 70 (1834)
= Stapeliaceae Horan.; Prim. Lin. Syst. Nat. 70 (1834)
= Vincaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 273, 299 (1818)
= Willughbeaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 256 (1858)
495.6662
Genus
Vincetoxicum N.M.Wolf; Gen. Pl. [Wolf] 130 (1776)
Distribution: Temperate Eurasia, incl. European part of Russia, Northern Caucasus, Middle Asia. Expansion of Vincetoxicum to include 25 smaller genera in Tylophorinae see Liede-Schumann & Meve (2018). 13 species described by Schlechter from Malesia with destroyed types are not listed.
Species listed in database: 279; hybrids: 2
= Alexitoxicon St.-Lag.; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 67 (1880), nom. superfl.
= Amblyoglossum Turcz.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 25(2): 310 (1852)
= Antitoxicum Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 18: 674 (1952)
= Belostemma Wall. ex Wight; Contr. Bot. India [Wight] 52 (1834)
= Biondia Schltr.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36 (Beibl. 82): 91 (1905)
= Blyttia Arn.; Mag. Zool.-Bot. 2: 420 (1838)
= Diploglossum Meisn.; Pl. Vasc. Gen. [Meisner] 269 (1840)
= Diplostigma K.Schum.; Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C 334 (1895), et in Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 2: 256 (1895)
= Goydera Liede; Novon 3(3): 265 (1993)
= Haplostemma Endl.; Gen. Pl. [Endlicher], Suppl. 3: 75 (1843), nom. superfl.
= Henrya Hemsl.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 111 (1889), et in Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 20: t. 1844 (1891), not Nees (1871)
= Henryastrum Happ; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 24: 567 (1937)
= Homolostyles Wall. ex Wight; Contr. Bot. India [Wight] 50 (1834)
= Homostyles Wall. ex Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 44 (1883), nom. inval.
= Hoyopsis H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 262 (1914)
= Hybanthera Endl.; Prodr. Fl. Norfolk. [Endlicher] 59 (1833)
= Iphisia Wight & Arn.; Contr. Bot. India [Wight] 52 (1834)
= Ischnostemma King & Gamble; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 74: 532 (1908)
= Merrillanthus Chun & Tsiang; Sunyatsenia 6: 105 (1941)
= Microstephanus N.E.Br.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1895: 249 (1895)
= Nanostelma Baill.; Hist. Pl. [Baillon] 10: 247 (1890)
= Neohenrya Hemsl.; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 19: 97 (1892), nom. superfl.
= Oncostemma K.Schum.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 17: 148 (1893)
= Pentabothra Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 18 (1883)
= Pentastelma Tsiang & P.T.Li; Fl. Hainan. 3: 577 (1974)
= Pleurostelma Baill.; Hist. Pl. [Baillon] 10: 266 (1890), K. Schum. in Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 2: 248 (1895)
= Podostelma K.Schum.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 17: 133 (1893), K. Schum. in Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 2: 234 (1895)
= Pseudopentatropis Costantin; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 4: 61 (1912)
= Pycnostelma Bunge ex Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 512 (1844)
= Rhyncharrhena F.Muell.; Fragm. [Mueller] 1: 128 (1859)
= Sphaerocodon Benth.; Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 2: 772 (1876)
= Spirella Costantin; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 4: 78 (1912)
= Tylophora R.Br.; Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1: 28 (1809), et Prodr. 460 (1810)
= Tylophoropsis N.E.Br.; Gard. Chron., Ser. 3, 16: 244 (1894), ex K. Schum. in Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 2: 255 (1895)
= Vincetoxicopsis Costantin; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 4: 103 (1912)
species :
Vincetoxicum adnatum
(Bakh.f.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 132 (2018)
Distribution: Sulawesi; Java
42 JAW SUL
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora adnata Bakh.f.; Blumea 6: 375 (1950)
species :
Vincetoxicum ambiguum
Maxim.; Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg 23: 366 (1877)
Distribution: Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)
38 JAP
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum ambiguum (Maxim.) Kom.; Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 25 (Fl. Mansh. 3): 294 (1905), Matsum.,-Ind. Pl. Jap. 2(2): 508 (1912)
= Cynanchum ambiguum (Maxim.) Matsum.; Index Pl. Jap. [J.Matsumura] 2: 11. 508 (1912)
species :
Vincetoxicum amplexicaule
Siebold & Zucc.; Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 4(3): 162- (1846)
Distribution: Russian Far East (Khabarovsk, Primorye); China (Guangxi, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong); North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Shikoku, Kyushu)
31 RFE 36 CHI 38 JAP KOR NKO
Synonyms: hidden
= Alexitoxicon amplexicaule (Siebold & Zucc.) Pobed.; Taxon 11(5): 174 (1962)
= Antitoxicum amplexicaule (Siebold & Zucc.) Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 18: 705 (1952)
= Cynanchum amplexicaule (Siebold & Zucc.) Hemsl.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 104 (1889)
= Cynanchum amplexicaule f. castaneum (Makino) C.Y.Li; Clav. Pl. Chin. Bor.-Or., ed. 2 (ed. P. Y. Fu): 529 (1995)
= Cynanchum amplexicaule f. multicaurium (I.C.Chung) W.Lee; J. Korean Pl. Taxon. 12(2): 85 (1982)
= Cynanchum amplexicaule var. castaneum Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 23(265): 22 (1909)
= Cynanchum brandtii (Franch. & Sav.) Matsum.; Index Pl. Jap. [Matsumura] 2(2): 509 (1912)
= Cynanchum multicaurium I.C.Chung
= Vincetoxicum amplexicaule f. multicaurium (I.C.Chung) W.Lee; J. Korean Pl. Taxon. 12(2): 85 (1982)
= Vincetoxicum amplexicaule var. castaneum (Makino) Kitag.; Rep. Inst. Sci. Res. Manchoukuo 4: 84 (1940)
= Vincetoxicum brandtii Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 440 (1877)
species :
Vincetoxicum angustifolium
(Schltr.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 132 (2018)
Distribution: Philippines (Luzon)
42 PHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora angustifolia Schltr.; Fragm. Fl. Philipp. [Perkins] 1: 124 (1904)
species :
Vincetoxicum anomalum
(N.E.Br.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 132 (2018)
Distribution: Cameroon; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal); Comores (Mayotte)
23 CMN 26 MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 SAF 29 COM
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum chirindense S.Moore; J. Bot. 46: 305 (1908)
= Cynanchum papillosum Weim.; Bot. Not. 398 (1935)
= Tylophora anomala N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey] 4(1): 766 (1908)
= Tylophora mayottae W.D.Stevens, Labat & F.Barthelat; Candollea 71(1): 131 (2016)
species :
Vincetoxicum anthopotamicum
(Hand.-Mazz.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 132 (2018)
Distribution: China (SW-Guizhou)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum anthopotamicum Hand.-Mazz.; Symb. Sin. 7: 995 (1936)
= Tylophora anthopotamica (Hand.-Mazz.) Tsiang & H.D.Zhang; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 12: 133 (1974)
species :
Vincetoxicum apiculatum
(K.Schum.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 132 (2018)
Distribution: Kenya; Tanzania; Zimbabwe; Mozambique
25 KEN TAN 26 MOZ ZIM
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora apiculata K.Schum.; Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C 325 (1895)
species :
Vincetoxicum arachnoideum
(Goyder) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 132 (2018)
Distribution: Somalia
24 SOM
Remarks: known only from type collection
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora arachnoidea Goyder; Kew Bull. 58(3): 724 (2003)
species :
Vincetoxicum arenicola
(Merr.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 133 (2018)
Distribution: China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora arenicola Merr.; Linnean Sci. J. 13: 69 (1934)
species :
Vincetoxicum aristolochioides
(Miq.) Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 445 (1877)
Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)
38 JAP
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora aristolochioides Miq.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 129 (1865)
= Tylophora yoshinagae Makino; J. Jap. Bot. reimpr. 3: 3 (1923)
species :
Vincetoxicum arnottianum
(Wight) Wight; Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. [Wight] t. 1614 (1850)
Distribution: Pakistan (Baluchistan, Swat, Hazara, Azad Jammu, Kashmir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa); India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir)
40 IND PAK
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum arnottianum Wight; Contr. Bot. India [Wight] 58 (1834)
= Vincetoxicum luridum Stocks ex Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 22 (1883) et ex S. A. Shah, Phytotaxa 357(2): 123 (2018)
= Vincetoxicum montanum Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 525 (1844)
species :
Vincetoxicum ascyrifolium
Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. (1877)
Distribution: Russian Far East (Khabarovsk, Primorye); China (Anhui, Hebei, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong); North Korea; South Korea; Japan (C-Honshu, Shikoku)
31 RFE 36 CHI 38 JAP KOR NKO
Synonyms: hidden
= Alexitoxicon acuminatum (Decne.) Pobed.; Taxon 11(5): 174 (1962)
= Antitoxicum acuminatum (Decne.) Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 18: 706 (1952)
= Cynanchum acuminatifolium Hemsl.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 104 (1889)
= Cynanchum acuminatum (C.Morren ex Decne.) Matsum.; Index Pl. Jap. [Matsumura] 2: t. 508 (1912), nom. illeg.
= Cynanchum ascyrifolium (Franch. & Sav.) Matsum.; Index Pl. Jap. [J.Matsumura] 2(2): 509 (1912)
= Cynanchum ascyrifolium var. calcareum (H.Ohashi) T.Yamaz.; Fl. Jap. [Iwatsuki et al., eds.] 3a: 171 (1993)
= Cynanchum calcareum H.Ohashi; J. Jap. Bot. 41: 252 (1966)
= Vincetoxicum acuminatifolium (Hemsl.) Ohi-Toma & K.Mochizuki; J. Jap. Bot. 98(6): 324-327 (2023)
= Vincetoxicum acuminatum C.Morren ex Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 524 (1844), nom. illeg.
= Vincetoxicum calcareum (H.Ohashi) Akasawa; Bull. Kochi Women´s Univ., Ser. Nat. Sci. 29: 3 (1981)
= Vincetoxicum calcareum (H.Ohashi) Liede; Taxon 45: 205 (1996), isonym
species :
Vincetoxicum assadii
Zaeifi; Iran. J. Bot. 8(1): 106 (1999)
Distribution: Iran
34 IRN
species :
Vincetoxicum atratum
(Bunge) C.Morren & Decne.; Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 17 (1836)
Distribution: Russian Far East (Amur, Khabarovsk, Primorye); China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan); North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)
31 RFE 36 CHI 38 JAP KOR NKO
Synonyms: hidden
= Alexitoxicon atratum (Bunge) Pobed.; Taxon 11: 174 (1962)
= Antitoxicum atratum (Bunge) Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 18: 704 (1952)
= Cynanchum atratum Bunge; Enum. Pl. China Bor. 45 (1833 publ. 1831)
= Cynanchum atratum f. multinerve (Franch. & Sav.) T.Yamaz.; Fl. Jap. [Iwatsuki et al., eds.] 3a: 172 (1993)
= Cynanchum atratum f. viridescens H.Hara; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 1: 149 (1948)
= Cynanchum kiyohikoanum Honda; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 46: 676 (1932)
= Cynanchum multinerve (Franch. & Sav.) Matsum.; Index Pl. Jap. [J.Matsumura] 2(2): 510 (1912)
= Cynanchum multinerve var. kiyohikoanum (Honda) Ohwi; Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 33: 83 (1953)
= Cynanchum pauciflorum (Miq.) Matsum.; Index Pl. Jap. [Matsumura] 2(2): 510 (1912), nom. illeg.
= Vincetoxicum atratum f. viridescens (H.Hara) Sugim. ex Yonek.; J. Jap. Bot. 86: 235 (2011)
= Vincetoxicum multinerve Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 441 (1876), Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Sci. St.-Petersb. 23 (Mel. Biol. 9: 793) 365 (1877)
= Vincetoxicum multinerve var. kiyohikoanum (Honda) Kitag.; J. Jap. Bot. 34: 364 (1959)
= Vincetoxicum pauciflorum Miq.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 127 (1866)
species :
Vincetoxicum augustinianum
(Hemsl.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 133 (2018)
Distribution: China (Guangxi, Hubei, Yunnan); Thailand
36 CHI 41 THA
Synonyms: hidden
= Henrya augustiniana Hemsl.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 111 (1889)
= Henryastrum augustinianum (Hemsl.) Happ; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 24: 567 (1937)
= Neohenrya angustissima Hemsl.; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 19: 97 (1892), sphalm.
= Neohenrya augustiniana (Hemsl.) Hemsl.; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 19: 97 (1892)
= Tylophora augustiniana (Hemsl.) Craib; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911: 417 (1911)
species :
Vincetoxicum auritum
(Tsiang & P.T.Li) Meve, H.H.Kong & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 133 (2018)
Distribution: China (Hainan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Pentastelma auritum Tsiang & P.T.Li; Fl. Hainan. 3: 577 (1974)
species :
Vincetoxicum austrokiusianum
(Koidz.) Kitag.; J. Jap. Bot. 34: 363 (1959)
Distribution: Japan (Kyushu)
38 JAP
Conservation Status: IUCN R
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum austrokiusianum Koidz.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 7: 194 (1938)
species :
Vincetoxicum badium
(E.Mey.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 133 (2018)
Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Astephanus badius E.Mey.; Comm. Pl. Afr. Austr. [Meyer] 224 (1838)
= Tylophora badia (E.Mey.) Schltr.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21, Beibl. 54: 12 (1898)
variant :
var. latifolium
(N.E.Br.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 133 (2018)
Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora badia var. latifolia N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey] 4(1): 769 (1908)
species :
Vincetoxicum balakrishnanii
(P.M.Salim & J.Mathew) Kottaim.; Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosci. Pl. Biol. 6(10): 37 (2019)
Distribution: India (Kerala)
40 IND
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora balakrishnanii P.M.Salim & J.Mathew; NeBIO 8(3): 130, figs. 1-2 (2017)
species :
Vincetoxicum barbatum
(R.Br.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
Distribution: Australia (coastal New South Wales and Victoria)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Hoya barbata (R.Br.) Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 1: 843 (1824)
= Tylophora barbata R.Br.; Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 460 (1810)
species :
Vincetoxicum belostemma
(Benth.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
Distribution: China (Sichuan, S-Yunnan); Nepal; India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Kerala, Manipur, Meghalaya, Sikkim, West Bengal)
36 CHI 40 IND NEP
Synonyms: hidden
= Belostemma hirsutum Wall. ex Wight; Contr. Bot. India [Wight] 52 (1834)
= Tylophora belostemma Benth.; Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 2: 771 (1876), not T. hirsuta Wight
species :
Vincetoxicum biglandulosum
(Endl.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
Distribution: Lord Howe Isl.; Norfolk Isl.; New Caledonia (incl. Belep, Ile des Pins, Loyalty Isl.); Vanuatu; Tonga (´Eua); Fiji
50 LHI NFK 60 FIJ NWC TON VAN
Synonyms: hidden
= Hybanthera biglandulosa Endl.; Prodr. Fl. Norfolk. [Endlicher] 59 (1833)
= Tylophora acutipetala Guillaumin; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 51: 557 (1938)
= Tylophora aneityensis Guillaumin; J. Arnold Arbor. 13: 21 (1932)
= Tylophora anisotomoides Schltr.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 39: 244 (1906)
= Tylophora biglandulosa (Endl.) F.Muell.; Fragm. [Mueller] 9: 71, 169 (1875)
= Tylophora biglandulosa (Endl.) K.Schum.; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 2: 256 (1895), isonym
= Tylophora brackenridgei A.Gray; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 5: 334 (1862)
= Tylophora enervis F.Muell.; Fragm. [Mueller] 9: 70 (1875)
= Tylophora insulincola S.Moore; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 45: 317 (1921)
= Tylophora tannaensis Guillaumin; J. Arnold Arbor. 13: 22 (1932)
= Tylophora tapeinogyne Schltr.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 39: 244 (1906)
= Tylophora tapeinogyne var. glabrata Schltr.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 39: 245 (1906)
= Vincetoxicum enerve (F.Muell.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
species :
Vincetoxicum bilobatum
(P.I.Forst.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 135 (2018)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora bilobata P.I.Forst.; Austral. Syst. Bot. 7(5): 492 (1994)
species :
Vincetoxicum biondioides
(W.T.Wang) C.Y.Wu & D.Z.Li; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 11(1): 48 (1989)
Distribution: China (Yunnan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum biondioides W.T.Wang ex Tsiang & P.T.Li; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 12: 106 (1974)
species :
Vincetoxicum brachystelmoides
(P.I.Forst.) Liede; Taxon 45(2): 205 (1996)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea); Australia (Northern Territory, N-Queensland)
42 NWG 50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum brachystelmoides P.I.Forst.; Austrobaileya 2(5): 451 (1988)
species :
Vincetoxicum bracteatum
(Thunb.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 135 (2018)
Distribution: India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal); Sri Lanka
40 IND SRL
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum bracteatum Thunb.; Obs. Cynanch. 7 (1821)
= Cynanchum flavens Thunb.; Observ. Cynanch. 7 (1821)
= Tylophora membranifolia Thwaites; Enum. Pl. Zeyl. [Thwaites] 424 (1859)
= Tylophora parviflora Wight; Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. [Wight] 4: t. 1274 (1848), orth. var.
= Tylophora pauciflora Wight & Arn.; Contr. Bot. India [Wight] 49 (1834)
= Vincetoxicum pauciflorum (Wight & Arn.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 425 (1891), nom. illeg., non Miq.
species :
Vincetoxicum brassii
(P.I.Forst.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 135 (2018)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora brassii P.I.Forst.; Austral. Syst. Bot. 7(5): 498 (1994)
species :
Vincetoxicum brevipes
(Turcz.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 135 (2018)
Distribution: Taiwan; Palawan; Philippines (Luzon, Mindoro)
38 TAI 42 PHI PLW
Synonyms: hidden
= Amblyoglossum brevipes Turcz.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 25(2): 311 (1852)
= Tylophora brevipes (Turcz.) Fern.-Vill.; Fl. Filip., ed. 3 [Blanco], Nov. App. 134 (1880)
= Tylophora hybostemma var. pilipes [Fragm.Fl.Philipp.; Perkins] 1: 125 (1904)
= Tylophora hybostemma Warb.; Fragm. Fl. Philipp. [Perkins] 1: 125 (1904)
species :
Vincetoxicum brownii
(Hayata) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 136 (2018)
Distribution: China (Guangdong); Taiwan
36 CHI 38 TAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora brownii Hayata; J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30: 195 (1911)
= Tylophora ovata var. brownii (Hayata) Tsiang & P.T.Li; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 12(1): 134 (1974)
species :
Vincetoxicum bungei
(G.Don) Cai F.Zhang & G.W.Hu; Phytotaxa 664(3): 225 (2024)
Distribution: Siberia (Buryatia, Chita); Russian Far East (Amur, Khabarovsk, Primorye); China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Mongolia; North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); Ryukyu Isl. (Kumejima); Taiwan
30 SIB 31 RFE 36 CHI 37 MON 38 JAP KOR NKO NNS TAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Anantherix bungei G.Don; Gen. Hist. 4: 146 (1837)
= Asclepias paniculata Bunge; Enum. Pl. China Bor. 43 (1831 publ. 1833)
= Cynanchum dubium Kitag.; Lin. Fl. Manshur. 363 (1939)
= Cynanchum paniculatum (Bunge) Kitag.; J. Jap. Bot. 16: 20 (1940), ex H. Hara, Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 1: 153 (1948)
= Cynanchum paniculatum var. latifolium (Makino) H.Hara; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 1: 154 (1948)
= Pycnostelma chinense Bunge ex Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 512 (1844)
= Pycnostelma leucanthum Kitag.; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 48: 105 (1934)
= Pycnostelma paniculatum (Bunge) K.Schum.; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 2: 243 (1895) (panniculatum)
= Pycnostelma paniculatum var. hirsutum Pamp.; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n. s. 17: 697 (1910)
= Pycnostelma paniculatum var. latifolium Makino; J. Jap. Bot. 3(5): 18 (1926)
= Vincetoxicum changqinianum P.T.Li; J. S. China Agric. Univ. 12(3): 40 (1991), nom. nov. superfl.
= Vincetoxicum makinoi Honda; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 55: 201 (1941)
= Vincetoxicum mukdenense Kitag.; J. Jap. Bot. 16: 20 (1940)
= Vincetoxicum paniculatum (Bunge) C.Y.Wu & D.Z.Li; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 11(1): 48 (1989), non (R. Br.) Kuntze
= Vincetoxicum pycnostelma f. latifolium (Makino) Kitag.; J. Jap. Bot. 34(12): 365 (1959)
= Vincetoxicum pycnostelma Kitag.; J. Jap. Bot. 16: 19 (1940)
species :
Vincetoxicum cabulicum
(Bornm.) Bornm. ex S.A.Shah; PhytoKeys 179: 51 (2021)
Distribution: NE-Afghanistan (Paghman, Kabul, Badakhshan)
34 AFG
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum cabulicum Bornm.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 66: 233 (1934)
species :
Vincetoxicum afrum
(Meisn.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
subspecies :
subsp. afrum
Distribution: Sierra Leone; Burkina Faso; Ivory Coast; Togo; Benin; Nigeria; Cameroon; Central African Republic; South Sudan; Angola; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Namibia; South Africa (Limpopo, North-West Prov., Gauteng, Mpulamanga, KwaZulu-Natal); Eswatini [Swaziland]
22 BEN BKN IVO NGA SIE TOG 23 CAF CMN 24 SSU 26 ANG MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 NAM SAF SWZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Gongronema welwitschii K.Schum.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 17: 145 (1893)
= Sphaerocodon afrum (Meisn.) Schltr.; J. Bot. 33: 339 (1895)
= Sphaerocodon natalense Benth.; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. sub t. 1190 (1876)
= Sphaerocodon obtusifolium Benth.; Hooker´s Icon. Pl., t. 1190 (1876)
= Tylophora afra Meisn.; London J. Bot. 2: 542 (1846)
subspecies :
subsp. melanthum
(N.E.Br.) Goyder; Fl. Zambes. 7(3): 354 (2020)
Distribution: S-Angola; Zambia; ?Namibia; ?N-Botswana
26 ANG ZAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Gymnema melananthum K.Schum.; Kunene-Sambesi-Exped. [Warburg] 344 (1903)
= Sphaerocodon angolensis S.Moore; J. Bot. 47: 219 (1909)
= Sphaerocodon melananthum N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 4(1): 412 (1903)
species :
Vincetoxicum cambodiense
Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 136 (2018), nom. nov.
Distribution: Laos; Cambodia
41 CBD LAO
Synonyms: hidden
= Vincetoxicopsis harmandii Costantin; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 4: 104 (1912)
species :
Vincetoxicum cameroonicum
(N.E.Br.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 136 (2018)
Distribution: Ivory Coast; Nigeria; Cameroon
22 IVO NGA 23 CMN
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora cameroonica N.E.Br.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1895: 257 (1895)
= Tylophora glauca Bullock; Kew Bull. 585 (1954 publ. 1955)
species :
Vincetoxicum canescens
(Willd.) Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 523 (1844)
subspecies :
subsp. canescens
Distribution: European Russia; East Aegaean Isl. (Rhodos); Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); Iran (NE-Iran: Mts.); Afghanistan (Farah, Ghazni, Kabul, Kunar / Nuristan, Parwan); Cyprus (C-Mountains); Lebanon (C-Lebanon); Syria (NW-Syria, W-Syrian Mountains); China (Sichuan, Yunnan); Tibet; Pakistan (Kurram, Waziristan, Chitral, Swat, Murree, Astor, Baltistan); Nepal; Bhutan; India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Chumbi, Ladakh)
14 RUS 34 AFG CYP EAI IRN LEB SYR TUR 36 CHI TIB 40 BHU IND NEP PAK
Synonyms: hidden
= Antitoxicum canescens (Willd.) Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 18: 694 (1952)
= Asclepias canescens Willd.; Neue Schriften Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 3: 418 (1801)
= Cynanchum canescens (Willd.) K.Schum.; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 2: 252 (1895)
= Cynanchum glaucum Wall. ex Wight; Contr. Bot. India [Wight] 58 (1834)
= Vincetoxicum anatolicum Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 4: 39 (1844)
= Vincetoxicum glaucum (Wall. ex Wight) Rech.f.; Fl. Iranica [Rechinger] 13 (1970)
= Vincetoxicum hirundinaria subsp. glaucum (Wall. ex Wight) H.Hara; Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 3: 89 (1982)
= Vincetoxicum luteum Sieber ex Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 4(1): 52 (1875), nom. inval.
subspecies :
subsp. pedunculatum
Browicz; Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 21: 265 (1975)
Name: Graufilzige Schwalbenwurz (DE); Grey Swallow-wort (EN)
Distribution: East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Chios, Ikaria, Samos); Turkey; Syria
34 EAI SYR TUR
species :
Vincetoxicum capparidifolium
(Wight & Arn.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
Distribution: India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu)
40 IND
Synonyms: hidden
= Asclepias tenuis Herb.B.Heyne ex Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 41 (1883)
= Tylophora capparidifolia Wight & Arn.; Wright, Contr. 51 (1834)
species :
Vincetoxicum cardiostephanum
(Rech.f.) Rech.f.; Fl. Iranica [Rechinger] 73, 14 (1970)
Distribution: E-Afghanistan (Khost); Pakistan (Kurram Valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
34 AFG 40 PAK
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum cardiostephanum Rech.f.; Anz. Österr. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 105: 241 (1969)
species :
Vincetoxicum carnosum
(R.Br.) Benth.; Fl. Austral. [Bentham] 4: 331 (1868)
Distribution: Nicobar Isl. (Central Nicobar Isl., Great Nicobar Isl., Little Nicobar Isl.); Myanmar; Thailand; peninsular Malaysia (Selangor); Philippines (Luzon, Mindanao); Java; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali, etc.); ?Moluccas; New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea); Australia (coastal N-Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland, N-New South Wales)
41 MYA NCB THA 42 JAW LSI MLY NWG PHI 50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum carnosum (R.Br.) Domin; Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 531 (1928), isonym
= Cynanchum carnosum (R.Br.) Schltr.; Fragm. Fl. Philipp. [Perkins] 1: 120 (1904)
= Ischnostemma carnosum (R.Br.) Merr. & Rolfe; Philipp. J. Sci., C 3: 121 (1908)
= Ischnostemma selangoricum King & Gamble; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 74: 532 (1908)
= Oxystelma carnosum R.Br.; Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 462 (1810)
= Pentatropis novoguineensis Valeton; Bull. Dépt. Agric. Indes Néerl. 10: 49 (1907)
= Pentatropis oblongifolia (Costantin) Liede; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 114: 91 (1994)
= Pseudopentatropis oblongifolia Costantin; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 4: 62 (1912)
species :
Vincetoxicum cernuum
(Decne.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 137 (2018)
Distribution: Somalia; Kenya; Tanzania (Pemba Isl.); Mozambique; Madagascar; Comores (Mayotte, etc.); Mozambique Channel Isl. [Iles Éparses] (Juan de Nova Isl.); Aldabra (Aldabra Isl., Asuncio Isl., Cosmoledo Isl.)
24 SOM 25 KEN TAN 26 MOZ 29 ALD COM MCI MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Astephanus arenarius Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 507 (1844)
= Astephanus cernuus Decne.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 2, 9: 342 (1838)
= Astephanus ovatus Decne.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 2, 9: 342 (1838)
= Astephanus recurvatus Klotzsch; Naturw. Reise Mossambique [Peters] 6(Bot. 1): 274 (1861)
= Microstephanus cernuus (Decne.) N.E.Br.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1895: 249 (1895)
= Periploca ovata Poir. ex Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 508 (1844), nom. inval.
= Pleurostelma cernuum (Decne.) Bullock; Kew Bull. 612 (1955 publ. 1956)
= Pleurostelma grevei Baill.; Hist. Pl. [Baillon] 10: 266 (1890), K. Schum. in Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 2: 218 (1895)
species :
Vincetoxicum chekiangense
(M.Cheng) C.Y.Wu & D.Z.Li; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 11(1): 48 (1989)
Distribution: China (Guangdong, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Zhejiang)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum chekiangense M.Cheng; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 12: 101 (1974)
species :
Vincetoxicum chingtungense
(Tsiang & P.T.Li) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 137 (2018)
Distribution: China (Sichuan, Yunnan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora chingtungensis Tsiang & P.T.Li; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 12: 141 (1974)
species :
Vincetoxicum christinae
(P.I.Forst.) Liede; Taxon 45(2): 205 (1996)
Distribution: Australia (Northern Territory: Darwin area, N-Western Australia: Kimberley)
50 AUS
Conservation Status: IUCN R
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum christinae P.I.Forst.; Austrobaileya 3(1): 112 (1989)
species :
Vincetoxicum cinerascens
(R.Br.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 137 (2018)
Distribution: Australia (N-Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Marsdenia cinerascens R.Br.; Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 461 (1810)
= Pergularia cinerascens (R.Br.) Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 1: 844 (1824)
= Tylophora cinerascens (R.Br.) P.I.Forst.; Austral. Syst. Bot. 5(1): 34 (1992)
species :
Vincetoxicum cissoides
(Blume) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
Distribution: Andaman Isl.; peninsular Malaysia (Kedah, Perak); Moluccas; New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea)
41 AND 42 MLY MOL NWG
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora cissoides Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 1061 (1826)
= Tylophora kenejiana Schltr.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 50: 154 (1913)
= Tylophora perakensis King & Gamble; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 74: 555 (1907)
= Tylophora perakensis subsp. andamanica Rasingam & J.Swamy; Bangladesh J. Pl. Taxon. 25(1): 51 (2018)
= Tylophora treubiana Schltr.; Beibl. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 92: 5 (1908)
species :
Vincetoxicum clemensiae
(Schltr.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 138 (2018)
Distribution: Philippines (Mindanao, Luzon, Catanduanes)
42 PHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora clemensiae Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 562 (1915)
species :
Vincetoxicum coddii
(Bullock) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 138 (2018)
Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora coddii Bullock; Fl. Pl. Africa 36: t. 1435 (1964)
species :
Vincetoxicum coloratum
(C.T.White) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 138 (2018)
Distribution: Australia (Queensland: Atherton and Evelyn Tablelands)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora colorata C.T.White; Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 47: 71 (1935 publ. 1936)
species :
Vincetoxicum confusum
Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 138 (2018), nom. nov.
Distribution: Mauritius; Seychelles
29 MAU SEY
Conservation Status: IUCN R (Mauritius), E (Seychelles)
Synonyms: hidden
= Apocynum indicum Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 1: 214 (1783)
= Cynanchum indicum (Lam.) Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 236 (1786), nom. illeg.
= Tylophora coriacea Marais; Kew Bull. 40(1): 206 (1985)
= Tylophora laevigata Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 612 (1844), nom. superfl.
species :
Vincetoxicum congolanum
(Baill.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 139 (2018)
Distribution: Senegal; Guinea; Sierra Leone; Cameroon; Gabon; Congo [Brazzaville]; Central African Republic; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; SW-Chad; Angola; Zambia
22 GUI SEN SIE 23 CAF CMN CON GAB ZAI 24 CHA 26 ANG ZAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Nanostelma congolana Baill.; Hist. Pl. [Baillon] 10: 248 (1890), K. Schum. in Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 2: 248 (1893) (congolanum)
= Schizoglossum glanvillei Hutch. & Dalziel; Fl. W. Trop. Afr. [Hutchinson & Dalziel] 2: 58 (1931), et Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 340 (1937)
= Tylophora congolana (Baill.) Bullock; Kew Bull. 585 (1954 publ. 1955)
= Tylophora orthocaulis K.Schum.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23: 235 (1896)
species :
Vincetoxicum conspicuum
(N.E.Br.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 139 (2018)
Distribution: Liberia; Ivory Coast; Ghana; Togo; Cameroon; Gabon; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Angola; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique
22 GHA IVO LBR TOG 23 CMN GAB ZAI 26 ANG MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora conspicua N.E.Br.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1895: 257 (1895)
= Tylophora zenkeri Schltr.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38: 52 (1905)
species :
Vincetoxicum cordatum
(R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 139 (2018)
Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Apocynum cordatum Thunb.; Prodr. Pl. Cap. 1:: 47 (1794), nom. illeg.
= Apocynum cordifolium Ten. ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 113 (1840), nom. inval.
= Astephanus cordatus (Thunb.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 6: 123 (1820)
= Tylophora cordata (Thunb.) Druce; Rep. Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 1916: 651 (1917)
= Tylophora cordata (Thunb.) Fourc.; Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa 21: 82 (1932), isonym
= Tylophora cordigera P.T.Li; J. S. China Agric. Univ. 14(1): 54 (1993), nom. superfl.
= Tylophora syringifolia E.Mey.; Comm. Pl. Afr. Austr. [Meyer] 198 (1838), Drège ex Brunner in Flora 23(2). Beibl. 27 (1840)
= Vincetoxicum syringifolium (E.Mey.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 425 (1891)
species :
Vincetoxicum cordifolium
(Thwaites) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
Distribution: S-India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu); Sri Lanka
40 IND SRL
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora cordifolia Thwaites; Enum. Pl. Zeyl. [Thwaites] 196 (1859)
= Tylophora thwaitesii K.Schum.; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 2: 286 (1895), nom. nov. superfl.
species :
Vincetoxicum coriaceum
(Schltr.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 140 (2018)
Distribution: Tanzania; Malawi
25 TAN 26 MLW
Synonyms: hidden
= Pentarrhinum coriaceum Schltr.; J. Bot. 32: 357 (1894)
species :
Vincetoxicum coskuncelebianum
Makbul & Güven; Phytotaxa 547(2): 217 (2022), nom. nov.
Distribution: Turkey
34 TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Vincetoxicum anatolicum Güven, Makbul & Coskunc.; Nordic J. Bot. 39(12)-e03405: 4 (2021), nom. illeg.
species :
Vincetoxicum costantinianum
(Tsiang) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 140 (2018)
Distribution: Laos
41 LAO
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum costantinianum Tsiang; Sunyatsenia 4: 119 (1939)
= Cynanchum hirsutum Costantin; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 4: 66 (1912)
= Tylophora costantiniana (Tsiang) M.G.Gilbert, W.D.Stevens & P.T.Li; Novon 5(1): 13 (1995)
species :
Vincetoxicum crassifolium
(Zipp. ex Decne.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
Distribution: Lesser Sunda Isl. (Timor)
42 LSI
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora crassifolia Zipp. ex Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 612 (1844)
species :
Vincetoxicum crassipes
(M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 141 (2018)
Distribution: Tibet
36 TIB
Synonyms: hidden
= Biondia crassipes M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li; Novon 5: 2 (1995)
species :
Vincetoxicum creticum
Browicz; Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 21: 263 (1975), nom. nov.
Distribution: Crete (mountains)
13 KRI
Conservation Status: IUCN R
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum luteum Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 1: 852 (1824), nom. illeg.
species :
Vincetoxicum cycleoides
(Tsiang) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 141 (2018)
Distribution: China (Guangxi, Hainan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora cycleoides Tsiang; Sunyatsenia 3: 224 (1936)
species :
Vincetoxicum dahomense
(K.Schum.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 141 (2018)
Distribution: Ivory Coast; Ghana; Togo; Benin; S-Nigeria
22 BEN GHA IVO NGA TOG
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora dahomensis K.Schum.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 33: 329 (1903)
= Tylophora dahomensis K.Schum. ex Schltr.; Westafrik. Kautschuk-Exped. 309 (1903), nomen
= Tylophora minutiflora A.Chev.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 61: Mem. 8, 272 (1914 publ. 1917)
species :
Vincetoxicum dalatense
(S.Moore) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 141 (2018)
Distribution: C-Vietnam
41 VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora dalatensis S.Moore; J. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam 4: 150 (1921)
species :
Vincetoxicum dalhousiae
(Wight) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
Distribution: Pakistan (Swat, Hazara); Nepal; India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand)
40 IND NEP PAK
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum dalhousiae Wight; Contr. Bot. India [Wight] 55 (1834)
species :
Vincetoxicum dalzellii
(Hook.f.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
Distribution: India (Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu)
40 IND
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora carnosa Dalzell & A.Gibson; Bombay Fl. [Dalzell & Gibson] 150 (1861)
= Tylophora dalzellii Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 43 (1883)
= Tylophora pauciflora Hohen. ex Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 44 (1883)
species :
Vincetoxicum darvasicum
B.Fedtsch.; Consp. Fl. Turkestanicae [O.A. Fedchenko & B.A. Fedchenko] 5: 15 (1913)
Distribution: Tajikistan
32 TZK
Synonyms: hidden
= Alexitoxicon darvasicum (B.Fedtsch.) Pobed.; Taxon 11: 174 (1962)
= Antitoxicum darvasicum (B.Fedtsch.) Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 18: 693 (1952)
= Cynanchum darvasicum B.Fedtsch. ex Kamelin; Florogenet. Anal. Estest. Fl. Gorn. Sred. Azii 101 (1973)
= Cynanchum darvasicum B.Fedtsch.; Rastiteln. Turkestana [B.Fedtschenko] 652 (1915), nomen
species :
Vincetoxicum deltoideum
(Hook.f.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
Distribution: India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya)
40 IND
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum triangulare M.G.Gilbert, W.D.Stevens & P.T.Li; Novon 5(1): 9 (1995) (nom. nov.)
= Cynanchum deltoideum Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 24 (1883)
species :
Vincetoxicum dimidiatum
(Hassk.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
Distribution: Sulawesi; Java; Lesser Sunda Isl.
42 JAW LSI SUL
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynoctonum dimidiatum Hassk.; Flora (Regensburg) 40: 98 (1857)
= Cynanchum dimidiatum (Hassk.) Boerl.; Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. [Boerlage] 2: 436 (1899)
species :
Vincetoxicum dionysiense
Mouterde; Fl. Djebel Druze 164 (1953)
Distribution: Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon); Syria (Jbel Druze)
34 LEB SYR
species :
Vincetoxicum diplostigma
Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 142 (2018), nom. nov.
Distribution: Djibouti; Mozambique; etc.
24 DJI 26 MOZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Diplostigma canescens K.Schum.; Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C 334 (1895), et in Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 2: 257 (1895)
species :
Vincetoxicum doianum
(Koidz.) Kitag.; J. Jap. Bot. 34: 363 (1959)
Distribution: Japan (Kyushu)
38 JAP
Conservation Status: IUCN V
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum doianum Koidz.; Y. Doi, Fl. Satsum. 2: 105 (1931)
species :
Vincetoxicum donetzicum
Ostapko; Ukrayins´k. Bot. Zhurn. 52(2): 273 (1995)
Distribution: Ukraine
14 UKR
Remarks: provisionally accepted name
species :
Vincetoxicum dorgelonis
(Bakh.f.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 142 (2018)
Distribution: Java
42 JAW
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora dorgelonis Bakh.f.; Blumea 6: 375 (1950)
species :
Vincetoxicum elegans
Benth.; Fl. Austral. [Bentham] 4: 330 (1868)
Distribution: Australia (C-coastal New South Wales)
50 AUS
Conservation Status: IUCN E
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum elegans (Benth.) Domin; Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 531 (1928)
species :
Vincetoxicum elmeri
(Schltr.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 142 (2018)
Distribution: Philippines (Luzon)
42 PHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora elmeri Schltr.; Philipp. J. Sci. 1(Suppl.): 296 (1906)
= Tylophora ramosii Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 563 (1915)
species :
Vincetoxicum emeiense
Si Y.Zeng & Q.Y.Yang; Phytotaxa 505(1): 59 (2021)
Distribution: China (Sichuan)
36 CHI
species :
Vincetoxicum erectum
(F.Muell. ex Benth.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
Distribution: Australia (N-Queensland, N-Northern Territory)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora erecta F.Muell. ex Benth.; Fl. Austral. [Bentham] 4: 334 (1868)
= Tylophora macrophylla Benth.; Fl. Austral. [Bentham] 4: 334 (1868)
= Tylophora stelligera Schltr.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 40, Beibl. 92: 5 (1908)
= Vincetoxicum benthamianum Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891), nom. nov.
species :
Vincetoxicum exile
(Colebr.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
Distribution: India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Bangladesh; peninsular Malaysia; Borneo; Java
40 BAN IND 42 BOR JAW MLY
Synonyms: hidden
= Gymnema pubigerum Hort.Calc. ex Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 609 (1844)
= Pergularia exilis (Colebr.) Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 1: 844 (1824)
= Tylophora exilis Colebr.; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 12: 358 (1819)
species :
Vincetoxicum fasciculatum
(Buch.-Ham. ex Wight) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
Distribution: Bhutan; India (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal)
40 BHU IND
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora fasciculata Buch.-Ham. ex Wight; Contr. Bot. India [Wight] 50 (1834)
= Pentasachme fasciculatum (Buch.-Ham. ex Wight) M.R.Almeida; Fl. Maharashtra 3A: 253 (2001)
species :
Vincetoxicum flanaganii
(Schltr.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 143 (2018)
Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo, Mpulamanga, KwaZulu-Natal, E-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora flanaganii Schltr.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 18, Beibl. no. 45: 11 (1894)
species :
Vincetoxicum flavum
Ostapko; Ukrayins´k. Bot. Zhurn. 52(2): 275 (1995)
Distribution: Ukraine
14 UKR
Remarks: provisionally accepted name
species :
Vincetoxicum fleckii
(Schltr.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 143 (2018)
Distribution: Somalia; N-Kenya; N-Tanzania; Namibia
24 SOM 25 KEN TAN 27 NAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora fleckii (Schltr.) N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey] 4(1): 766 (1908)
= Tylophoropsis fleckii Schltr. ex Schinz; Bull. Herb. Boissier 7: 39 (1899)
species :
Vincetoxicum flexuosum
(R.Br.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
Distribution: China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Shaanxi, Yunnan); Taiwan; India (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal); Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Andaman Isl. (South Andaman Isl.); Nicobar Isl. (Great Nicobar Isl.); Myanmar (Ayeyarwady, Bago, Taninthayi, Yangon); Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia; Singapore; Borneo; Sulawesi; Java; Lesser Sunda Isl.; New Guinea (Papua New Guinea); Australia (N-Western Australia, Northern Territory, N-Queensland)
36 CHI 38 TAI 40 BAN IND SRL 41 AND CBD LAO MYA NCB THA VIE 42 BOR JAW LSI MLY NWG SNG SUL 50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Asclepias dichotoma Rottler; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 8200 (1847), nomen
= Hoya flexuosa (R.Br.) Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 1: 843 (1824)
= Tylophora cuspidata Zipp. ex Decne.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 2, 9: 274, t. 10 (1838)
= Tylophora flexuosa R.Br.; Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 460 (1810)
= Tylophora macrobotrya Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 488 (1857)
= Vincetoxicum cuspidatum (Zipp. ex Decne.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
variant :
var. perrottetianum
(Decne.) Schneidt, Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 144 (2018)
Distribution: Palawan; Philippines (Luzon)
42 PHI PLW
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum tenellum Blanco; Fl. Filip. [Blanco] 204 (1837), nom. illeg.
= Oxystelma bifidum Llanos; Fragm. Pl. Filipp. 64 (1851)
= Secamone macrostachya Turcz.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 21(1): 252 (1848)
= Tylophora bifida (Llanos) Fern.-Vill.; Fl. Filip., ed. 3 [Blanco], Nov. App. 4(13A): 134 (1880)
= Tylophora exilis Schltr.; Fragm. Fl. Philipp. [Perkins] 1: 125 (1904), nom. illeg.
= Tylophora luzonica Schltr.; Philipp. J. Sci. 1(Suppl.): 296 (1906)
= Tylophora merrillii Schltr.; Philipp. J. Sci. 1(Suppl.): 297 (1906)
= Tylophora perrottetiana Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 609 (1844)
= Tylophora rizalensis Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 563 (1915)
= Tylophora whitfordii Schltr.; Philipp. J. Sci. 1(Suppl.): 297 (1906)
= Vincetoxicum perrottetianum (Decne.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 425 (1891)
variant :
var. tenuis
(Blume) Schneidt, Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 144 (2018)
Distribution: Sulawesi; Moluccas; New Guinea (Papua New Guinea); Palau (Koror, Angaur); Fed. States of Micronesia (Yap)
42 MOL NWG SUL 62 MIC PLU
Synonyms: hidden
= Asclepias tenuissima Roxb.; Hort. Bengal. 20 (1814), nomen, Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 2: 41 (1824)
= Asclepias tenuissima Roxb. ex Willd.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 6: 86 (1820)
= Asclepias tetrapetala Dennst.; Schlüssel Hortus Malab. 35 (1818)
= Hoyopsis dielsii H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 262 (1914)
= Tylophora carnosa Wall. ex Wight; Contr. Bot. India [Wight] 49 (1834)
= Tylophora dielsii (H.Lév.) Hu; J. Arnold Arbor. 5: 232 (1924)
= Tylophora flexuosa var. tenuissima (Roxb. ex Willd.) J.Mathew; NeBIO 8(3): 134. fig. 5 (2017)
= Tylophora hoyopsis H.Lév.; Fl. Kouy-Tcheou 44 (1914 publ. 1915)
= Tylophora perlaxa Schltr.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 40, Beibl. 92: 3 (1908)
= Tylophora polyantha Volkens; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 31: 473 (1901)
= Tylophora schmidtii Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 3: 315 (1907)
= Tylophora tenuis Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 1062 (1826)
= Tylophora tenuis var. ovata Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 489 (1857)
= Tylophora tenuissima (Roxb. ex Willd.) Wight & Arn.; Contr. Bot. India [Wight] 49 (1834)
= Tylophora tetrapetala (Dennst.) Suresh; Interpret. Van Rheede´s Hort. Malab. 64 (1988)
= Tylophora tetrapetala var. tenuissima (Roxb. ex Willd.) Swarupan.; Blumea 38: 234 (1993)
= Vincetoxicum tenue (Blume) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 423 (1891)
species :
Vincetoxicum floribundum
(R.Br.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
Distribution: Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum floribundum R.Br.; Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 463 (1810)
= Cynoctonum floribundum (R.Br.) Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 529 (1844)
= Schizocorona floribunda (R.Br.) F.Muell.; Hooker´s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 5: 107 (1853)
species :
Vincetoxicum fordii
(Hemsl.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
Distribution: China (Fujian, Guangdong, Hubei, Hunan, Yunnan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum fordii Hemsl.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 106 (1889)
species :
Vincetoxicum forrestii
(Schltr.) C.Y.Wu & D.Z.Li; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 11(1): 46 (1989)
Distribution: China (Gansu, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan); Tibet
36 CHI TIB
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum balfourianum (Schltr.) Tsiang & H.D.Zhang; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 12(1): 93 (1974)
= Cynanchum forrestii Schltr.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 8: 15 (1913)
= Cynanchum forrestii var. balfourianum Schltr.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 8(36): 16 (1913)
= Cynanchum forrestii var. conduplicatum Jian Wang & F.Du; Acta Bot. Boreal.-Occid. Sin. 32(3): 616 (2012)
= Cynanchum forrestii var. stenolobum Tsiang & H.D.Zhang; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 12(1): 93-94 (1974)
= Cynanchum limprichtii Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 12: 470 (1922)
= Cynanchum muliense Tsiang; Sunyatsenia 4(1-2): 117-119, f. 30 (1939)
= Cynanchum steppicola Hand.-Mazz.; Symb. Sin. 7(4): 994-995 (1936)
= Vincetoxicum balfourianum (Schltr.) C.Y.Wu & D.Z.Li; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 11(1): 46 (1989)
= Vincetoxicum forrestii var. stenolobum (Tsiang & H.D.Zhang) C.Y.Wu & D.Z.Li; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 11(1): 47 (1989)
= Vincetoxicum limprichtii (Schltr.) C.Y.Wu & D.Z.Li; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 11(1): 47 (1989)
= Vincetoxicum muliense (Tsiang) C.Y.Wu & D.Z.Li; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 11(1): 46 (1989)
= Vincetoxicum steppicola (Hand.-Mazz.) C.Y.Wu & D.Z.Li; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 11(1): 47 (1989)
species :
Vincetoxicum forsteri
Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 145 (2018), nom. nov.
Distribution: Australia (E-New South Wales, SE-Queensland)
50 AUS
Conservation Status: IUCN E
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora linearis P.I.Forst.; Austral. Syst. Bot. 5(1): 31 (1992)
species :
Vincetoxicum fruticulosum
(Decne.) Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 525 (1844)
Distribution: Ethiopia; Djibouti; Somalia; Kenya; Tanzania; Saudi Arabia (Hejaz, Asir)
24 DJI ETH SOM 25 KEN TAN 35 SAU
Synonyms: hidden
= Blyttia arabica Arn.; Jardine, Selley & Johnst., Magazine Zool. & Bot. 2: 420 (1838) (nom. illeg.)
= Blyttia fruticulosa (Decne.) D.V.Field; Kew Bull. 38: 216 (1983)
= Cynanchum defoliascens K.Schum.; Annuario Reale Ist. Bot. Roma 7: 38 (1898)
= Cynanchum fruticulosum Decne.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 2, 9: 332 (1838)
= Cynanchum microstegium K.Schum.; Annuario Reale Ist. Bot. Roma 7: 39 (1897)
= Haplostemma arabicum Endl. ex Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 665 (1844)
= Vincetoxicum arabicum (Arn.) Thulin; Nordic J. Bot. 2022(10)-e03687: 2 (2022)
species :
Vincetoxicum funebre
Boiss. & Kotschy; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 11: 79 (1849)
Distribution: Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (E-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia); Iran (EC-Iran, NE-Iran: Mts., N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan)
33 ARM AZE GEO 34 IRN TUR
Remarks: Greek records probably refer to V. fuscatum fide Strid (2024)
Synonyms: hidden
= Alexitoxicon funebre (Boiss. & Kotschy) Pobed.; Taxon 11: 174 (1962)
= Antitoxicum funebre (Boiss. & Kotschy) Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 18: 691 (1952)
= Antitoxicum medium Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 18: 684 (1952)
= Cynanchum funebre (Boiss. & Kotschy) Kusn.; Fl. Caucas. Crit. 4(1): 461 (1905)
= Cynanchum medium K.Schum.; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 2: 252 (1895), nom. illeg., non R. Br.
= Vincetoxicum latifolium K.Koch; Linnaea 23: 591 (1850)
= Vincetoxicum medium Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 523 (1844), nom. illeg.
species :
Vincetoxicum fuscatum
(Hornem.) Rchb.; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 17: 17 (1855)
subspecies :
subsp. fuscatum
Distribution: Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; ?Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (N- & C-Greece, Thasos, Samothraki); E-European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Kazakhstan; Northern Caucasus; Armenia; ?Azerbaijan; East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos); Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, WN-Anatolia)
13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC KOS NMA SRB TUE 14 KRY RUS UKR 32 KAZ 33 ARM NCS 34 EAI TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Alexitoxicon intermedium (Taliev) Pobed.; Taxon 11: 174 (1962)
= Alexitoxicon maeoticum (Kleopow) Pobed.; Taxon 11: 174 (1962)
= Alexitoxicon minus (K.Koch) Pobed.; Taxon 11: 174 (1962)
= Alexitoxicon mugodsharicum (Pobed.) Pobed.; Taxon 11: 174 (1962)
= Antitoxicum intermedium (Taliev) Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 18: 689 (1952)
= Antitoxicum maeoticum (Kleopow) Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 18: 687 (1952)
= Antitoxicum minus (K.Koch) Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 687 (1952)
= Antitoxicum mugodsharicum (Pobed.) Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 18: 690 (1952)
= Asclepias fuscata Hornem.; Suppl. Hort. Hafn. 29 (1819)
= Cynanchum fuscatum (Hornem.) K.Schum.; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 2: 252 (1895), isonym
= Cynanchum fuscatum (Hornem.) Link; Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 1: 250 (1821)
= Cynanchum kuznetzowii Bordz.; Izv. Kievsk. Bot. Sada 7-8: 20 (1928)
= Cynanchum maeoticum Kleopow; Izv. Kievsk. Bot. Sada 9: 70 (1929)
= Cynanchum minus K.Koch; Linnaea 19: 27 (1847)
= Cynanchum urumoffii (Davidov) Hayek; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 30(2) [Prodr. Fl. Penins. Balcan. 2]: 433 (1930)
= Vincetoxicum minus (K.Koch) K.Koch; Linnaea 23: 590 (1850), isonym
= Vincetoxicum minus (K.Koch) Walp.; Repert. Bot. Syst. [Walpers] 6: 483 (1847)
= Vincetoxicum alpinum Schott ex Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 4(1): 56 (1875), pro syn.
= Vincetoxicum fuscatum (Hornem.) Endl.; Cat. Horti Vindob. 1: 474 (1842)
= Vincetoxicum intermedium Taliev; Trudy Obshch. Isp. Prír. Imp. Har´kovsk. Univ. 34: 251 (1903)
= Vincetoxicum maeoticum (Kleopow) Barbar.; Vyzn. Rosl. Ukr. 395 (1950)
= Vincetoxicum mugodsharicum Pobed.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 14: 281 (1951)
= Vincetoxicum pisidicum Boiss. & Heldr.; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 1, 11: 79 (1849)
= Vincetoxicum urumoffii Davidov; Spis. Bulg. Akad. Nauk 12: 101 (1915)
subspecies :
subsp. boissieri
(Kusn.) Browicz; Fl. Turkey 6: 171 (1978)
Distribution: European Turkey; Turkey
13 TUE 34 TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Alexitoxicon boissieri (Kusn.) Pobed.; Fl. Kavkaza [Grossheim] 7: 223 (1967)
= Antitoxicum boissieri (Kusn.) Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 18: 680 (1952)
= Cynanchum boissieri Kusn.; Fl. Caucas. Crit. 4(1): 455 (1905)
= Vincetoxicum boissieri (Kusn.) Holub; Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 5: 439 (1970)
= Vincetoxicum fuscatum var. minus (Boiss.) Markgr.; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 64: 374 (1971)
= Vincetoxicum nigrum var. minus Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 4: 54 (1874)
species :
Vincetoxicum gilbertii
Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 146 (2018), nom. nov.
Distribution: China (Yunnan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora forrestii M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li; M. G. Gilbert, W. D. Stevens. & P. T. Li, Novon 5: 13 (1995)
species :
Vincetoxicum gilletii
(De Wild.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 146 (2018)
Distribution: Nigeria; Congo [Brazzaville]; D.R.Congo [Zaire]
22 NGA 23 CON ZAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora gilletii De Wild.; Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., Sér. 5, 1: 193 (1904)
= Tylophora smilacina S.Moore; J. Bot. 52: 29 (1914)
species :
Vincetoxicum glabriflorum
(Warb.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 146 (2018)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea); Bismarck Arch.; Solomon Isl.
42 NWG 43 BIS SOL
Synonyms: hidden
= Gongronema glabriflora Warb.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 13: 411 (1891)
= Tylophora glabriflora (Warb.) Schltr.; Nachtr. Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee [Schumann & Lauterbach] 354 (1905)
species :
Vincetoxicum glaucescens
(Decne.) C.Y.Wu & D.Z.Li; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 11(1): 48 (1989)
Distribution: China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum glaucescens (Decne.) Hand.-Mazz.; Symb. Sin. 7: 994 (1936)
= Cynanchum lightii Dunn; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1913: Add., Ser. 10: 171 (1913)
= Pentasacme glaucescens Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 627 (1844)
species :
Vincetoxicum glaucirameum
(Schltr.) Schneidt, Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 146 (2018)
Distribution: Palawan; Philippines (Luzon, Banton, Semirara, Romblon, Catanduanes, Panay, Lambucan)
42 PHI PLW
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora villosa var. glauciramea (Schltr.) Schneidt
= Tylophora glauciramea Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 562 (1915)
= Tylophora tonsa Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 564 (1915)
species :
Vincetoxicum globiferum
(Hook.f.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
Distribution: Andaman Isl. (North Andaman Isl., South Andaman Isl.); peninsular Malaysia (Perak, Melaka); Java; Sulawesi
41 AND 42 JAW MLY SUL
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora globifera Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 41 (1883)
= Tylophora laevis Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 611 (1844)
= Tylophora squarrosa Ridl.; J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 61: 30 (1912)
= Vincetoxicum hortulorum Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 423 (1891), nom. nov. superfl.
species :
Vincetoxicum gongshanense
Wen B.Xu & J.Y.Shen; Taiwania 69(2): 169 (2024)
Distribution: China (Yunnan)
36 CHI
species :
Vincetoxicum govanii
(Wight & Arn.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 146 (2018)
Distribution: Nepal; India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand)
40 IND NEP
Synonyms: hidden
= Iphisia govanii Wight; Contr. Bot. India [Wight] 52 (1834)
= Tylophora govanii (Wight) Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 610 (1844)
species :
Vincetoxicum gracilentum
(Tsiang & P.T.Li) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 147 (2018)
Distribution: China (NW-Guangxi, S-Yunnan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora gracilenta Tsiang & P.T.Li; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 12: 143 (1974)
species :
Vincetoxicum gracillimum
(Markgr.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 147 (2018)
Distribution: Tanzania; Malawi
25 TAN 26 MLW
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora gracillima Markgr.; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 284 (1936)
species :
Vincetoxicum grandiflorum
(R.Br.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
Distribution: Australia (NE- & E-Queensland, NE-New South Wales)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Hoya grandiflora (R.Br.) Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 1: 843 (1824)
= Tylophora grandiflora R.Br.; Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 460 (1810)
species :
Vincetoxicum hainanense
(Chun & Tsiang) Meve, H.H.Kong & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 147 (2018)
Distribution: China (Guangdong, Hainan); Cambodia
36 CHI 41 CBD
Synonyms: hidden
= Merrillanthus hainanensis Chun & Tsiang; Sunyatsenia 6: 107 (1941)
species :
Vincetoxicum harmandii
(Costantin) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 147 (2018)
Distribution: Cambodia; Vietnam
41 CBD VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora harmandii Costantin; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 4: 108 (1912)
species :
Vincetoxicum helferi
(Hook.f.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
Distribution: Myanmar (Taninthayi)
41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora helferi Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 40 (1883)
species :
Vincetoxicum hellwigii
(Warb.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 147 (2018)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora hellwigii Warb.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 13: 410 (1891)
species :
Vincetoxicum hemsleyanum
(Warb.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 147 (2018)
Distribution: China (Sichuan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Biondia hemsleyana (Warb.) Tsiang; Sunyatsenia 6: 124 (1941)
= Gongronema hemsleyana Warb.; Schltr. & Warb., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 3: 341 (1907)
species :
Vincetoxicum henryanum
Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 148 (2018), nom. nov.
Distribution: China (Fujian, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora henryi Warb.; Schltr. & Warb., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 3: 313 (1907)
species :
Vincetoxicum henryi
(Warb. ex Diels) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 148 (2018)
Distribution: China (Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Biondia henryi (Warb. ex Schltr. & Diels) Tsiang & P.T.Li; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 12: 114 (1974)
= Biondia henryi var. longipedunculata M.Cheng & Z.J.Feng; Bull. Bot. Lab. N. E. Forest. Inst., Harbin 1980(8): 2 (1980)
= Cynanchum henryi Warb. ex Schltr. & Diels; Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 542 (1900)
species :
Vincetoxicum heterophyllum
(A.Rich.) Vatke; Linnaea 40: 212 (1876)
Distribution: Ethiopia; Eritrea; Uganda; Kenya; Mozambique; Yemen
24 ERI ETH 25 KEN UGA 26 MOZ 35 YEM
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum roseum Chiov.; Racc. Bot. 82 (1935), nom. illeg.
= Gymnema longepedunculata (Schltr.) Schweinf.; Höhnel, Rudolph-Stephanie-See, App. 8 (1892)
= Sphaerocodon acutifolium K.Schum.; Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas A 125 (1895)
= Sphaerocodon longipedunculatum (Schweinf.) K.Schum.; Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C 326 (1895)
= Tylophora heterophylla A.Rich.; Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 41 (1850)
= Tylophora longipedunculata (Schweinf.) K.Schum.; Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C 326 (1895)
= Tylophora yemensis Deflers; Voyage Yemen 165 (1889)
= Tylophoropsis heterophylla (A.Rich.) N.E.Br.; Gard. Chron., Ser. 3, 16: 245 (1894), ex Oliv., in Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 24: t. 2373 (1895)
= Tylophoropsis yemensis (Deflers) N.E.Br.; Gard. Chron., Ser. 3, 16: 244 (1894)
= Vincetoxicum heterophyllum (A.Rich.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891), isonym
species :
Vincetoxicum heydei
(Hook.f.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
Distribution: W-Tibet; NW-India (Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh)
36 TIB 40 IND
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum heydei Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 25 (1883)
species :
Vincetoxicum himalaicum
(Hook.f.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
Distribution: India (Assam, Meghalaya, Uttarakhand, Sikkim)
40 IND
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora himalaica Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 42 (1883)
species :
Vincetoxicum hirsutum
(Decne.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
Distribution: China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan); Taiwan; Pakistan (Swat, Hazara, Pakistani Punjab); Nepal; India (Assam, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand); Bangladesh; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (Penang, Perak); Philippines (Batan)
36 CHI 38 TAI 40 BAN IND NEP PAK 41 MYA THA VIE 42 MLY PHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Diplolepis apiculata Lindl.; Trans. Hort. Soc. London 6: 68 (1825)
= Diplolepis ovata Lindl.; Trans. Hort. Soc. London 6: 268 (1826)
= Gymnema hirsutum Wall.; Tent. Fl. Napal. 50 (1826)
= Tylophora atrofolliculata F.P.Metcalf; Lingnan Sci. J. 11: 265 (1932)
= Tylophora hirsuta (Wall.) Wight; Contr. Bot. India [Wight] 49 (1834)
= Tylophora hirsuta var. penangensis Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 43 (1883)
= Tylophora hispida Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 610 (1844)
= Tylophora hispida var. balansae Costantin; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 4: 113 (1912)
= Tylophora hispida var. brownii Hayata; J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(1): 196 (1911)
= Tylophora jacquemontii Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 607 (1844)
= Tylophora lanyuensis Y.C.Liu & F.Y.Lu; Ligneous Pl. Taiwan 624 (1972)
= Tylophora mollissima Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 8202, ex Wight, Contr. 49 (1834)
= Tylophora ovata (Lindl.) Hook. ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 2: 726 (1841)
= Tylophora ovata var. balansae (Costantin) Tsiang; Sunyatsenia 3: 223 (1936)
= Tylophora ovata var. lanyuensis (Y.C.Liu & F.W.Lu) S.S.Ying; Mem. Coll. Agric. Natl. Taiwan Univ. 29(2): 54 (1989)
= Tylophora panzhutenga Z.Y.Zhu; Bull. Bot. Lab. N. E. Forest. Inst., Harbin 3(2): 153 (1983)
= Tylophora pilosissima Bakh.f.; Blumea 6: 376 (1950)
= Vincetoxicum hispidum (Decne.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
= Vincetoxicum lindleyi A.Kidyoo; Taiwania 63(1): 30 (2018), nom. nov. for Diplolepis ovata Lindl.
= Vincetoxicum mollissimum (Wall. ex Wight) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
species :
Vincetoxicum hirundinaria
Medik.; Hist. & Commentat. Acad. Elect. Sci. Theod.-Palat. 6: 404 (1790)
subspecies :
subsp. hirundinaria
Name: Weiße Schwalbenwurz (DE), White swallow-wort (EN)
Distribution: Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Spain; Andorra; France; Italy; San Marino; Slovenia; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; NW-Greece (Kerkyra); Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; W-European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Morocco; Algeria; Siberia (W-Siberia); Kazakhstan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; ?Azerbaijan; Turkey (N-Anatolia); New Zealand [I]; Canada [I] (Ontario [I]); USA [I] (Michigan [I], New York [I])
10 DEN FIN NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 ADO FRA SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SLV SMA SRB TUE 14 BLR EST KRY LAT LIT RUS UKR 20 ALG MOR 30 SIB 32 KAZ 33 ARM GEO NCS 34 TUR 51 nzl 72 cdn 75 usa
Synonyms: hidden
= Alexitoxicon albidum (Jord. & Fourr.) St.-Lag.; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 9 (Cat. Fl. Bass. Rhone): 539 (1882)
= Alexitoxicon alpicola (Jord. & Fourr.) St.-Lag.; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 9 (Cat. Fl. Bass. Rhone): 53 (1882)
= Alexitoxicon beugesiacum (Jord. & Fourr.) St.-Lag.; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 9 (Cat. Fl. Bass. Rhone): 539 (1882)
= Alexitoxicon cretaceum (Pobed.) Pobed.; Taxon 11: 174 (1962)
= Alexitoxicon dumeticola (Jord. & Fourr.) St.-Lag.; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 9 (Cat. Fl. Bass. Rhone): 539 (1882)
= Alexitoxicon laxum (Bartl.) Pobed.; Fl. Kavkaza [Grossheim] 7: 223 (1967), isonym
= Alexitoxicon laxum (Bartl.) St.-Lag.; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 9: 539 (1882)
= Alexitoxicon ochroleucum (Jord. & Fourr.) St.-Lag.; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 9 (Cat. Fl. Bass. Rhone): 539 (1882)
= Alexitoxicon officinale (Moench) St.-Lag.; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 120 (1880)
= Alexitoxicon petrophilum (Jord. & Fourr.) St.-Lag.; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 9 (Cat. Fl. Bass. Rhone): 539 (1882)
= Alexitoxicon puberulum (Timb.-Lagr.) St.-Lag.; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 9 (Cat. Fl. Bass. Rhone): 539 (1882)
= Alexitoxicon shuttleworthianum St.-Lag.; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 9: 539 (1882), nomen
= Alexitoxicon vincetoxicum (L.) H.P.Fuchs; Verh. Naturf. Ges. Basel 72: 346 (1961)
= Antitoxicum cretaceum Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 18: 753 (1952)
= Antitoxicum laxum (Bartl.) Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 18: 701 (1952)
= Antitoxicum officinale (Moench) Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 18: 697 (1952)
= Asclepias alba Gilib.; 44 (1782), opus utique oppr.
= Asclepias alba Mill.; Gard. Dict., ed. 8: n. I (1768)
= Asclepias lutea Mill.; Gard. Dict., ed. 8: n. 3 (1768)
= Asclepias toxicaria Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 150 (1796), nom. superfl.
= Asclepias vincetoxicum L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 216 (1753) (syn. subst.)
= Cynanchum laxum Bartl.; Taschenb. Deut. Schweiz. Fl. 350 (1843)
= Cynanchum luteum (Mill.) Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 1: 250 (1821)
= Cynanchum vincetoxicum (L.) Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 1: 274 (1805)
= Cynanchum vincetoxicum subsp. laxum (Bartl.) Murr; Neue Übersicht Farn- & Blütenpfl. Vorarlb. 242 (1923)
= Cynanchum vincetoxicum subsp. laxum (Bartl.) V.E.Avet.; isonym
= Cynanchum vincetoxicum var. laxum (Bartl.) Sendtn.; 823 (1854)
= Cynanchum vulgare Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 1: 274 (1805) ex Rchb., 40 (1817), nom. illeg.
= Cynanchum vulgare Rchb.; Fl. Lips. Pharm. 40 (1817), nom. superfl.
= Vincetoxicum albidum Jord. & Fourr.; Brev. Pl. Nov. 1: 38 (1866)
= Vincetoxicum album (Mill.) Asch.; Fl. Brandenburg 1: 421 (1859)
= Vincetoxicum alpicolum Jord. & Fourr.; Brev. Pl. Nov. 1: 39 (1866)
= Vincetoxicum alpinum Farrer; Engl. Rock Gard. 2: 443 (1919), nom. superfl.
= Vincetoxicum beugesiacum Jord. & Fourr.; Brev. Pl. Nov. 1: 38 (1866)
= Vincetoxicum cretaceum (Pobed.) Wissjul.; Fl. URSR 8: 285 (1958)
= Vincetoxicum croaticum Jord. & Fourr.; Brev. Pl. Nov. 1: 37 (1866)
= Vincetoxicum daniloi (Rohlena) A.W.Hill; Index Kew., Suppl. 6: 218 (1926)
= Vincetoxicum dumeticolum Jord. & Fourr.; Brev. Pl. Nov. 1: 38 (1866)
= Vincetoxicum fradinii Pomel; Nouv. Mat. Fl. Atlant. 1: 82 (1874)
= Vincetoxicum hirundinaria f. puberulum (Beck) Sutorý; Cas. Morav. Mus. Brne, Vedy Prír. 68: 211 (1983)
= Vincetoxicum hirundinaria subsp. apodum (Willk.) O.Bolòs; Mém. Real Acad. Ci. Barcelona 42(6): 45 (1973)
= Vincetoxicum hirundinaria subsp. cretaceum (Pobed.) Markgr.; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 374 (1971)
= Vincetoxicum hirundinaria subsp. intermedium (Loret & Barrandon) Markgr.; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 64: 374 (1971)
= Vincetoxicum hirundinaria subsp. laxum (Bartl.) Poldini; Stud. Geobot. 21: 8 (2001)
= Vincetoxicum hirundinaria subsp. lusitanicum Markgr.; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 65: 35 (1972)
= Vincetoxicum hirundinaria var. apodum (Willk.) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 14: 90 (1983)
= Vincetoxicum hirundinaria var. balearicum O.Bolòs & Vigo; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 14: 90 (1983)
= Vincetoxicum hirundinaria var. daniloi Rohlena; Magyar Bot. Lapok 3: 321 (1905)
= Vincetoxicum hirundinaria var. intermedium (Loret & Barrandon) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 14: 90 (1983)
= Vincetoxicum hirundinaria var. timbal-lagravei Sutorý; Cas. Morav. Mus. Brne, Vedy Prír. 68: 212 (1983)
= Vincetoxicum laxum (Bartl.) K.Koch; Linnaea 23: 590 (1850), Fl. France [Grenier] 2: 480 (1850)
= Vincetoxicum luteum (Mill.) Hoffmanns. & Link; Fl. Portug. [Hoffmannsegg] 1: 381 (1813-1820)
= Vincetoxicum micranthum Shuttlew.; Coup d´Oeil Fl. Toulon et d´Hyères 17 (1891), nomen
= Vincetoxicum ochroleucum Jord. & Fourr.; Brev. Pl. Nov. 1: 38 (1866)
= Vincetoxicum officinale f. laxum (Bartl.) Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich 2(2): 945 (1893)
= Vincetoxicum officinale f. puberulum (Beck) Hegi; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi, Begr.] 5: 2069 (1927)
= Vincetoxicum officinale Moench; Methodus [Moench] 717 (1794), nom. superfl.
= Vincetoxicum officinale subsp. laxum (Bartl.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 496 (1881)
= Vincetoxicum officinale var. acutatum Chabert; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 36: 29 (1889)
= Vincetoxicum officinale var. albidum (Jord. & Fourr.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 10: 232 (1908)
= Vincetoxicum officinale var. alpicola (Jord. & Fourr.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 10: 231 (1908)
= Vincetoxicum officinale var. apodum Willk.; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 2: 669 (1870)
= Vincetoxicum officinale var. balearicum O.Bolòs & Vigo; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 14: 90 (1983)
= Vincetoxicum officinale var. beugesiacum (Jord. & Fourr.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 10: 231 (1908)
= Vincetoxicum officinale var. cordatum Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 10: 230 (1908)
= Vincetoxicum officinale var. dentiferum Chabert; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 36: 29 (1889)
= Vincetoxicum officinale var. dumeticola (Jord. & Fourr.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 10: 231 (1908)
= Vincetoxicum officinale var. floribundum Chabert; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 36: 29 (1889)
= Vincetoxicum officinale var. fradinii (Pomel) Batt.; Fl. Algérie [Battandier et al.] Dicot. 585 (1890)
= Vincetoxicum officinale var. intermedium Loret & Barrandon; Fl. Montpellier 433 (1876)
= Vincetoxicum officinale var. lanceolatum Vayr.; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., Ser. 2, 10: 545 (1902)
= Vincetoxicum officinale var. micranthum Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 10: 231 (1908)
= Vincetoxicum officinale var. ochroleucum (Jord. & Fourr.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 10: 231 (1908)
= Vincetoxicum officinale var. petrophilum (Jord. & Fourr.) Gaut.; Cat. Rais. Fl. Pyr.-Or. 305 (1898)
= Vincetoxicum officinale var. puberulum (Timb.-Lagr.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 10: 231 (1908)
= Vincetoxicum officinale var. puberulum Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich 2(2): 945 (1893)
= Vincetoxicum officinale var. pyrenaicum (Timb.-Lagr. & Jeanb.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 10: 232 (1908)
= Vincetoxicum officinale var. rotundifolium Vayr.; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., Ser. 2, 10: 545 (1902)
= Vincetoxicum officinale var. shuttleworthii Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 10: 231 (1908)
= Vincetoxicum officinale var. stenolobum Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 10: 231 (1908)
= Vincetoxicum petrophilum Jord. & Fourr.; Brev. Pl. Nov. 1: 39 (1866)
= Vincetoxicum pubens Timb.-Lagr.; Bull. Soc. Sci. Phys. Nat. Toulouse 1: 97 (1872 publ. 1873)
= Vincetoxicum puberulum Timb.-Lagr.; Bull. Soc. Sci. Phys. Nat. Toulouse 1: 386 (1872 publ. 1873)
= Vincetoxicum pyrenaicum Timb.-Lagr. & Jeanb.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 11: 81 (1868)
= Vincetoxicum racemosum Timb.-Lagr.; Bull. Soc. Sci. Phys. Nat. Toulouse 1: 97 (1872 publ. 1873)
= Vincetoxicum ruscinonensis Timb.-Lagr.; Bull. Soc. Sci. Phys. Nat. Toulouse 1: 97 (1872 publ. 1873)
= Vincetoxicum stenolobum Shuttlew.; Coup d´Oeil Fl. Toulon et d´Hyères 16 (1891)
= Vincetoxicum vincetoxicum (L.) H.Karst.; Deut. Fl. [Karsten] 1030 (1883), nom. inval.
= Vincetoxicum vulgare Bernh.; Syst. Verz. [Bernhardi] 311 (1800), nom. illeg.
subspecies :
subsp. adriaticum
(Beck) Markgr.; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 64: 374 (1971)
Distribution: Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina
13 BIH CRO
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum adriaticum (Beck) Fritsch; Excursionsfl. Oesterreich, ed. 2: 487 (1909)
= Vincetoxicum adriaticum Beck; Ann. K.K. Naturhist. Hofmus. 13: 30 (1898)
subspecies :
subsp. contiguum
(W.D.J.Koch) Markgr.; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 374 (1971)
Distribution: ?Corsica; ?Sardinia; Italy; Croatia
13 CRO ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Alexitoxicon contiguum (Gren. & Godr.) St.-Lag.; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 9 (Cat. Fl. Bass. Rhone): 539 (1882)
= Cynanchum contiguum W.D.J.Koch; Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv., ed. 2: 556 (1844)
= Cynanchum vincetoxicum subsp. contiguum (W.D.J.Koch) Briq.; Prodr. Fl. Corse 3(2): 6-3 (1955)
= Vincetoxicum contiguum (W.D.J.Koch) Gren. & Godr.; Fl. France [Grenier] 2: 480 (1853)
= Vincetoxicum officinale subsp. contiguum (W.D.J.Koch) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 496 (1881)
= Vincetoxicum officinale var. burnatii Briq.; Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 5: 110 (1901)
subspecies :
subsp. jailicola
(Juz.) Markgr.; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 64: 375 (1971)
Distribution: Crimea
14 KRY
Synonyms: hidden
= Alexitoxicon jailicola (Juz.) Pobed.; Taxon 11: 174 (1962)
= Alexitoxicon tauricum (Pobed.) Pobed.; Taxon 11: 174 (1962)
= Antitoxicum jailicola (Juz.) Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 18: 696 (1952)
= Antitoxicum tauricum (Pobed.) Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 18: 696 (1952)
= Cynanchum jailicola (Juz.) Juz.; Sched. Herb. Fl. URSS 14: Fasc. 82, 63 (1957)
= Vincetoxicum jailicola Juz.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 14. 18 (1951)
= Vincetoxicum laxum var. jailicola (Juz.) Wissjul.
= Vincetoxicum tauricum Pobed.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 14: 282 (1951)
subspecies :
subsp. luteolum
(Jord. & Fourr.) la Valva, Moraldo & Caputo; Delpinoa 21-22: 91 (1979-1980 publ. 1981)
Distribution: France; Italy
12 FRA 13 ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Alexitoxicon luteolum (Jord. & Fourr.) St.-Lag.; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 9 (Cat. Fl. Bass. Rhone): 539 (1882)
= Vincetoxicum luteolum Jord. & Fourr.; Brev. Pl Nov. 1: 39 (1866)
= Vincetoxicum officinale var. luteolum (Jord. & Fourr.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 10: 231 (1908)
subspecies :
subsp. nivale
(Boiss. & Heldr.) Markgr.; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 64: 375 (1971)
Distribution: Bosnia & Hercegovina; Albania; Bulgaria
13 ALB BIH BUL
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum nivale (Boiss. & Heldr.) Nyman; Syll. Fl. Eur. 108 (1855)
= Cynanchum sulfureum (Velen.) Hayek; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 30(2) [Prodr. Fl. Penins. Balcan. 2]: 433 (1930)
= Vincetoxicum nivale Boiss. & Heldr.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 7: 20 (1846)
= Vincetoxicum officinale var. nivale (Boiss. & Heldr.) Stoj. & Jordanov; God. Sofiisk. Univ. Fiz.-Mat. Fak. 34: 203 (1938)
= Vincetoxicum sulfureum Velen.; Rel. Mrkvickanae, 21 (1922)
= Vincetoxicum undulatum Heldr.; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 6: 121 (1859)
subspecies :
subsp. stepposum
(Pobed.) Markgr.; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 64: 375 (1971)
Distribution: Siberia (W-Siberia); Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]
30 SIB 33 GEO NCS
Synonyms: hidden
= Alexitoxicon albovianum (Kusn.) Pobed.; Taxon 11: 174 (1962)
= Alexitoxicon stepposum (Pobed.) Pobed.; Taxon 11: 174 (1962)
= Antitoxicum albovianum (Kusn.) Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 18: 694 (1952)
= Antitoxicum officinale var. stepposum (Pobed.) Serg.
= Antitoxicum stepposum Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 18: 752 (1952)
= Cynanchum albovianum Kusn.; Fl. Caucas. Crit. 4(1): 445 (1905)
= Cynanchum stepposum (Pobed.) Juz.; Sched. Herb. Fl. URSS 14: Fasc. 82, 63 (1957)
= Vincetoxicum albovianum (Kusn.) Kuth.; Novit. Syst. Pl. Vasc., Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 10: 165 (1985), isonym
= Vincetoxicum albovianum (Kusn.) Pobed.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 178 (1968)
= Vincetoxicum officinale f. leiocalyx Sommier & Levier; Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 16: 338 (1900)
= Vincetoxicum stepposum (Pobed.) Á.Löve & D.Löve; Bot. Not. 114: 42 (1961)
= Vincetoxicum stepposum (Pobed.) Pobed.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 341 (1973), isonym
= Vincetoxicum stepposum (Pobed.) Popescu; Stud. Cercet. Biol. (Bucharest), Ser. Biol. Veg. 20: 327 (1968), isonym
species :
Vincetoxicum hookerianum
Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
Distribution: India (Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu); Myanmar (Bago, Mandalay)
40 IND 41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora fasciculata var. macrantha Wight; Contr. Bot. India [Wight] 50 (1834)
= Tylophora hookeriana (Kuntze) Rasingam & J.Swamy; Bangladesh J. Pl. Taxon. 25(1): 53 (2018)
= Tylophora macrantha (Wight) Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 40 (1883), nom. illeg.
= Vincetoxicum hirtulorum Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891), nom. nov.
variant :
var. suneelae
Veeranj., M.R.Mohan & G.Ravi; J. Indian Bot. Soc. 104(1): 61 (2024)
Distribution: India (Andhra Pradesh)
40 IND
species :
Vincetoxicum hoyoense
T.Yamash.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 55(1): 3 (2004)
Distribution: Japan (Kyushu, Shikoku)
38 JAP
species :
Vincetoxicum hui
(Tsiang) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 150 (2018)
Distribution: China (Guizhou, S-Yunnan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora hui Tsiang; Sunyatsenia 3: 236 (1936)
species :
Vincetoxicum huteri
Vis. & Asch.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 19: 67 (1869)
Distribution: Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; ?Bulgaria
13 ALB BIH CRO KOS NMA SRB
Synonyms: hidden
= Antitoxicum huteri (Vis. & Asch.) Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 18: 680 (1952)
= Cynanchum huteri (Vis. & Asch.) K.Schum.; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 2: 252 (1895)
species :
Vincetoxicum hybanthera
Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
Distribution: S-China (locality not given, cultivated)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Belostemma cordifolium (Link, Klotzsch & Otto) P.T.Li; J. S. China Agric. Univ. 15(1): 64 (1994)
= Echites sinensis Walp.; Repert. Bot. Syst. [Walpers] 6: 491 (1847)
= Hybanthera cordifolia Link, Klotzsch & Otto; Icon. Pl. Rar. [Link, Klotzsch & Otto] 2: 109, t. 44 (1844)
= Tylophora cordifolia (Link, Klotzsch & Otto) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
species :
Vincetoxicum hydrophilum
(Tsiang & H.D.Zhang) C.Y.Wu & D.Z.Li; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 11(1): 47 (1989)
Distribution: China (Sichuan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum hydrophilum Tsiang & H.D.Zhang; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 12: 94 (1974)
species :
Vincetoxicum inamoenum
Maxim.; Mélanges Biol. Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg 9: 787 (1876)
Distribution: Russian Far East (Khabarovsk, Primorye, Sakhalin); China (Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang); Tibet; North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido)
31 RFE 36 CHI TIB 38 JAP KOR NKO
Synonyms: hidden
= Alexitoxicon inamoenum (Maxim.) Pobed.; Taxon 11: 174 (1962)
= Antitauricum inamoenum (Maxim.) Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 18: 707 (1952)
= Cynanchum inamoenum (Maxim.) Loes. ex Gilg & Loes.; Beibl. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 75: 60 (1904)
= Cynanchum macrophyllum var. nikoense (Maxim.) Matsum.; Index Pl. Jap. [Matsumura] 2(2): 510 (1912)
= Cynanchum nikoense (Maxim.) Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 22: 169 (1908)
= Vincetoxicum kitagawae Hiyama; J. Jap. Bot. 35: 11 (1960)
= Vincetoxicum macrophyllum var. nikoense Maxim.; Mélanges Biol. Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg 9: 792 (1876)
= Vincetoxicum nikoense (Maxim.) Kitag.; J. Jap. Bot. 34: 364 (1959), nom. illeg.
species :
Vincetoxicum indicum
(Burm.f.) Mabb.; Mabberley´s Pl.-Book 1102 (2017)
Distribution: +Madagascar [I]; Seychelles [I]; India (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Lakshadweep Isl. [Laccadives]; Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Nicobar Isl. (Car Nicobar Isl., North Nicobar Isl., Central Nicobar Isl., Great Nicobar Isl., Little Nicobar Isl.); Myanmar; Thailand; Laos; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia; Singapore; Java; Guadeloupe [I]; Grenadines [I]; St. Vincent [I]; Barbados [I]
29 mdg sey 40 BAN IND LDV SRL 41 LAO MYA NCB THA VIE 42 JAW MLY SNG 81 bbd gdl stv
Conservation Status: critically endangered (Singapore)
Synonyms: hidden
= Asclepias asthmatica L.f.; Suppl. Pl. 171 (1782)
= Asclepias prolifera Rottler ex Ainslie; Materia indica 2: 225 (1826)
= Asclepias tunicata Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 45 (1883), nom. illeg.
= Asclepias vomitoria (Lam.) K.D.Koenig ex Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 45 (1883)
= Cynanchum indicum Burm.f.; Fl. Ind. [N. L. Burman] Prodr. Pl. Cap. 70 (1768)
= Cynanchum ipecacuanha Willd.; Jahrb. Pharm. 169 (1795)
= Cynanchum mucronatum Andrews; Bot. Repos. 8: t. 515 (1808)
= Cynanchum tomentosum Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 236 (1786)
= Cynanchum undatum Andrews; Bot. Repos. 6: t. 410 (1804)
= Cynanchum viridiflorum Sims; Bot. Mag. 44: t. 1929 (1817)
= Cynanchum vomitorium Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 235 (1786)
= Diplolepis vomitoria (Lam.) Lindl.; Trans. Hort. Soc. London 6: 68 (1826)
= Gonolobus mucronatus Sweet; Hort. Brit. [Sweet], ed. 2: 360 (1830)
= Hoya planiflora Wall. ex Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 45 (1883), nom. inval.
= Hybanthera javanica Hassk.; Cat. Hort. Bot. Bogor. [Hasskarl] 309 (1844)
= Marsdenia vomitoria (Lam.) Moon; Cat. Pl. Ceylon. 21 (1824)
= Sonninia vomitoria (Lindl.) Kostel.; Allg. Med.-Pharm. Fl. 3: 1091 (1834)
= Tylophora asthmatica (L.f.) Wight & Arn.; Wright, Contr. 51 (1834)
= Tylophora asthmatica var. pubescens Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 611 (1844) nom. illeg.
= Tylophora coilolepis Schltr.; Beibl. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 92: 2 (1908)
= Tylophora flavescens Ridl.; J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 5: 163 (1915)
= Tylophora indica (Burm.f.) Merr.; Philipp. J. Sci. 19: 373 (1921)
= Tylophora labuanensis Schltr.; Beibl. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 92: 2 (1908)
= Tylophora lutescens Decne.; Hort. Universel 5: 5 (1844)
= Tylophora pubescens Wall. ex Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 45 (1883), pro syn.
= Tylophora tomentosa (Lam.) G.Don; Gen. Hist. 4: 130 (1837)
= Tylophora vomitoria (Lam.) Voigt; Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 539 (1845)
= Vincetoxicum lutescens (Decne.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
= Vincetoxicum vomitorum (Lam.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
variant :
var. glabrum
(Decne.) A.Kidyoo; Taiwania 63(1): 30 (2018)
Distribution: Seychelles; S-India (Karnataka, Kerala); Sri Lanka
29 SEY 40 IND SRL
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum flavum Thunb.; Observ. Cynanch. 7 (1821)
= Tylophora asthmatica var. glabra Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 611 (1844)
= Tylophora flava Trimen; J. Bot. 23: 239 (1885)
= Tylophora indica var. glabra (Decne.) H.Huber; Revis. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 1(1): 43 (1973)
variant :
var. intermedium
(M.A.Rahman & Wilcock) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 152 (2018)
Distribution: ?India; Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Myanmar
40 BAN SRL 41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora indica var. intermedia M.A.Rahman & Wilcock; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 13(1): 184 (1989)
species :
Vincetoxicum inhambanense
(Schltr.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 152 (2018)
Distribution: Mozambique
26 MOZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora inhambanensis Schltr.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38: 52 (1905)
species :
Vincetoxicum insigne
(Tsiang) Meve, H.H.Kong & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 152 (2018)
Distribution: China (Guizhou, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan); Tibet
36 CHI TIB
Synonyms: hidden
= Biondia insignis Tsiang; Sunyatsenia 4: 106 (1939)
species :
Vincetoxicum insulanum
(Hance) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
Distribution: China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Cyathella insulana (Hance) Tsiang & H.D.Zhang; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 10: 38 (1965)
= Cyathella insulana var. lineare Tsiang & H.D.Zhang; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 10: 39 (1965)
= Cynanchum insulanum (Hance) Hemsl.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 107 (1889)
= Cynanchum insulanum K.Schum.; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 2: 253 (1895)
= Cynanchum insulanum var. lineare (Tsiang & H.D.Zhang) Tsiang & H.D.Zhang; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 12: 109 (1974)
= Cynoctonum insulanum Hance; J. Bot. 6: 330 (1868)
species :
Vincetoxicum insulicola
Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 152 (2018)
Distribution: Taiwan
38 TAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora insulana Tsiang & P.T.Li; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 12: 134 (1974)
species :
Vincetoxicum iphisia
Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 152 (2018), nom. nov.
Distribution: S-India (Karnataka, Tamil Nadu); Sri Lanka
40 IND SRL
Synonyms: hidden
= Iphisia multiflora Wight & Arn.; Contr. Bot. India [Wight] 52 (1834)
= Tylophora fasciculata Thwaites; Enum. Pl. Zeyl. [Thwaites] 197 (1860), nom. illeg.
= Tylophora iphisia Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 610 (1844), nom. superfl.
= Tylophora multiflora (Wight & Arn.) Alston; Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: Suppl., 195 (1931)
= Vincetoxicum multiflorum (Wight & Arn.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
species :
Vincetoxicum iringensis
(Markgr.) Goyder; Fl. Zambes. 7(3): 357 (2020)
Distribution: S-Tanzania; Malawi
25 TAN 26 MLW
Synonyms: hidden
= Pentarrhinum iringense Markgr.; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 11: 404 (1932)
= Tylophora erubescens (Liede & Meve) Liede; Taxon 45(2): 206 (1996)
= Tylophora iringensis (Markgr.) Goyder; Kew Bull. 60: 613 (2005 publ. 2006)
= Tylophoropsis erubescens Liede & Meve; Kew Bull. 49(4): 752 (1994)
species :
Vincetoxicum irrawadense
Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891), nom. nov.
Distribution: Myanmar
41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora purpurea Wall. ex Wight; Contr. Bot. India [Wight] 51 (1834)
species :
Vincetoxicum izuense
T.Yamash.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 55(1): 1 (2004)
Distribution: Japan (Honshu)
38 JAP
Synonyms: hidden
= Vincetoxicum izuense f. chloranthus Katsuy. & Konta; Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, B 31(4): 158 (2005)
species :
Vincetoxicum jacquemontianum
(Decne.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
Distribution: Afghanistan (Kunar / Nuristan); Pakistan (N. W. Frontier Prov., Dir, Swat); India (Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand)
34 AFG 40 IND PAK
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum humile Falc. ex Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 26 (1883), nom. inval.
= Cynanchum jacquemontianum Decne.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 2, 9: 334 (1838)
= Diploglossum jacquemontianum (Decne.) Meisn.; Pl. Vasc. Gen. [Meisner] 176 (1840)
= Endotropis jacquemontiana (Decne.) Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 547 (1844)
= Vincetoxicum jacquemontianum (Decne.) Rech.f.; Fl. Iranica [Rechinger] 14 (1970), isonym
species :
Vincetoxicum japonicum
(C.Morren & Decne.) Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 524 (1844)
Distribution: South Korea; Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)
38 JAP KOR
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum albiflorum (Franch. & Sav.) Koidz.; Fl. Symb. Orient.-Asiat. 28 (1930)
= Cynanchum albiflorum var. puncticulatum (Koidz.) Koidz.; Fl. Symb. Orient.-Asiat. 28 (1930)
= Cynanchum flavescens Siebold ex Lindl. & Paxton; Paxton´s Fl. Gard. 3: 150 (1853)
= Cynanchum grayanum (Maxim.) Koidz.; Fl. Symb. Orient.-Asiat. 83 (1930)
= Cynanchum japonicum (C.Morren & Decne.) Hemsl.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 107 (1889)
= Cynanchum japonicum f. puncticulatum (Koidz.) H.Hara; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 1: 151 (1948)
= Cynanchum japonicum f. puncticulatum (Koidz.) Ohwi; Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 33: 84 (1953)
= Cynanchum japonicum var. albiflorum (Franch. & Sav.) H.Hara; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 1: 151 (1948)
= Cynanchum japonicum var. puncticulatum (Koidz.) H.Hara; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 1: 151 (1948)
= Cynanchum puncticulatum Koidz.; Fl. Symb. Orient.-Asiat. 1 (1930)
= Cynanchum rubellum (Franch. & Sav.) Matsum.; Index Pl. Jap. [Matsumura] 2(2): 511 (1912)
= Cynanchum ×purpurascens var. albiflorum (Franch. & Sav.) Matsum.; Index Pl. Jap. [Matsumura] 2(2): 511 (1912)
= Vincetoxicum japonicum var. grayanum Maxim.; Mélanges Biol. Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg 9: 784 (1876)
= Vincetoxicum japonicum var. verum Maxim.; Mélanges Biol. Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg 9: 784 (1876)
= Vincetoxicum rubellum Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 442 (1878)
= Vincetoxicum ×purpurascens var. albiflorum Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 438 (1877)
species :
Vincetoxicum josephrockii
Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 153 (2018), nom. nov.
Distribution: China (Sichuan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora rockii M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li; Novon 5: 15 (1995)
species :
Vincetoxicum junzifengense
B.J.Ye & S.P.Chen; Phytotaxa 539(2): 206 (2022)
Distribution: China (Fujian)
36 CHI
species :
Vincetoxicum juzepczukii
(Pobed.) Privalova; Trudy Gosud. Nikitsk. Bot. Sad. 26: 140 (1956)
Distribution: Crimea
14 KRY
Synonyms: hidden
= Alexitoxicon juzepczukii (Pobed.) Pobed.; Taxon 11: 174 (1962)
= Antitoxicum juzepczukii Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 18: 752 (1952)
= Cynanchum juzepczukii (Pobed.) Borhidi; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 12: 244 (1966), in clavi
= Vincetoxicum juzepczukii (Pobed.) Markgr.; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 64(4): 375 (1971), isonym
species :
Vincetoxicum katoi
(Ohwi) Kitag.; J. Jap. Bot. 34: 364 (1959)
Distribution: Japan (Honshu, Shikoku)
38 JAP
Conservation Status: IUCN R
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum katoi Ohwi; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 12: 112 (1943)
= Cynanchum katoi var. albescens H.Hara; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 1: 152 (1948)
species :
Vincetoxicum kenouriense
(Wight) Wight; Contr. Bot. India [Wight] 58 (1834)
Distribution: Pakistan (Swat, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa); Nepal; Bhutan; NW-India (Uttarakhand, Kashmir)
40 BHU IND NEP PAK
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum kenouriense Wight; Contr. Bot. India [Wight] 58 (1834)
species :
Vincetoxicum kerrii
(Craib) A.Kidyoo; Taiwania 63(1): 30 (2018)
Distribution: China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan); Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam
36 CHI 41 CBD LAO THA VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora balansae Costantin; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 4: 111 (1912)
= Tylophora kerrii Craib; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911: 417 (1911)
= Tylophora leveilleana Schltr. ex H.Lév.; (1914)
= Tylophora pseudotenerrima Costantin; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 4: 108 (1912)
species :
Vincetoxicum koi
(Merr.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 153 (2018)
Distribution: China (Guangdong)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora koi Merr.; Sunyatsenia 2: 17 (1934)
species :
Vincetoxicum krameri
Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 440 (1877)
Distribution: Japan (Honshu, Kyushu)
38 JAP
Conservation Status: IUCN R
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum krameri (Franch. & Sav.) Matsum.; Index Pl. Jap. [J.Matsumura] 2(2): 510 (1912)
= Vincetoxicum amplexicaule var. krameri (Franch. & Sav.) Maxim.; Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 3: 23: 358 (1877)
species :
Vincetoxicum lancilimbum
(Merr.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 154 (2018)
Distribution: Philippines (Luzon)
42 PHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora lancilimba Merr.; Philipp. J. Sci. 27: 53 (1925)
species :
Vincetoxicum laxiforme
Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 154 (2018), nom. nov.
Distribution: China (Yunnan); Tibet
36 CHI TIB
Synonyms: hidden
= Biondia laxa M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li; Novon 5: 2 (1995)
species :
Vincetoxicum lenifolium
S.A.Shah; PhytoKeys 179: 60 (2021)
Distribution: W-Pakistan (N-Waziristan)
40 PAK
species :
Vincetoxicum leptanthum
(Tsiang) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 154 (2018)
Distribution: China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora leptantha Tsiang; Sunyatsenia 3: 234 (1936)
species :
Vincetoxicum leptolepis
Benth.; Fl. Austral. [Bentham] 4: 331 (1868)
Distribution: Australia (N-Northern Territory, Queensland: Cape York peninsula)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum leptolepis (Benth.) Domin; Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 531 (1928)
species :
Vincetoxicum leschenaultii
Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891), nom. nov.
Distribution: Java
42 JAW
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora congesta Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 609 (1844)
species :
Vincetoxicum liebianum
(F.Muell.) Liede; Taxon 45(2): 205 (1996)
Distribution: Australia (Northern Territory: S of Darwin)
50 AUS
Conservation Status: IUCN R
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum liebiana (F.Muell.) P.I.Forst.; Austrobaileya 3(1): 110 (1989)
= Tylophora liebiana F.Muell.; J. Roy. Soc. n. s. Wales 24: 78 (1890 publ. 1891)
species :
Vincetoxicum lii
Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 154 (2018), nom. nov.
Distribution: China (S-Yunnan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora astephanoides Tsiang & P.T.Li; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 12: 138 (1974)
species :
Vincetoxicum lineare
(Decne.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 154 (2018)
Distribution: Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Doemia atropurpurea (F.Muell.) F.Muell.; Syst. Census Austral. Pl. 1: 94 (1882)
= Doemia kempeana (F.Muell.) F.Muell.; Syst. Census Austral. Pl. 94 (1882)
= Doemia linearis (Decne.) F.Muell.; Syst. Census Austral. Pl. 94 (1882)
= Doemia quinquepartita (F.Muell.) F.Muell.; Syst. Census Austral. Pl. 94 (1882)
= Pentatropis atropurpurea (F.Muell.) Benth.; Fl. Austral. [Bentham] 4: 329 (1868)
= Pentatropis kempeana F.Muell.; S. Sci. Rec. 2: 172 (1882)
= Pentatropis linearis Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 536 (1844)
= Pentatropis quinquepartita (F.Muell.) Benth.; Fl. Austral. [Bentham] 4: 329 (1868)
= Rhyncharrhena atropurpurea F.Muell.; Fragm. [Mueller] 1: 128 (1859)
= Rhyncharrhena linearis (Decne.) K.L.Wilson; Telopea 2(1): 38 (1980)
= Rhyncharrhena quinquepartita F.Muell.; Fragm. [Mueller] 1: 128 (1859)
species :
Vincetoxicum linearisepalum
(P.T.Li) P.T.Li; J. S. China Agric. Univ. 12(3): 41 (1991)
Distribution: China (Sichuan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum linearisepalum P.T.Li; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 12(1): 20 (1990)
= Vincetoxicum linearisepalum (P.T.Li) Liede; Taxon 45(2): 205 (1996), isonym
species :
Vincetoxicum linifolium
Balf.f.; Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 12: 79 (1884)
Distribution: Soqotra
24 SOC
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum linifolium (Balf.f.) Bullock ex G.B.Popov; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 55: 718 (1957)
species :
Vincetoxicum longifolium
(Wight) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
Distribution: China (Yunnan); India (Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Sikkim); Bangladesh; Myanmar (Mandalay); peninsular Malaysia (Perak)
36 CHI 40 BAN IND 41 MYA 42 MLY
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora longifolia Wight; Contr. Bot. India [Wight] 50 (1834)
species :
Vincetoxicum longipes
(Turcz.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 155 (2018)
Distribution: Japan (probably cultivated in Java)
38 JAP
Synonyms: hidden
= Amblyoglossum longipes Turcz.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 25(2): 311 (1852)
species :
Vincetoxicum lugardiae
(Bullock) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 155 (2018)
Distribution: Ethiopia; Kenya
24 ETH 25 KEN
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora corollae Bullock ex Meve & Liede; Edinburgh J. Bot. 53(3): 323 (1996)
= Tylophora lugardiae Bullock; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1932: 496 (1932)
species :
Vincetoxicum lui
(Y.H.Tseng & C.T.Chao) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 155 (2018)
Distribution: Taiwan
38 TAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora lui Y.H.Tseng & C.T.Chao; Ann. Bot. Fenn. 48(6): 515 (2011)
species :
Vincetoxicum luridum
Stocks ex S.A.Shah; Phytotaxa 357(2): 123 (2018)
Distribution: SW-Pakistan (Baluchistan)
40 PAK
species :
Vincetoxicum lycioides
(E.Mey.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo, Mpulamanga, KwaZulu-Natal, E-Cape Prov.); Eswatini [Swaziland]
27 SAF SWZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum lycioides (E.Mey.) Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 462 (1840)
= Cynoctonum lycioides E.Mey.; Comm. Pl. Afr. Austr. [Meyer] 217 (1838)
= Tylophora lycioides (E.Mey.) Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 608 (1844)
species :
Vincetoxicum macrophyllum
Siebold & Zucc.; Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 4(3): 162 (1846)
Distribution: Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)
38 JAP
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum grandifolium Hemsl.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 106 (1889)
= Cynanchum kiusianum Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 28: 334 (1914)
= Cynanchum lasiocarpum Koidz.; Fl. Symb. Orient.-Asiat. 1 (1930)
= Cynanchum macrophyllum (Siebold & Zucc.) Matsum.; Index Pl. Jap. [Matsumura] 2: 511 (1912), nom. illeg.
= Vincetoxicum grandifolium (Hemsl.) P.T.Li; J. S. China Agric. Univ. 12(3): 41 (1991)
species :
Vincetoxicum magnificum
(Nakai) Kitag.; J. Jap. Bot. 34: 364 (1959)
Distribution: Japan (Honshu, Shikoku)
38 JAP
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum magnificum Nakai; J. Jap. Bot. 13: 69, japonice. (1937)
species :
Vincetoxicum mairei
(Hand.-Mazz.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 155 (2018)
Distribution: China (Hebei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Henan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Adelostemma mairei Hand.-Mazz.; Symb. Sin. 7: 993 (1936)
= Biondia yunnanensis (H.Lév.) Tsiang; Sunyatsenia 6: 126 (1941)
= Dischidia yunnanensis H.Lév.; Cat. Pl. Yun-Nan 14 (1915)
species :
Vincetoxicum matsumurae
(T.Yamaz.) H.Ohashi; J. Jap. Bot. 65(9): 277 (1990)
Distribution: Ryukyu Isl.
38 NNS
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum matsumurae T.Yamaz.; J. Jap. Bot. 43: 222 (1968)
= Cynanchum villosum Matsum.; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 12: 39 (1898), nom. illeg.
= Tylophora matsumurae (T.Yamaz.) T.Yamash. & Tateishi; J. Jap. Bot. 78(6): 353 (2003)
species :
Vincetoxicum membranaceum
(Tsiang & P.T.Li) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 156 (2018)
Distribution: China (E-Guangxi)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora membranacea Tsiang & P.T.Li; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 12: 141 (1974)
species :
Vincetoxicum microcentrum
(Tsiang) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 156 (2018)
Distribution: China (Anhui, Sichuan, ?Yunnan, Zhejiang)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Adelostemma microcentrum Tsiang; Sunyatsenia 2: 184 (1934)
= Biondia elliptica P.T.Li & Z.Y.Zhu; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 4(2): 161 (1982)
= Biondia microcentra (Tsiang) P.T.Li; J. S. China Agric. Univ. 12(3): 39 (1991)
species :
Vincetoxicum microstachys
(Hook.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 156 (2018)
Distribution: Myanmar
41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora microstachys Hook.; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 15: t. 1450 (1883)
species :
Vincetoxicum miquelianum
Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891), nom. nov.
Distribution: Java
42 JAW
Synonyms: hidden
= Hybanthera villosa Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 490 (1857)
= Marsdenia villosa (Blume) Blume ex Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 493 (1857)
= Marsdenia villosa (Blume) Hassk.; Tijdschr. Natuurl. Gesch. Physiol. 10: 126 (1843)
= Pergularia villosa Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 1057 (1826) non Tylophora villosa Blume1826
= Tylophora blumei Decne.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 2, 9: 274 (1838)
= Tylophora miquelii Boerl.; Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. [Boerlage] 2: 438 (1899)
= Tylophora villosa (Miq.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks.; Index Kew., Suppl. 1: 442 (1906), nom. illeg.
species :
Vincetoxicum mongolicum
Maxim.; Mélanges Biol. Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg 9: 780 (1876)
Distribution: China (Gansu, Hebei, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan); Mongolia
36 CHI 37 MON
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum hancockianum (Maxim.) Iljinski; Bot. Mater. Inst. Sporov. Rast. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 2: 18 (1921)
= Cynanchum komarovii Iljinski; Bot. Mater. Inst. Sporov. Rast. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 2: 18 (1921)
= Cynanchum lateriflorum (Hemsl.) Kitag.
= Cynanchum mongolicum (Maxim.) Hemsl.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 107 (1889)
= Cynanchum mongolicum var. hupehense Pamp.; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n. s. 17: 695 (1910)
= Pycnostelma lateriflorum Hemsl.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26(173): 102-103 (1889)
= Vincetoxicum hancockianum (Maxim.) C.Y.Wu & D.Z.Li; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 11(1): 47 (1989)
= Vincetoxicum komarovii Iljinski; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 2: 18 (1921)
= Vincetoxicum lateriflorum (Hemsl.) Kitag.; J. Jap. Bot. 16: 20 (1940)
= Vincetoxicum mongolicum var. hancockianum Maxim.; Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 3: 23: 356 (1877)
species :
Vincetoxicum monticola
Goyder; Fl. Zambes. 7(3): 360 (2020)
Distribution: Zimbabwe; Mozambique
26 MOZ ZIM
species :
Vincetoxicum mozaffarianii
Zaeifi; Iran. J. Bot. 8(1): 108 (1999)
Distribution: Iran
34 IRN
species :
Vincetoxicum muricatum
(Blume) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
Distribution: Borneo; Java
42 BOR JAW
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum muricatum (Blume) Boerl.; Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. [Boerlage] 2: 436 (1899)
= Cynoctonum muricatum (Blume) Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 528 (1844)
= Holostemma muricatum Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 1054 (1826)
species :
Vincetoxicum nakaianum
K.Mochizuki & Ohi-Toma; PhytoKeys 247: 193 (2024)
Distribution: Japan (Honshu)
38 JAP
species :
Vincetoxicum nanum
(Buch.-Ham. ex Wight) Liede; Taxon 45(2): 205 (1996)
Distribution: India (Assam, Meghalaya, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Bangladesh
40 BAN IND
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum nanum Buch.-Ham. ex Wight; Contr. Bot. India [Wight] 59 (1834)
= Pentabothra nana (Buch.-Ham. ex Wight) Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 19 (1883)
species :
Vincetoxicum neglectum
(J.Mathew) Kottaim.; Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosci. Pl. Biol. 6(10): 37 (2019)
Distribution: India (Kerala)
40 IND
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora neglecta J.Mathew; NeBIO 8(3): 132, fig. 3 (2017)
species :
Vincetoxicum nicobaricum
(Murugan & M.Y.Kamble) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 157 (2018)
Distribution: Nicobar Isl.
41 NCB
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora nicobarica Murugan & M.Y.Kamble; Rheedea 22(2): 83 (2012)
species :
Vincetoxicum nigrum
(L.) Moench; Methodus [Moench] 313 (1802)
Name: Louise´s swallow-wort (EN), Schwarze Schwalbenwurz (DE)
Distribution: Netherlands [I]; Germany [I]; Portugal; Spain; Baleares; France; Italy; Canada [I] (Ontario [I], Québec [I]); USA [I] (California [I], Connecticut [I], Illinois [I], Indiana [I], Kansas [I], Kentucky [I], Massachusetts [I], Maryland [I], Maine [I], Michigan [I], Minnesota [I], Missouri [I], Nebraska [I], New Hampshire [I], New Jersey [I], New York [I], Ohio [I], Pennsylvania [I], Rhode Island [I], Vermont [I], Wisconsin [I])
11 ger net 12 BAL FRA POR SPA 13 ITA 72 cdn 74 usa 75 usa 76 usa 78 usa
Synonyms: hidden
= Alexitoxicon melanthum (Jord. & Fourr.) St.-Lag.; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 9: 540 (1882), nom. superfl.
= Alexitoxicon nigrum (L.) St.-Lag.; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 9: 539 (1882)
= Antitoxicum nigrum (L.) Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 18: 680 (1952)
= Asclepias alexitoxica St.-Lag.; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 120 (1880)
= Asclepias fuscata Willd.; Enum. Hort. Berol., Suppl. 13 (1814), nomen
= Asclepias media Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 146 (1840), nom. inval.
= Asclepias nigra L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 216 (1753)
= Asclepias ovata Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 146 (1840), nom. inval.
= Cynanchum atrum (Jord. & Fourr.) Breistr.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 107: 132 (1960)
= Cynanchum barbatum L.f. ex Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 6: 103 (1820)
= Cynanchum louiseae Kartesz & Gandhi; Phytologia 71(4): 270 (1991) (nom. nov. superfl.)
= Cynanchum medium R.Br.; Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1: 48 (1809)
= Cynanchum nigrum (L.) Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 1: 274 (1805) (non Cav., Icon. 2: 45 (1793))
= Vincetoxicum atrum Jord. & Fourr.; Brev. Pl. Nov. 1: 40 (1866)
= Vincetoxicum medium (R.Br.) Kostel.; Allg. Med.-Pharm. Fl. 3: 1093 (1834)
= Vincetoxicum melanthum Jord. & Fourr.; Brev. Pl. Nov. 1: 40 (1866), nom. illeg.
= Vincetoxicum nigrescens Jord. ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 496 (1881), nom. inval.
= Vincetoxicum nigricans Jord. & Fourr.; Brev. Pl. Nov. 2: 133 (1868)
= Vincetoxicum nigrum var. atrum (Jord. & Fourr.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 10: 229 (1908)
= Vincetoxicum nigrum var. latifolium Lange; Pug. Pl. Hispan. 2: 164 (1862)
species :
Vincetoxicum nikoense
Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 445 (1877)
Distribution: China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang); North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)
36 CHI 38 JAP KOR NKO
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora argyi Schltr. ex H.Lév.; Mem. Real Acad. Ci. Barcelona 12(22): 4 (1916)
= Tylophora chungii Merr. ex F.P.Metcalf; Lingnan Sci. J. 11: 264 (1932)
= Tylophora floribunda Miq.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 128 (1866)
= Tylophora nikoensis (Franch. & Sav.) Matsum.; Index Pl. Jap. [Matsumura] 2(2): 515 (1912)
= Tylophora shikokiana Matsum. ex Nakai; J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 31: 91 (1911)
= Tylophora sikokiana Matsum.; Index Pl. Jap. [J.Matsumura] 2(2): 515 (1912) (nomen)
= Vincetoxicum floribundum (Miq.) Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 444 (1878), nom. illeg., non (R. Br.) Kuntze
species :
Vincetoxicum nipponicum
(Matsum.) Kitag.; J. Jap. Bot. 34: 365 (1959)
Distribution: Russian Far East (Primorye); North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)
31 RFE 38 JAP KOR NKO
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum abukumense Koidz.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 7: 193 (1938)
= Cynanchum glabrum f. viridescens Murata; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 17: 12 (1957)
= Cynanchum glabrum Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 28: 331 (1914)
= Cynanchum glabrum var. rotundifolium Honda; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 50: 391 (1936)
= Cynanchum nipponicum f. abukumense (Koidz.) H.Hara; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 1: 153 (1948)
= Cynanchum nipponicum f. rotundifolium (Honda) T.Yamaz.; Fl. Jap. [Iwatsuki et al., eds.] 3a: 174 (1993)
= Cynanchum nipponicum f. viridescens (Murata); Wild Fl. Jap. Herb. Pl. 3: 42 (1981)
= Cynanchum nipponicum Matsum.; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 39 (1898)
= Cynanchum nipponicum var. glabrum (Nakai) H.Hara; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 1: 150 (1948)
= Cynanchum nipponicum var. rotundifolium (Honda) Murata; Wild Fl. Jap. Herb. Pl. 3: 42 (1981)
= Vincetoxicum glabrum (Nakai) Kitag.; J. Jap. Bot. 34: 363 (1959)
= Vincetoxicum glabrum f. rotundifolium (Honda) Sugim. ex Yonek.; J. Jap. Bot. 86: 235 (2011)
= Vincetoxicum glabrum f. viridescens (Murata) Sugim. ex Yonek.; J. Jap. Bot. 86: 235 (2011)
species :
Vincetoxicum oblongum
(N.E.Br.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 157 (2018)
Distribution: Sierra Leone; Liberia; Burkina Faso; Ivory Coast; Ghana; Togo; Benin; Nigeria; Cameroon; Bioko Isl. [Fernando Poo]; São Tomé; Gabon; N-D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Ethiopia
22 BEN BKN GHA IVO LBR NGA SIE TOG 23 BIO CMN GAB SAO ZAI 24 ETH
Synonyms: hidden
= Oncostemma cuspidatum K.Schum.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 17: 148 (1893)
= Secamone conostyla S.Moore; Cat. Pl. Oban 64 (1913)
= Tylophora anfracta N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 4(1): 408 (1904)
= Tylophora cuspidata (K.Schum.) Meve & Omlor; Kew Bull. 57: 211 (2002), nom. illeg.
= Tylophora liberica N.E.Br.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 37: 109 (1905)
= Tylophora oblonga N.E.Br.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1895: 257 (1895)
= Tylophora plagiopetala Schltr. & K.Schum.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 33: 330 (1903)
species :
Vincetoxicum oculatum
(N.E.Br.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 157 (2018)
Distribution: Senegal; Guinea-Bissau; Guinea; Sierra Leone; Liberia; Burkina Faso; Ivory Coast; Ghana; S-Nigeria; Cameroon; Bioko Isl. [Fernando Poo]; Gabon; Congo [Brazzaville]; Uganda
22 BKN GHA GNB GUI IVO LBR NGA SEN SIE 23 BIO CMN CON GAB 25 UGA
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora deightonii Hutch. & Dalziel; Fl. W. Trop. Afr. [Hutchinson & Dalziel] 2: 59 (1931), et Kew Bull. 340, descr. lat. (1937)
= Tylophora oculata N.E.Br.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1895: 112 (1895)
species :
Vincetoxicum oligophyllum
(Tsiang) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 157 (2018)
Distribution: China (S-Yunnan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Absolmsia oligophylla Tsiang; Sunyatsenia 6: 121 (1941)
= Tylophora oligophylla (Tsiang) M.G.Gilbert, W.D.Stevens & P.T.Li; Novon 5: 14.1995
species :
Vincetoxicum oshimae
(Hayata) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 157 (2018)
Distribution: Taiwan
38 TAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora oshimae Hayata; J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30: 197 (1911)
species :
Vincetoxicum otophyllum
(C.K.Schneid.) P.T.Li; J. S. China Agric. Univ. 12(3): 41 (1991)
Distribution: China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan); Tibet
36 CHI TIB
Synonyms: hidden
= Cyathella otophylla (C.K.Schneid.) C.Y.Wu & D.Z.Li; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 28(6): 465 (1990)
= Cynanchum otophyllum C.K.Schneid.in Sargent; Pl. Wilson. [Sargent] 3: 347 (1916)
species :
Vincetoxicum ovatum
Benth.; Fl. Austral. [Bentham] 4: 330 (1868)
Distribution: Australia (E-Queensland)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum bowmanii S.T.Blake; Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 59: 168 (1948)
= Cynanchum ovatum (Benth.) Domin; Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 531 (1928), nom. illeg.
species :
Vincetoxicum paniculatum
(R.Br.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 425 (1891)
Distribution: Australia (SE-Queensland, NE-New South Wales)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Hoya paniculata (R.Br.) Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 1: 843 (1824)
= Tylophora paniculata R.Br.; Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 460 (1810)
species :
Vincetoxicum pannonicum
(Borhidi) Holub; Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 5: 439 (1970)
Distribution: Hungary
11 HUN
Conservation Status: IUCN V
Synonyms: hidden
= Alexitoxicon pannonicum (Borhidi) Borhidi; Bot. Közlem. 54: 151 (1967)
= Cynanchum pannonicum Borhidi; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 12: 242 (1966)
species :
Vincetoxicum parviflorum
Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 525 (1844)
Distribution: Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia)
34 TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum parviflorum (Decne.) K.Schum.; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 2: 252 (1895), nom. illeg.
= Vincetoxicum stelliflorum Boiss. & Kotschy; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 3: 120 (1856)
species :
Vincetoxicum parviurnulum
(M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 157 (2018)
Distribution: China (Anhui)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Biondia parviurnula M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li; Novon 5: 2 (1995)
species :
Vincetoxicum parvum
Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 158 (2018), nom. nov.
Distribution: Gabon; Congo [Brazzaville]; D.R.Congo [Zaire]
23 CON GAB ZAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora parvifolia Robyns & Lebrun; Ann. Soc. Sci. Bruxelles, Sér. B, 52: 35 (1932)
species :
Vincetoxicum pedunculatum
(R.Br.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 425 (1891)
Distribution: Australia (N-Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum brownianum Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 6: 97 (1820), nom. superfl.
= Cynanchum erubescens R.Br.; Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1: 45 (1809)
= Cynanchum pedunculatum R.Br.; Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1: 45 (1809)
= Cynoctonum erubescens (R.Br.) Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 529 (1844)
= Cynoctonum pedunculatum (R.Br.) Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 529 (1844)
= Vincetoxicum erubescens (R.Br.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
species :
Vincetoxicum petrense
(Hemsl. & Lace) Rech.f.; Fl. Iranica [Rechinger] 73, 14 (1970)
Distribution: Pakistan (Baluchistan, Kurram)
40 PAK
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum petrense Hemsl. & Lace; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 28: 326 (1891)
species :
Vincetoxicum philippicum
Meve, Omlor & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 158 (2018), nom. nov.
Distribution: Philippines (Siargao, Luzon)
42 PHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Telosma parviflora Merr.; Philipp. J. Sci. 17: 312 (1920 publ. 1921)
= Telosma crispipetala Elmer; Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 10: 3595 (1938), anglice
= Tylophora parviflora (Merr.) Meve, Omlor & Liede; Syst. & Geogr. Pl. 72: 28 (2002), non Robyns & Lebrun
species :
Vincetoxicum pictum
(Tsiang) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 158 (2018)
Distribution: China (Hainan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora picta Tsiang; Sunyatsenia 3: 218 (1936)
species :
Vincetoxicum pierrei
(Costantin) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 158 (2018)
Distribution: Cambodia
41 CBD
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora pierrei Costantin; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 4: 112 (1912)
species :
Vincetoxicum pilosellum
Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 158 (2018), nom. nov.
Distribution: China (Sichuan, Yunnan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Biondia pilosa Tsiang & P.T.Li; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 12: 112 (1974)
species :
Vincetoxicum pingshanicum
(M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li) Liede; Taxon 45(2): 206 (1996)
Distribution: China (Sichuan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum pingshanicum M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li; Novon 5: 8 (1995)
species :
Vincetoxicum pingtaoanum
Cai F.Zhang, G.W.Hu & Q.F.Wang; Phytotaxa 564(1): 61 (2022)
Distribution: China (Chongqing)
36 CHI
species :
Vincetoxicum platypodum
(K.Schum. ex De Wild.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 158 (2018)
Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]
23 ZAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Sphaerocodon platypodus K.Schum. ex De Wild.; Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., Sér. 4, 225 (1903)
species :
Vincetoxicum polyanthum
Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2(2): 424 (1891), nom. nov.
Distribution: Australia (Northern Territory, NE- & E-Queensland, NE-New South Wales)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora benthamii Tsiang; Sunyatsenia 3: 231 (1936), nom. nov.
= Tylophora crebriflora S.T.Blake; Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 59: 168 (1948), nom. superfl.
= Tylophora floribunda Benth.; Fl. Austral. [Bentham] 4: 335 (1868), nom. illeg., non Miq.
species :
Vincetoxicum potamophilum
A.Kidyoo; Taiwania 63(1): 30 (2018), nom. nov.
Distribution: Thailand
41 THA
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora riparia Kerr; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1938: 451 (1938)
species :
Vincetoxicum puberulum
(F.Muell. ex Benth.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 425 (1891)
Distribution: Australia (N-Western Australia: Kimberley, Northern Territory)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum puberulum F.Muell. ex Benth.; Fl. Austral. [Bentham] 4: 333 (1868)
species :
Vincetoxicum pubescens
(Bunge) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 423 (1891)
Distribution: China (Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi); Mongolia; North Korea; South Korea
36 CHI 37 MON 38 KOR NKO
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum chinense R.Br.; Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1: 44 (1811)
= Cynanchum deltoideum Hance; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 5, 5: 228 (1866)
= Cynanchum pubescens Bunge; Enum. Pl. China Bor. 44 (1831 publ. 1833)
species :
Vincetoxicum pumilum
Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 525 (1844)
Distribution: Turkmenistan; Iran (EC-Iran, NE-Iran: Mts., N-Iran)
32 TKM 34 IRN
Synonyms: hidden
= Alexitoxicon pumilum (Decne.) Pobed.; Taxon 11: 174 (1962)
= Antitoxicum pumilum (Decne.) Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 18: 692 (1952)
= Cynanchum pumilum (Decne.) Bornm.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 66: 234 (1934)
species :
Vincetoxicum purpureum
(Pall.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
Distribution: Siberia (Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk); Russian Far East (Amur, Khabarovsk, Primorye); China (Hebei, Nei Mongol); Mongolia; North Korea; South Korea
30 SIB 31 RFE 36 CHI 37 MON 38 KOR NKO
Synonyms: hidden
= Asclepias davurica Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 1: 1272 (1798)
= Asclepias purpurea Pall.; Reise Russ. Reich. 3: 260 (1776)
= Cyathella purpurea (Pall.) C.Y.Wu & D.Z.Li; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 28(6): 464 (1990)
= Cynanchum dahuricum Willd. ex Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 532 (1844)
= Cynanchum davuricum R.Br.; Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 440 (1810)
= Cynanchum purpureum (Pall.) K.Schum.; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 2: 253 (1895)
= Cynanchum purpureum K.Schum.; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 2: 253 (1895)
= Cynanchum roseum R.Br.; Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1: 47 (1811)
= Cynoctonum purpureum (Pall.) Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 18: 709 (1952)
= Cynoctonum roseum (R.Br.) Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 532 (1844)
= Vincetoxicum roseum (R.Br.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks.; Index Kew. 2: 1204 (1895)
species :
Vincetoxicum rechingeri
(Schltr.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 159 (2018)
Distribution: Bougainville (Shortland Isl.)
43 SOL
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora rechingeri Schltr.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 50: 154 (1913)
species :
Vincetoxicum rehmannii
Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 4(1): 53 (1875)
Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; NW-Iran
33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 IRN
Synonyms: hidden
= Alexitoxicon rehmannii (Boiss.) Pobed.; Taxon 11: 174 (1962)
= Antitoxicum rehmannii (Boiss.) Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 18: 682 (1952)
= Cynanchum rehmannii Kusn.; Fl. Caucas. Crit. 4(1): 453 (1905)
species :
Vincetoxicum renchangii
(Tsiang) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 159 (2018)
Distribution: China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan); Vietnam
36 CHI 41 VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora glabra Costantin; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 4: 109 (1912)
= Tylophora longipedicellata Tsiang & P.T.Li; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 12(1): 136 (1974)
= Tylophora renchangii Tsiang; Sunyatsenia 3: 232 (1936), et Acta Phytotax. Sin. 10: 36 (1965)
species :
Vincetoxicum revolutum
(M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 160 (2018)
Distribution: China (?Gansu, NW-Yunnan); E-Tibet
36 CHI TIB
Synonyms: hidden
= Biondia revoluta M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li; Novon 5: 3 (1995)
species :
Vincetoxicum riparium
(Tsiang & H.D.Zhang) C.Y.Wu & D.Z.Li; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 11(1): 47 (1989)
Distribution: China (Henan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum riparium Tsiang & H.D.Zhang; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 12: 96 (1974)
species :
Vincetoxicum robinsonii
(Costantin) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 160 (2018)
Distribution: C-Vietnam
41 VIE
Conservation Status: IUCN R
Synonyms: hidden
= Spirella robinsonii Costantin; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 4: 79 (1912)
species :
Vincetoxicum rockii
(M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li) Liede; Taxon 45(2): 206 (1996)
Distribution: China (Sichuan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum rockii M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li; Novon 5: 8 (1995)
species :
Vincetoxicum rossicum
(Kleopow) Barbar.; Vyzn. Rosl. Ukr. 346 (1950)
Name: Russian swallow-wort (EN), Russische Schwalbenwurz (DE)
Distribution: Germany [I]; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; Ukraine; Kazakhstan; Canada [I] (British Columbia [I], Ontario [I], Québec [I]); USA [I] (Connecticut [I], Indiana [I], Massachusetts [I], Michigan [I], Missouri [I], New Hampshire [I], New Jersey [I], New York [I], Pennsylvania [I])
11 ger 14 RUS UKR 32 KAZ 71 cdn 72 cdn 75 usa
Conservation Status: IUCN R
Synonyms: hidden
= Antitoxicum rossicum (Kleopow) Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 18: 690 (1952)
= Cynanchum melanthos Poir.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.], Suppl. 2: 430 (1812)
= Cynanchum rossicum (Kleopow) Borhidi; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 12: 245 (1966), in clavi
= Cynanchum rossicum Kleopow; Izv. Kievsk. Bot. Sada 9: 67 (1929)
= Vincetoxicum officinale var. rossicum (Kleopow) Grodzinska; Fl. Polsk. 12: 49 (1971)
species :
Vincetoxicum rotundifolium
(Buch.-Ham. ex Wight) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 425 (1891)
Distribution: China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan); Nepal; Bhutan; India (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh)
36 CHI 40 BHU IND NEP
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora rotundifolia Buch.-Ham. ex Wight; Contr. Bot. India [Wight] 50 (1834)
= Tylophora trichophylla Tsiang; Sunyatsenia 3: 221 (1936)
species :
Vincetoxicum rupestre
(Blume) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 425 (1891)
Distribution: Java
42 JAW
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora rupestris Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 1062 (1826)
species :
Vincetoxicum rupicola
(P.I.Forst.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 160 (2018)
Distribution: Australia (NE-Queensland: Herberton Range area, and between Mareeba and Cairns)
50 AUS
Conservation Status: IUCN E
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora rupicola P.I.Forst.; Austral. Syst. Bot. 5(1): 46 (1992)
species :
Vincetoxicum sakesarense
Ali & Khatoon; Pakistan J. Bot. 14(1): 67 (1982)
Distribution: C-Pakistan (Punjab)
Error
species :
Vincetoxicum sangyojarniae
A.Kidyoo; Pl. Syst. Evol. 309(4)-27: 8 (2023)
Distribution: Thailand
41 THA
species :
Vincetoxicum sarasinorum
(Warb.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 160 (2018)
Distribution: Sulawesi
42 SUL
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora sarasinorum Warb.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 3: 314 (1907)
species :
Vincetoxicum scandens
Sommier & Levier; Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 12: 158 (1892)
Distribution: C-European Russia; E-European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (E-Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia); Iran (EC-Iran, N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan)
14 KRY RUS UKR 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 IRN TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Alexitoxicon scandens (Sommier & Levier) Pobed.; Taxon 11: 174 (1962)
= Antitoxicum scandens (Sommier & Levier) Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 18: 680 (1952)
= Cynanchum scandens Kusn.; Fl. Caucas. Crit. 4(1): 445 (1905)
= Vincetoxicum amplifolium K.Koch; Linnaea 23: 592 (1850) nom. dub.
species :
Vincetoxicum schimperi
(Vatke) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 160 (2018)
Distribution: Egypt (SE-Egypt); Sudan; Ethiopia; Eritrea; Somalia; Saudi Arabia (Hejaz)
20 EGY 24 ERI ETH SOM SUD 35 SAU
Synonyms: hidden
= Astephanus schimperi Vatke; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 26: 145 (1876)
= Pleurostelma schimperi (Vatke) Liede; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 114(1): 91 (1994)
= Podostelma schimperi (Vatke) K.Schum.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 17: 133 (1893), et Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 2: 234 (1895)
species :
Vincetoxicum schmalhausenii
(Kusn.) Litv.; Maevskii, Fl. Srednei Rossii, ed. 5, 405 (1917)
Distribution: Crimea; Northern Caucasus
14 KRY 33 NCS
Synonyms: hidden
= Alexitoxicon schmalhausenii (Kusn.) Pobed.; Taxon 11: 174 (1962)
= Antitoxicum schmalhausenii (Kusn.) Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 18: 684 (1952)
= Cynanchum schmalhausenii Kusn.; Fl. Caucas. Crit. 4(1): 469 (1905)
= Vincetoxicum schmalhausenii (Kusn.) Stankov; Syst. Classif. Vasc. Pl. Eur. Russ. 569 (1949), isonym
= Vincetoxicum schmalhausenii (Kusn.) Markgr.; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 65(4): 358 (1972), isonym
species :
Vincetoxicum schneideri
Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 161 (2018), nom. nov.
Distribution: China (Gansu, Sichuan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora nana C.K.Schneid.; Pl. Wilson. [Sargent] 3: 351 (1916)
= Tylophora nana var. gansuensis L.C.Wang & X.G.Sun; Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 10(4): 46 (1990), with two types cited.
species :
Vincetoxicum secamonoides
(Tsiang) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 161 (2018)
Distribution: China (Guangxi, Hainan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora secamonoides Tsiang; Sunyatsenia 3: 217 (1936)
species :
Vincetoxicum setosum
(Schltr.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 161 (2018)
Distribution: Philippines (Mindanao)
42 PHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora setosa Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 563 (1915)
species :
Vincetoxicum shaanxiense
Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 161 (2018), nom. nov.
Distribution: China (Gansu, Shaanxi)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Biondia chinensis Schltr.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36 (Beibl. 82): 91 (1905)
species :
Vincetoxicum siamicum
A.Kidyoo; Phytotaxa 289(1): 50 (2016)
Distribution: Thailand
41 THA
species :
Vincetoxicum sieboldii
Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 444 (1878)
Distribution: Japan (Shikoku, Kyushu); Ryukyu Isl.
38 JAP NNS
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum sieboldii (Franch. & Sav.) Ohwi; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 12: 112 (1943)
= Henrya augustiniana f. liukiuensis (Matsum.) Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 20: 94 (1906)
= Henrya liukiuensis (Matsum.) Koidz.; K. Mayebara, Fl. Austro-Higo. 48 (1931)
= Tylophora japonica Miq.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 129 (1865)
= Tylophora liukiuensis Matsum.; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 12: 40 (1898)
= Vincetoxicum kawaroense Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 153 (2018), nom. nov.
= Vincetoxicum liukiuense (Matsum.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 154 (2018)
species :
Vincetoxicum silvestre
(Tsiang) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 161 (2018)
Distribution: China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Tibet; Taiwan
36 CHI TIB 38 TAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora silvestris Tsiang; Sunyatsenia 3: 226 (1936)
species :
Vincetoxicum silvestrii
(Pamp.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 161 (2018)
Distribution: China (Hubei)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Henrya silvestrii Pamp.; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n. s. 17: 696 (1910)
= Henryastrum silvestrii (Pamp.) Happ; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 24: 567 (1937)
= Tylophora silvestrii (Pamp.) Tsiang & P.T.Li; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 12: 133 (1974)
species :
Vincetoxicum simianum
(Schltr.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 161 (2018)
Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora simiana Schltr.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 18, Beibl. no. 45: 33 (1894)
species :
Vincetoxicum simplex
A.Kidyoo; J. Pl. Res. 137(1): 31 (2023)
Distribution: Thailand
41 THA
species :
Vincetoxicum sinaicum
Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 162 (2018), nom. nov.
Distribution: China (Yunnan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora tuberculata M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li; Novon 5: 15 (1995)
species :
Vincetoxicum somaliense
(Liede) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 162 (2018)
Distribution: Somalia
24 SOM
Synonyms: hidden
= Goydera somaliense Liede; Novon 3(3): 265 (1993)
species :
Vincetoxicum sootepense
(Craib) A.Kidyoo; Taiwania 63(1): 30 (2018)
Distribution: China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan, Yunnan); Thailand; Vietnam
36 CHI 41 THA VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora sootepensis Craib; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911: 417 (1911)
species :
Vincetoxicum speciosum
Boiss. & Spruner; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 4: 39 (1844)
Distribution: North Macedonia; Albania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (N- & C-Greece, Athos, Samothraki); Turkey (N-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia)
13 ALB BUL GRC NMA TUE 34 TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum speciosum (Boiss. & Spruner) Nyman; Syll. Fl. Eur. 108 (1855)
= Cynanchum triste Griseb.; Spic. Fl. Rumel. 2: 68 (1844)
= Vincetoxicum thirkeanum K.Koch; Linnaea 23: 591 (1850)
= Vincetoxicum triste Griseb.; Spic. Fl. Rumel. 2: 68 (1844)
species :
Vincetoxicum spirale
(Forssk.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 162 (2018)
Distribution: Senegal; Guinea; Chad; Yemen (Tihama, Aden Desert, W-Yemen); Pakistan (Karachi, Sind, Baluchistan, Kurram, N. W. Frontier Prov., Pakistani Punjab, Rawalpindi, Lahore); India (C-, N- & W-India, Upper Gangetic Plains); Sri Lanka
22 GUI SEN 24 CHA 35 YEM 40 IND PAK SRL
Synonyms: hidden
= Asclepias spiraliflora Stokes; Bot. Mat. Med. 2: 6 (1812)
= Asclepias spiralis Forssk.; Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 49 (1775)
= Blyttia spiralis (Forssk.) D.V.Field & J.R.I.Wood; Kew Bull. 38: 219, f. 1 L-T (1983)
= Pentatropis spiralis (Forssk.) Decne.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 2, 9: 327 (1838)
= Vincetoxicum spirale (Forssk.) D.Z.Li; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 11(1): 48 (1989)
species :
Vincetoxicum splendidum
(P.I.Forst.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 163 (2018)
Distribution: peninsular Malaysia (Pahang)
42 MLY
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora grandiflora Ridl.; J. Bot. 62: 299 (1924)
= Tylophora splendida P.I.Forst.; Taxon 41(4): 750 (1992), nom. nov.
species :
Vincetoxicum stauntonii
(Decne.) C.Y.Wu & D.Z.Li; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 11(1): 47 (1989)
Distribution: China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Vietnam
36 CHI 41 VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum linearifolium Hemsl.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 107 (1889)
= Cynanchum stauntonii (Decne.) Hand.-Mazz.; Symb. Sin. 7: 996 (1936), isonym
= Cynanchum stauntonii (Decne.) Schltr. ex H.Lév.; Mem. Real Acad. Ci. Barcelona 12: 4 (1916)
= Pentasacme brachyantha Hand.-Mazz.; Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 61: 168 (1924 publ. 1925)
= Pentasacme stauntonii Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 627 (1844)
= Vincetoxicum linearifolium (Hemsl.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
species :
Vincetoxicum stauropolitanum
Pobed.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 14: 284 (1951)
Distribution: Northern Caucasus
33 NCS
Synonyms: hidden
= Alexitoxicon stauropolitanum (Pobed.) Pobed.; Taxon 11: 174 (1962)
= Antitoxicum stauropolitanum (Pobed.) Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 18: 695 (1952)
species :
Vincetoxicum stenolobum
(K.Schum. ex Engl.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 163 (2018)
Distribution: E-Kenya; Tanzania; Mozambique
25 KEN TAN 26 MOZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora stenoloba (K.Schum.) N.E.Br.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1895: 257 (1895)
= Astephanus stenolobus K.Schum.; Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C 321 (1895)
species :
Vincetoxicum stenophyllum
(Hemsl.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 425 (1891)
Distribution: China (Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum stenophyllum Hemsl.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 108 (1889)
species :
Vincetoxicum stewartianum
S.A.Shah; PhytoKeys 179: 64 (2021)
Distribution: India (Uttarakhand)
40 IND
species :
Vincetoxicum stocksii
Ali & Khatoon; Pakistan J. Bot. 14(1): 65 (1982)
Distribution: W-Pakistan (Baluchistan)
40 PAK
species :
Vincetoxicum strigosum
A.Kidyoo; Phytotaxa 438(4): 238 (2020)
Distribution: Thailand
41 THA
species :
Vincetoxicum stylesii
Meve, Heiduk & Liede; Phytotaxa 447(3): 188 (2020)
Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
species :
Vincetoxicum subcanescens
S.A.Shah & A.Sultan; PhytoKeys 179: 68 (2021)
Distribution: SW-Tibet; Pakistan (Chitral, Dir, Swat, Gilgit, Ladakh)
36 TIB 40 PAK
species :
Vincetoxicum sublanceolatum
(Miq.) Maxim.; Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 3, 23: 367 (1877)
Distribution: China (Jiangsu); Japan (Honshu)
36 CHI 38 JAP
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum albidum (Franch. & Sav.) Koidz.; Fl. Symb. Orient.-Asiat. 29 (1930)
= Cynanchum auriculatum var. kinokuniense T.Yamaz.; Fl. Jap. [Iwatsuki et al., eds.] 3a: 174 (1993)
= Cynanchum dickinsii (Franch. & Sav.) Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 28: 333 (1914)
= Cynanchum dickinsii var. retropilum (Nakai) H.Hara; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 1: 150 (1948), nom. inval.
= Cynanchum franchetii Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 28: 332 (1914)
= Cynanchum haruna-montanum Honda; J. Jap. Bot. 11: 569 (1935)
= Cynanchum macranthum (Maxim.) Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 28: 334 (1914), nom. illeg.
= Cynanchum macranthum var. matsudanum (Koidz.) H.Hara; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 1: 152 (1948)
= Cynanchum matsudanum Koidz.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 6: 215 (1937)
= Cynanchum maximowiczianum (Warb.) Nakai; J. Jap. Bot. 13: 73 (1937)
= Cynanchum retropilum Nakai; J. Jap. Bot. 13: 74 (1937), no Latin descr.
= Cynanchum sublanceolatum (Miq.) Matsum.; Index Pl. Jap. [Matsumura] 2(2): 511 (1912)
= Cynanchum sublanceolatum f. albiflorum (Franch. & Sav.) T.Yamaz.; Fl. Jap. [Iwatsuki et al., eds.] 3a: 173 (1993)
= Cynanchum sublanceolatum f. auriculatum (Franch. & Sav.) T.Yamaz.; Fl. Jap. [Iwatsuki et al., eds.] 3a: 174 (1993)
= Cynanchum sublanceolatum var. albidum (Franch. & Sav.) Matsum.; Index Pl. Jap. [Matsumura] 2(2): 511 (1912)
= Cynanchum sublanceolatum var. auriculatum (Franch. & Sav.) Matsum.; Index Pl. Jap. [Matsumura] 2(2): 511 (1912)
= Cynanchum sublanceolatum var. dickinsii (Franch. & Sav.) Matsum.; Index Pl. Jap. [Matsumura] 2(2): 511 (1912)
= Cynanchum sublanceolatum var. kinokuniense T.Yamaz.; Fl. Jap. [Iwatsuki et al., eds.] 3a: 174 (1993)
= Cynanchum sublanceolatum var. macranthum (Maxim.) Matsum.; Index Pl. Jap. [Matsumura] 2(2): 511 (1912)
= Cynanchum sublanceolatum var. obtusulum (Tanaka ex Franch. & Sav.) Matsum.; Index Pl. Jap. [Matsumura] 2(2): 511 (1912)
= Cynanchum yesoense Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 28: 332 (1914)
= Cynanthum auriculatum f. auriculatum (Franch. & Sav.) T.Yamaz.; Fl. Jap. [Iwatsuki et al., eds.] 3a: 174 (1993)
= Tylophora albiflora (Franch. & Sav.) Makino; J. Jap. Bot. 8: 40 (1933)
= Tylophora auriculata (Franch. & Sav.) Makino; J. Jap. Bot. 8: 40 (1933)
= Tylophora dickinsii (Franch. & Sav.) Makino; J. Jap. Bot. 8: 40 (1933)
= Tylophora japonica var. albiflora Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 1: 320 (1875)
= Tylophora japonica var. atropurpurea Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 1: 320 (1875)
= Tylophora macrantha (Maxim.) Makino; J. Jap. Bot. 8: 40 (1933)
= Tylophora maximowicziana Warb.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 3: 314 (1907)
= Tylophora obtusula (Tanaka ex Franch. & Sav.) Makino; J. Jap. Bot. 8: 40 (1933)
= Tylophora sublanceolata Miq.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 128 (1866)
= Tylophora sublanceolata var. auriculata (Franch. & Sav.) Makino & Nemoto; Fl. Japan. [Makino & Nemoto] 334 (1925)
= Tylophora sublanceolata var. dickinsii (Franch. & Sav.) Makino & Nemoto; Fl. Japan. [Makino & Nemoto] 334 (1925)
= Vincetoxicum sublanceolatum f. albiflorum (Franch. & Sav.) H.Ohashi; J. Jap. Bot. 65: 278 (1990)
= Vincetoxicum sublanceolatum var. albidum Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 443 (1877)
= Vincetoxicum sublanceolatum var. auriculatum Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 443 (1877)
= Vincetoxicum sublanceolatum var. dickinsii Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 443 (1877)
= Vincetoxicum sublanceolatum var. kinokuniense (T.Yamaz.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 164 (2018), isonym
= Vincetoxicum sublanceolatum var. macranthum Maxim.; Mélanges Biol. Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg 9: 797 (1876)
= Vincetoxicum sublanceolatum var. obtusulum Tanaka ex Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 443 (1877)
species :
Vincetoxicum subramanii
(A.N.Henry) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 164 (2018)
Distribution: India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu)
40 IND
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora subramanii Henry; Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 65B 161 (1967)
species :
Vincetoxicum sui
(Y.H.Tseng & C.T.Chao) T.C.Hsu; Phytotaxa 478(2): 289 (2021)
Distribution: Taiwan
38 TAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora sui Y.H.Tseng & C.T.Chao; J. Syst. Evol. 49(2): 162 (2011)
species :
Vincetoxicum svetlanae
Ostapko; Indust. Bot. 18(1): 5 (2018)
Distribution: Ukraine
14 UKR
species :
Vincetoxicum sylvaticum
(Decne.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 425 (1891)
Distribution: Senegal; Senegal; Guinea; Sierra Leone; Liberia; Mali; Burkina Faso; Ivory Coast; Ghana; Togo; Benin; Benin; Niger; Nigeria; Cameroon; Bioko Isl. [Fernando Poo]; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Congo [Brazzaville]; Central African Republic; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; Burundi; SW-Chad; South Sudan; Ethiopia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia; N-Malawi; Madagascar
22 BEN BKN GHA GUI IVO LBR MLI NGA NGR SEN SIE TOG 23 BIO BUR CAF CMN CON EQG GAB RWA ZAI 24 CHA ETH SSU 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 ANG MLW ZAM 29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora adalinae K.Schum.; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 2: 286 (1895)
= Tylophora bojeriana Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 607 (1844)
= Tylophora sylvatica Decne.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 2, 9: 273 (1838)
= Vincetoxicum madagascariense Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
species :
Vincetoxicum taihangense
(Tsiang & H.D.Zhang) C.Y.Wu & D.Z.Li; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 11(1): 48 (1989)
Distribution: China (Anhui, Shanxi)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum gracilipes Tsiang & H.D.Zhang; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 12(1): 104 (1974)
= Cynanchum taihangense Tsiang & H.D.Zhang; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 12: 102 (1974)
= Vincetoxicum gracilipes (Tsiang & H.D.Zhang) C.Y.Wu & D.Z.Li; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 11(1): 48 (1989)
species :
Vincetoxicum taiwanense
(Hatus.) T.C.Hsu; Phytotaxa 478(2): 289 (2021), nom. illeg., et Phytotaxa 518(2): 177 (2021)
Distribution: Taiwan
38 TAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora taiwanensis Hatus.; Hokuriku J. Bot. 12: 10 (1963)
species :
Vincetoxicum tanakae
(Maxim.) Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 444 (1878)
Distribution: Japan (S-Kyushu); Ryukyu Isl.
38 JAP NNS
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora hispida var. tanakae (Maxim.) Hatus.; J. Geobot. 12: 10 (1963)
= Tylophora stenoloba Warb.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 3: 339 (1907), nom. illeg.
= Tylophora tanakae Maxim.; Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 3, 23: 379 (1877)
= Tylophora tanakae var. glabrescens Hatus. ex T.Yamaz.; J. Jap. Bot. 57: 311 (1982)
= Vincetoxicum tanakae var. glabrescens (Hatus. ex T.Yamaz.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369: 164 (2018)
species :
Vincetoxicum tenerrimum
(Wall.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 425 (1891)
Distribution: Pakistan (Swat, Hazara); Nepal; Bhutan; India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Sikkim, Uttarakhand)
40 BHU IND NEP PAK
Synonyms: hidden
= Homolostyles tenerrima Wall. ex Wight; Contr. Bot. India [Wight] 51 (1834)
= Homostyles tenerrima Wall. ex Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 44 (1883), nom. inval.
= Tylophora tenerrima Wall. ex Wight; Contr. Bot. India [Wight] 50 (1834)
species :
Vincetoxicum tengii
(Tsiang) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 165 (2018)
Distribution: China (Guangxi. S-Guizhou)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora tengii Tsiang; Sunyatsenia 3: 228 (1936)
species :
Vincetoxicum tenuipedunculatum
(K.Schum.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 165 (2018)
Distribution: Cameroon; Gabon; Congo [Brazzaville]; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Uganda; Malawi
23 CMN CON GAB ZAI 25 UGA 26 MLW
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora congoensis Schltr.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38: 51 (1905)
= Tylophora gracilis De Wild.; Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., Sér. 5, 1(2): 194 (1904)
= Tylophora tenuipedunculata K.Schum.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 17: 144 (1893)
species :
Vincetoxicum thailandense
(P.T.Li) Liede; Taxon 45(2): 206 (1996)
Distribution: Thailand
41 THA
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum thailandense P.T.Li; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(4): 96 (1978)
species :
Vincetoxicum thorelii
Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 165 (2018), nom. nov.
Distribution: Cambodia
41 CBD
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora pilosa Costantin; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 4: 110 (1912)
species :
Vincetoxicum tmoleum
Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 4: 38 (1844)
Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Transcaucasus; Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq)
33 NCS 34 IRQ TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Alexitoxicon raddeanum (Albov) Pobed.; Taxon 11: 174 (1962)
= Antitoxicum raddeanum (Albov) Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 18: 695 (1952)
= Antitoxicum tmoleum (Boiss.) Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 18: 694 (1952)
= Cynanchum raddeanum (Albov) Kusn.; Fl. Caucas. Crit. 4(1): 442 (1905)
= Cynanchum tmoleum (Boiss.) K.Schum.; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 2: 252 (1895)
= Vincetoxicum raddeanum Albov; Prodr. Fl. Colchic. 170 (1895)
species :
Vincetoxicum tridactylatum
(Goyder) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 166 (2018)
Distribution: Tanzania
25 TAN
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora tridactylata Goyder; Kew Bull. 63(3): 467 (2009)
species :
Vincetoxicum tsaii
Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 166 (2018), nom. nov.
Distribution: China (SE-Yunnan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Belostemma yunnanense Tsiang; Sunyatsenia 6: 139 (1941)
species :
Vincetoxicum tsiangii
(P.T.Li) P.T.Li; J. S. China Agric. Univ. 12(3): 41 (1991)
Distribution: China (Guizhou)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum tsiangii P.T.Li; Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 3(1): 103 (1983)
= Tylophora tsiangii (P.T.Li) M.G.Gilbert, W.D.Stevens, & P.T.Li; Novon 5: 15 (1994)
species :
Vincetoxicum tsiukowense
(M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 166 (2018)
Distribution: China (Yunnan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Biondia tsiukowensis M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li; Novon 5: 3 (1995)
species :
Vincetoxicum tylophoroides
(Costantin) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 166 (2018)
Distribution: Laos
41 LAO
Synonyms: hidden
= Spirella tylophoroides Costantin; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 4: 78 (1912)
= Spirella tylophoroides var. angustifolia Costantin; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 4: 79 (1912)
species :
Vincetoxicum ucrainicum
Ostapko; Ukrayins´k. Bot. Zhurn. 52(2): 274 (1995)
Distribution: Ukraine
14 UKR
Remarks: provisionally accepted name
species :
Vincetoxicum umbelliferum
Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 166 (2018), nom. nov.
Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora umbellata Schltr.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 18, Beibl. no. 45: 11 (1894)
species :
Vincetoxicum uncinatum
(M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 166 (2018)
Distribution: China (Hainan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora uncinata M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li; Novon 5: 16 (1995)
species :
Vincetoxicum urniflorum
Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 166 (2018), nom. nov.
Distribution: Cameroon; Bioko Isl. [Fernando Poo]
23 BIO CMN
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora urceolata Meve; Kew Bull. 51(3): 585 (1996)
species :
Vincetoxicum utriculosum
(Costantin) Liede; Taxon 45(2): 206 (1996)
Distribution: N-Vietnam
41 VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum utriculosum Costantin; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 4: 63 (1912)
species :
Vincetoxicum ventricosum
Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 423 (1891), nom. nov.
Distribution: Myanmar (Taninthayi, Yangon); peninsular Malaysia (scattered); +Singapore
41 MYA 42 MLY SNG
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora wallichii (Wight) Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 45 (1883)
= Gymnema wallichii Wight; Contr. Bot. India [Wight] 46 (1834)
species :
Vincetoxicum versicolor
(Bunge) Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 524 (1844)
Distribution: China (Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Sichuan, Zhejiang)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum mandshuricum (Hance) Hemsl.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 107 (1889)
= Cynanchum versicolor Bunge; Enum. Pl. China Bor. (1833 publ. 1831)
= Vincetoxicum mandshuricum Hance; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 5, 5: 227 (1866)
species :
Vincetoxicum verticillatum
(Hemsl.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 425 (1891)
Distribution: China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum verticillatum Hemsl.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 109 (1889)
= Cynanchum verticillatum var. arenicola Tsiang & H.D.Zhang; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 12(1): 96 (1974)
= Vincetoxicum verticillatum var. arenicola (Tsiang & H.D.Zhang) C.Y.Wu & D.Z.Li; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 11(1): 47 (1989)
species :
Vincetoxicum villosum
(Blume) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 425 (1891)
Distribution: Java
42 JAW
Synonyms: hidden
= Hybanthera villosa (Blume) Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 490 (1856)
= Tylophora chlorantha Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 486 (1857)
= Tylophora villosa (Blume) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
= Tylophora villosa Blume; Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 486 (1861)
= Vincetoxicum chloranthum (Miq.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
species :
Vincetoxicum volubile
Maxim.; Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 9: 195 (1858), et Prim. Fl. Amur. 195 (1859)
Distribution: Russian Far East (Amur, Khabarovsk, Primorye); China (Heilongjiang); North Korea
31 RFE 36 CHI 38 NKO
Synonyms: hidden
= Alexitoxicon volubile (Maxim.) Pobed.; Taxon 11: 174 (1962)
= Antitoxicum volubile (Maxim.) Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 18: 703 (1952)
= Asclepias dubia Oliv.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 166 (1865)
= Cynanchum volubile (Maxim.) Hemsl.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 109 (1889)
= Vincetoxicum volubile f. angustifolium Regel; Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 4(4): 104 (1861)
species :
Vincetoxicum wangii
(P.T.Li & W.Kittr.) Liede; Taxon 45(2): 206 (1996)
Distribution: China (Yunnan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum wangii P.T.Li & W.Kittr.; Novon 2: 220 (1992)
species :
Vincetoxicum williamsii
(P.I.Forst.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 167 (2018)
Distribution: Australia (Queensland: Charters Towers northwards to Pascoe R.)
50 AUS
Conservation Status: IUCN V
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora williamsii P.I.Forst.; Austral. Syst. Bot. 5(1): 36 (1992)
species :
Vincetoxicum woollsii
(Benth.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
Distribution: Australia (SE-Queensland, NE-New South Wales)
50 AUS
Conservation Status: IUCN E
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora woollsii Benth.; Fl. Austral. [Bentham] 4: 335 (1868)
species :
Vincetoxicum xinpingense
H.Peng & Y.H.Wang; Phytotaxa 361(1): 57 (2018)
Distribution: China (Yunnan)
36 CHI
species :
Vincetoxicum yamanakae
(Ohwi & Ohashi) H.Ohashi; J. Jap. Bot. 65(9): 277 (1990)
Distribution: Japan (Shikoku)
38 JAP
Conservation Status: IUCN R
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum yamanakae Ohwi & Ohashi; J. Jap. Bot. 48(12): 370 (1973)
species :
Vincetoxicum yingii
Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 167 (2018), nom. nov.
Distribution: China (Sichuan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Biondia longipes P.T.Li; Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 3(1): 106 (1983)
species :
Vincetoxicum yonakuniense
(Hatus.) T.Yamash. & Tateishi; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 54(1): 33 (2003)
Distribution: Ryukyu Isl. (Yonagunijima)
38 NNS
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum yonakuniense Hatus.; J. Geobot. 25(2): 26 (1977)
species :
Vincetoxicum yunnanense
(Schltr.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 167 (2018)
Distribution: China (Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora yunnanensis Schltr.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 8: 17 (1913)
species :
Vincetoxicum zeylanicum
(Decne.) Meve & Liede; Phytotaxa 369(3): 167 (2018)
Distribution: India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu); Sri Lanka
40 IND SRL
Conservation Status: IUCN I
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum micranthum Thunb.; Obs. Cynanch. 5 (1821)
= Tylophora micrantha (Thunb.) Thwaites; Enum. Pl. Zeyl. [Thwaites] 197 (1860), nom. illeg.
= Tylophora zeylanica Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 608 (1844)
= Vincetoxicum micranthum (Thunb.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 424 (1891)
species :
Vincetoxicum ×purpurascens
C.Morren & Decne.; Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 17 (1836)
Distribution: Japan
38 JAP
Remarks: Vincetoxicum atratum x japonicum
Synonyms: hidden
= Asclepias ×purpurascens Georgi; Beschr. Nation. Russ. Reich 3(4): 813 (1800), nom. illeg.
= Cynanchum japonicum var. purpurascens (C.Morren & Decne.) Matsum.; Index Pl. Jap. [Matsumura] 2(2): 509 (1912)
= Cynanchum ×purpurascens (C.Morren & Decne.) Matsum.; Index Pl. Jap. [Matsumura] 2(2): 511 (1912)
= Cynanchum ×vernyi (Franch. & Sav.) Matsum.; Index Pl. Jap. [Matsumura] 2(2): 512 (1912)
= Vincetoxicum japonicum var. purpurascens (C.Morren & Decne.) Maxim.; Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 3, 23: 359 (1877)
= Vincetoxicum ×vernyi Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 438 (1878)
species :
Vincetoxicum ×sakaianum
(Honda) Kitag.; J. Jap. Bot. 34: 365 (1959)
Distribution: Japan (Honshu)
38 JAP
Remarks: Vincetoxicum ascyrifolium x V. atratum
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynanchum ×sakaianum Honda; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 49: 789 (1935)