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318.0000 Family Rhizophoraceae Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 2: 2 (1806), nom. cons.
14-15 genera, ca. 140 spp.
Species listed in database: 142; hybrids: 8
= Cassipoureaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 246 (1858)
= Macarisiaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 295 (1858)
= Mangiaceae Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 2: 73 (1837)
318.0304 Genus Rhizophora L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 443 (1753)
Distribution: Tropical coasts of India, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans from E-Africa eastward to W-Pacific and N-Australia (north to Taiwan), and from mid-Pacific through tropical America to W-Africa
Species listed in database: 5; hybrids: 5
= Azophora Neck.; Elem. Bot. [Necker] 2: 361 (1790)
= Mangium Rumph. ex Scop.; Intr. Hist. Nat. 218 (1777)
= Mangle Adans.; Fam. Pl. [Adanson] 2: 445 (1763)
= Aerope (Endl.) Rchb.; Deut. Bot. Herb.-Buch 171, No. 6618 (1841)
species :
Rhizophora apiculata Blume; Enum. Pl. Javae 1: 91 (1827)
Distribution: China (Guangdong); Pakistan (Sind, Indus Delta); India (Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal); Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Andaman Isl. (North Andamans, Middle Andamans, South Andamans, Little Andaman Isl.); Nicobar Isl. (Car Nicobar Isl., North Nicobars, Central Nicobars, Great Nicobar Isl., Little Nicobar Isl.); Myanmar (Ayeyarwady, Taninthayi); Thailand; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (all coasts); Singapore; Sumatra; Borneo; Brunei; Sulawesi; Philippines (throughout); Java; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali, etc.); Moluccas; Cocos [Keeling] Isl.; New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea); Bismarck Arch. (New Britain); Solomon Isl.; Australia (N-Northern Territory, NE-Queensland); New Caledonia; Vanuatu; Nauru; Palau (Babeldaob, Koror); Guam; Fed. States of Micronesia (Yap, Truk, Moen, Dublon, Nukuoro, Pohnpei)
36 CHI 40 BAN IND PAK SRL 41 AND CBD MYA NCB THA VIE 42 BOR BRN CKI JAW LSI MLY MOL NWG PHI SNG SUL SUM 43 BIS SOL 50 AUS 60 NRU NWC VAN 62 GUM MIC PLU
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhizophora candelaria DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 3: 32 (1828)
species :
Rhizophora mangle L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 443 (1753)
Name: Cunapo, Mangrove, Red Mangrove (Trinidad & Tobago); Mangle, Mangle colorado, Mangle zapatero, Mangle de chifle; Red Mangrove
Distribution: Senegal; Gambia; Guinea-Bissau; Guinea; Sierra Leone; Benin; SW-Nigeria; Cameroon; São Tomé; Gabon; NW-Angola; New Caledonia; Vanuatu; Tonga (Tongatapu, Nomuka, Vava´u); Fiji; Wallis & Futuna (´Uvea Isl. [Wallis]); American Samoa (Tutuila, Aunu´u); [Western] Samoa (´Upolu, Savai´i, Aleipata Isl.); Hawaii [I] (Kauai [I], Oahu [I], Molokai [I], Lanai [I], Maui [I], Hawaii Isl. [I]); USA (Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina); Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Quintana Roo, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatan); Guatemala; Belize; El Salvador; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Bahamas; Turks & Caicos Isl.; Cuba; Cayman Isl.; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Puerto Rico; Virgin Isl. (Anegada, Guana, Jost van Dyke, St. Croix, St. John, St. Thomas, Tortola, Virgin Gorda); St. Martin/St. Maarten; St. Kitts; Antigua; Barbuda; Montserrat; Guadeloupe; Martinique; St. Lucia; St. Vincent; Grenada; Barbados; Colombia (Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Cauca, Chocó, Córdoba, La Guajira, Magdalena, Nariño, San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina, Sucre, Valle); Venezuela (Anzoategui, Aragua, Carabobo, Delta Amacuro, Dependencias Federales, Venezuela Distrito Federal, Falcon, Guarico, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Sucre, Yaracuy, Zulia); Guyana; Surinam; French Guiana; Ecuador; Galapagos; Peru; N-Brazil (Pará); NE-Brazil (Maranhao, Pernambuco, Bahia); SE-Brazil (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro); S-Brazil (Paraná, Santa Catarina)
22 BEN GAM GNB GUI NGA SEN SIE 23 CMN GAB SAO 26 ANG 60 ASA FIJ NWC SAM TON VAN WAL 63 haw 78 USA 79 MEX 80 BLZ COS ELS GUA HON NIC PAN 81 ABA BAH BBD CAY CUB GDL GRE HIS JAM MAR MTS PUE STK STL STM STV TCI VIR 82 CLM FRG GUY SUR SWC VEN 83 ECU GAL PER 84 BRA
Remarks: R. samoensis is sometimes kept separate but according to Whistler (2022) the differences are minor
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhizophora samoensis (Hochr.) Salvosa; Nat. Appl. Sci. Bull. Univ. Philipp. 5: 220 (1936)
= Rhizophora mangle var. samoensis Hochr.; Candollea 2: 447 (1925)
= Rhizophora samoensis var. neocaledonica N.C.Duke; Blumea 55(2): 185 (2010), nom. inval.
= Bruguiera decangulata Griff.; Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 669 (1854)
= Rhizophora americana Nutt.; N. Amer. Sylv. [Nuttall] 1: 112 (1842)
species :
Rhizophora mucronata Lam.; Tabl. Encycl. 2: 517 (1794)
Name: Red Mangrove (EN)
Distribution: Egypt (SE-Egypt); Cameroon; Bioko Isl. [Fernando Poo]; NE-Sudan; Ethiopia; Eritrea; Djibouti; Somalia; Kenya; Tanzania; Mozambique; South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, E-Cape Prov.); Madagascar; Comores (Mayotte, etc.); Mozambique Channel Isl. [Îles Éparses] (Île Europa, Juan de Nova Isl.); Aldabra (Aldabra Isl., Cosmoledo Isl., Astove Isl., Farquhar Isl.); Saudi Arabia (Hejaz, Asir); United Arab Emirates; Yemen (W-Yemen: Tihama); Ryukyu Isl.; Taiwan; Pakistan (Baluchistan, Sind, Indus Delta); India (Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal); Maldives; Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Andaman Isl. (North Andamans, Middle Andamans, South Andamans, Little Andaman Isl.); Nicobar Isl. (Car Nicobar Isl., North Nicobars, Central Nicobars, Great Nicobar Isl., Little Nicobar Isl.); Myanmar (Ayeyarwady, Taninthayi); Thailand; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (all coasts); Singapore; Sumatra; Borneo; Brunei; Sulawesi; Philippines (throughout); Java; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali, etc.); Moluccas; New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea); Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland); New Caledonia; Vanuatu; Tonga (Vava´u); Fiji; Gilbert Isl. (Butaritari, Tarawa, Aranuka, Nonouti, Onotoa); Palau (Babeldaob, Koror); Guam; Fed. States of Micronesia (Yap, Faraulep, Woleai, Ifalik, Truk, Moen, Todiu, Romanum, Dublon, Tol, Udot, Fefan, Losap, Namoluk, Etal, Satawan, Lukunor, Pohnpei, Pingelap, Kosrae); Marshall Isl. (Ailinglapalap)
20 EGY 23 BIO CMN 24 DJI ERI ETH SOM SUD 25 KEN TAN 26 MOZ 27 SAF 29 ALD COM MDG 35 SAU UAE YEM 38 NNS TAI 40 BAN IND MDV PAK SRL 41 AND CBD MYA NCB THA VIE 42 BOR BRN JAW LSI MLY MOL NWG PHI SNG SUL SUM 50 AUS 60 FIJ GIL NWC TON VAN 62 GUM MIC MRS PLU
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhizophora candelaria Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 4878 (1832)
= Rhizophora latifolia Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. 324 (1861)
= Rhizophora longissima Blanco; Fl. Filip. [Blanco] 398 (1837), Merr., Interpr. Herb. Amboin. 50 (1917)
= Rhizophora macrorrhiza Griff.; Trans. Med. Soc. Calcutta 8: 8 (1836)
= Rhizophora mangle Roxb.; Hort. Bengal. (36) (1814), nomen, Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 2: (459) (1825)
= Rhizophora mucronata f. reducta Hochr.; Candollea 2: 446 (1925)
= Rhizophora mucronata var. alokii Ragavan; PhytoKeys 52: 96 (2015)
= Rhizophora rugens Ehrenb. ex Schweinf.; Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. [Schweinfurth] 233 (1867)
species :
Rhizophora racemosa G.Mey.; Prim. Fl. Esseq. 185 (1818), et ex Leechm., Kew Bull. 6 (1918), descr. emend.
Distribution: Mauritania; Gambia; Guinea-Bissau; Guinea; Sierra Leone; Liberia; Ivory Coast; Ghana; Togo; Benin; Nigeria; São Tomé; Gabon; Congo [Brazzaville]; Cabinda; W-D.R.Congo [Zaire]; NW-Angola; El Salvador; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Tobago; Trinidad; Colombia (Nariño, Valle); Venezuela (Delta Amacuro, Monagas, Sucre); Guyana; Surinam; French Guiana; Ecuador; N-Brazil (Pará); NE-Brazil (Maranhao)
22 BEN GAM GHA GNB GUI IVO LBR MTN NGA SIE TOG 23 CAB CON GAB SAO ZAI 26 ANG 80 COS ELS HON NIC PAN 81 TRT 82 CLM FRG GUY SUR VEN 83 ECU 84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhizophora mangle var. racemosa (G.Mey.) Engl.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 12(2): 427 (1876)
species :
Rhizophora stylosa Griffith; Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 665 (1854)
Distribution: China (Guangdong, Guangxi); Taiwan; Andaman Isl. (Middle Andamans, South Andamans); Nicobar Isl. (Central Nicobars, Great Nicobar Isl., Little Nicobar Isl.); Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (Langkawi Isl., Melaka, Johor); Singapore; Borneo; Sulawesi; Philippines; Java; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali, etc.); Moluccas; Bismarck Arch.; Solomon Isl.; Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland, New South Wales); New Caledonia; Vanuatu; Fiji; Tuvalu (Nui Atoll); Society Isl. (Raiatea, Tahaa); Palau; Guam; Fed. States of Micronesia (Pohnpei)
36 CHI 38 TAI 41 AND CBD NCB VIE 42 BOR JAW LSI MLY MOL PHI SNG SUL 43 BIS SOL 50 AUS 60 FIJ NWC TUV VAN 61 SCI 62 GUM MIC PLU
Conservation Status: vulnerable (Singapore)
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhizophora aegiceras C.F.Gaertn.; Suppl. Carp. 3: t. 45, t. 1 (1807)
= Rhizophora mucronata var. stylosa (Griff.) Schimp.; Bot. Mitt. Tropen 3: 92 (1891)
species :
Rhizophora ×annamalayana Kathiresan; Environm. Ecol. 17: 501 (1999)
Distribution: India (Tamil Nadu); Lesser Sunda Isl.
40 IND 42 LSI
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhizophora annamalai Kathiresan; Environm. Ecol. 13: 240-241 (1995), nom. illeg.
species :
Rhizophora ×harrisonii Leechm.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1918: 8 (1918)
Distribution: Gambia; Guinea-Bissau; Guinea; Sierra Leone; Liberia; Benin; SW-Nigeria; Cameroon; Bioko Isl. [Fernando Poo]; Principe Isl.; São Tomé; Gabon; NW-Angola; Mexico (Chiapas, Tamaulipas, Veracruz); Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Trinidad; Colombia (Cauca, Chocó, Nariño, Valle); Venezuela (Delta Amacuro, Venezuela Distrito Federal, Monagas, Sucre); Guyana; Surinam; Ecuador; N-Brazil (Pará); NE-Brazil (Maranhao)
22 BEN GAM GNB GUI LBR NGA SIE 23 BIO CMN GAB PRI SAO 26 ANG 79 MEX 80 COS NIC PAN 81 TRT 82 CLM GUY SUR VEN 83 ECU 84 BRA
Remarks: Rhizophora racemosa x mangle
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhizophora brevistyla Salvosa; Nat. Appl. Sci. Bull. Univ. Philipp. 5: 211 (1936)
species :
Rhizophora ×lamarckii Montrouz.; Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci., Sér. 2, 10: 201 (1860)
Distribution: Sri Lanka; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali, Flores); New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea); Bismarck Arch.; Solomon Isl.; Australia (Queensland); New Caledonia; Vanuatu
40 SRL 42 LSI NWG 43 BIS SOL 50 AUS 60 NWC VAN
Remarks: R. stylosa x apiculata
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhizophora ×pachypoda Baill.; Adansonia 11: 309 (1875)
species :
Rhizophora ×selala (Salvoza) Toml.; J. Arnold Arbor. 59(2): 159 (1978)
Distribution: New Caledonia; Vanuatu; Fiji
60 FIJ NWC VAN
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhizophora mucronata var. selala Salvoza; Nat. Appl. Sci. Bull. Univ. Philipp. 5: 219 (1936)
species :
Rhizophora ×tomlinsonii N.C.Duke; Blumea 55(2): 185 (2010)
Distribution: New Caledonia
60 NWC
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.04 (April 17th, 2025)

Covering 356,375 accepted species,
8,782 hybrids, 48,090 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,002,897 synonyms,
in total 1,416,144* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

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