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Ver. 25.02
Feb. 20th, 2025

511.0000 Family Acanthaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 102 (1789) (´Acanthi´), nom. cons.
ca. 192 genera, ca. 5500 spp. Phylogeny: Manzitto-Tripp et al. 2022
Species listed in database: 5493
= Avicenniaceae Miq.; Pl. Preiss. [J.G.C.Lehmann] 1: 353 (1845), nom. cons.
= Justiciaceae Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 60 (1838)
= Mendonciaceae Bremek.; Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. C 56: 540 (1954)
= Meyeniaceae Sreem.; Phytologia 37: 412 (1977)
= Nelsoniaceae (Nees) Sreem.; Phytologia 37: 412 (1977)
= Thunbergiaceae Lilja; Skånes Fl., ed. 2: 979 (1870)
511.4761 Genus Hygrophila R.Br.; Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 479 (1810)
Distribution: pantropics. Species delimitation especially in India and Indochina quite uncertain.
Species listed in database: 75
= Adenosma Nees; Pl. Asiat. Rar. [Wallich] 3: 75 (1832), nom. illeg.
= Asteracantha Nees; Pl. Asiat. Rar. [Wallich] 3: 75 (1832)
= Cardanthera Buch.-Ham. ex Benth.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 67 (1847)
= Eberlea Riddell ex Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 85 (1847)
= Hemiadelphis Nees; Pl. Asiat. Rar. [Wallich] 3: 75 (1832)
= Kita A.Chev.; Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 30: 266 (1950)
= Nomaphila Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 804 (1826)
= Oryzetes Salisb.; Monthly Rev. 86: 304 (1818)
= Physichilus Nees; Compan. Bot. Mag. 2: 310 (1836)
= Plaesianthera (C.B.Clarke) Livera; Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Peradeniya) 9: 196 (1924)
= Polyechma Hochst.; Flora (Regensburg) 24: 376 (1841)
= Santapaua N.P.Balakr. & Subr.; J. Indian Bot. Soc. 42: 411 (1963)
= Synnema Benth.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 10: 538 (1846)
= Tenoria Dehnh. & Giord.; Cat. Pl. Hort. Camald. ed. 2, 24 (1829)
species :
Hygrophila abyssinica (Hochst. ex Nees) T.Anderson; J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 7: 22 (1864)
Distribution: Ivory Coast; Ghana; Togo; Nigeria; Cameroon; Central African Republic; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; SW-Chad; Sudan; South Sudan; Ethiopia; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Namibia (incl. Caprivi Strip); Botswana
22 GHA IVO NGA TOG 23 CAF CMN ZAI 24 CHA ETH SSU SUD 25 TAN 26 ANG MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 BOT NAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Cardanthera justicioides S.Moore; J. Bot. 18: 6 (1880)
= Dyschoriste tenera Lindau; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 22: 116 (1895)
= Hemigraphis abyssinica (Hochst. ex Nees) C.B.Clarke; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 5: 58 (1899)
= Hemigraphis justicioides (S.Moore) C.B.Clarke; (1899)
= Hemigraphis prunelloides S.Moore; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 37: 459 (1906)
= Hemigraphis tenera (Lindau) C.B.Clarke; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 5: 58 (1899)
= Hygrophila angolensis (S.Moore) Heine; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 11(4): 657 (1971 publ. 1972)
= Hygrophila hygrophiloides (Lindau) Heine; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 11(4): 659 (1971 publ. 1972)
= Hygrophila prunelloides (S.Moore) Heine; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 11(4): 659 (1971 publ. 1972)
= Hygrophila tenera (Lindau) Heine; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 11(4): 659 (1971 publ. 1972)
= Polyechma abyssinicum Hochst. ex Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 83 (1847)
= Synnema abyssinicum (Hochst. ex Nees) Bremek.; Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 41(1): 136 (1944)
= Synnema angolense S.Moore; J. Bot. 47: 293 (1909)
= Synnema hygrophiloides Lindau; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 43: 349 (1909)
= Synnema prunelloides (S.Moore) Bremek.; Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch, Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 41: No. 1,140 (1944)
= Synnema tenerum (Lindau) Bremek.; Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch, Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 41: No. 1,141 (1944)
species :
Hygrophila acinos (S.Moore) Heine; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 11(4): 657 (1971 publ. 1972)
Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Namibia; Botswana
23 ZAI 26 MLW ZAM ZIM 27 BOT NAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Hygrophila bequaertii De Wild.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 194 (1914)
= Hygrophila bequaertii var. elliptica De Wild.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 194 (1914)
= Hygrophila bequaertii var. reducta De Wild.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 194 (1914)
= Hygrophila pilosa Burkill; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 5: 35 (1899), nom. illeg.
= Synnema acinos S.Moore; J. Bot. 46: 73 (1908)
species :
Hygrophila acutangula Nees ex Mart.; Flora (Regensburg) 24(2. Beibl.): 25 (1841)
Distribution: SE-Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Hygrophila oblongifolia Nees; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 9: 21 (1847), nom. illeg.
species :
Hygrophila africana (T.Anderson) Heine; Kew Bull. 16: 176 (1962)
Distribution: Mali; Burkina Faso; Ghana; Nigeria; Cameroon; Central African Republic; SW-Chad; South Sudan; Tanzania
22 BKN GHA MLI NGA 23 CAF CMN 24 CHA SSU 25 TAN
Synonyms: hidden
= Adenosma africana T.Anderson; J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 7: 21 (1863)
= Cardanthera africana (T.Anderson) Benth. & Hook.f.; Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 2: 1075 (1876)
= Cardanthera africana var. schweinfurthii S.Moore; J. Bot. 18: 7 (1880)
= Hemigraphis schweinfurthii (S.Moore) C.B.Clarke; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 5: 58 (1899)
= Synnema africanum (T.Anderson) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 500 (1891)
= Synnema schweinfurthii (S.Moore) Bremek.; Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 41(1): 141 (1944)
species :
Hygrophila albobracteata Vollesen; Fl. Trop. E. Africa, Acanth. (Part 1) 173 (2008)
Distribution: Tanzania; Zambia
25 TAN 26 ZAM
species :
Hygrophila angustifolia R.Br.; Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 479 (1810)
Distribution: Lesser Sunda Isl.; New Guinea (Papua New Guinea); Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland, New South Wales); New Zealand [I] (North Isl. [I])
42 LSI NWG 50 AUS 51 nzl
Synonyms: hidden
= Hygrophila salicifolia var. angustifolia (R.Br.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 491 (1891)
species :
Hygrophila anisocalyx Benoist; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 8: 135 (1939)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
species :
Hygrophila anomala (Blatt.) M.R.Almeida; Fl. Maharashtra 4A: 48 (2003)
Distribution: S-India (Maharashtra)
40 IND
Conservation Status: Critically endangered
Synonyms: hidden
= Cardanthera anomala Blatt.; J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, n. s. 26: 350 (1930 publ. 1931)
= Synnema anomalum (Blatt.) Raizada; Indian Forester 94: 451 (1968)
species :
Hygrophila asteracanthoides Lindau; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 20: 6 (1894)
Distribution: Ethiopia; Eritrea; Kenya
24 ERI ETH 25 KEN
Synonyms: hidden
= Hydrophila steudneri Penz.; nomen
species :
Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine; Kew Bull. 16: 172 (1962)
Distribution: Mauritania; Senegal; Gambia; Guinea-Bissau; Guinea; Mali; Burkina Faso; Ivory Coast; Ghana; Togo; Benin; Nigeria; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Sudan; South Sudan; Ethiopia; Eritrea; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Namibia; South Africa (Mpulamanga, KwaZulu-Natal); Eswatini [Swaziland]; Pakistan (Jhelum); Nepal; India (Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Darnan, Diu, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Myanmar (Bago, Shan); Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia; Singapore [I]
22 BEN BKN GAM GHA GNB GUI IVO MLI MTN NGA SEN TOG 23 CAF CMN 24 CHA ERI ETH SSU SUD 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 ANG MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 NAM SAF SWZ 40 BAN IND NEP PAK SRL 41 MYA VIE 42 MLY sng
Synonyms: hidden
= Asteracantha auriculata Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 248 (1847)
= Asteracantha lindaviana De Wild. & T.Durand; Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique, Compt.-Rend. 38: 100 (1899)
= Asteracantha longifolia (L.) Nees; Pl. Asiat. Rar. [Wallich] 3: 90 (1832)
= Asteracantha macracantha Hochst. ex A.Rich.; Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 146 (1850)
= Bahel schulli Buch.-Ham.; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 14: 289 (1824), nom. superfl.
= Barleria auriculata Schumach.; Beskr. Guin. Pl. [Schumacher] 285 (1827)
= Barleria cornigera Very ex Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 248 (1847), pro syn.
= Barleria glabrata Vahl ex Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 248 (1847)
= Barleria hexacantha Bertol.; Ann. Storia Nat. 9: 445 (1833)
= Barleria hexacantha Moris; Mem. Reale Accad. Sci. Torino 36: 200 (1833)
= Barleria longiflora L.; Cent. Pl. II: 22 (1756) (non Hygrophila longifolia Nees 1847)
= Barleria macracantha R.Br.; Voy. Abyss. [Salt] App. 4: 64 (1814)
= Barleria spinosa Hook. ex Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 247 (1847), pro syn.
= Hygrophila auriculata var. alba (Parmar) P.M.Salim, J.Mathew & Yohannan; Annals Pl. Sci. 6. 1: 1500 (2017)
= Hygrophila lindaviana (De Wild. & T.Durand) Burkill; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 5: 509 (1900)
= Hygrophila longifolia (L.) Kurz; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 39: 78 (1870), nom. illeg.
= Hygrophila schulli (Buch.-Ham.) M.R.Almeida & S.M.Almeida; J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 83(Suppl.): 221 (1987)
= Hygrophila schulli var. alba Parmar; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 32(1): 149 (2008)
= Hygrophila spinosa T.Anderson; J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 7: 22 (1864)
= Ruellia longifolia (L.) Roxb.; Hort. Bengal. 46 (1814), nomen, Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 3: 50 (1832)
= Tenoria undulata Dehnh.; Cat. Horti Camald., ed. 2: 24 (1832)
species :
Hygrophila balsamica (L.f.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 66 (1838)
Distribution: India (Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, West Bengal); Sri Lanka
40 IND SRL
Synonyms: hidden
= Adenosma balsamica (L.f.) Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 2: 829 (1825) (balsamea)
= Adenosma verticillata Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 69 (1832)
= Blepharacanthus verticillata (Nees) Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 209 (1840)
= Cardanthera balsamica (L.f.) Benth. ex C.B.Clarke; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 404 (1884)
= Cardanthera verticillata (Nees) Benth. ex C.B.Clarke; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 405 (1884)
= Hygrophila verticillata (Nees) E.Hossain; Bangladesh J. Bot. 3: 48 (1974), nom. illeg.
= Ruellia balsamica L.f.; Suppl. Pl. 289 (1782)
= Synnema balsamicum (L.f.) Alston; Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: Suppl., 224 (1931)
= Synnema barbigera Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 500 (1891)
= Synnema verticillatum (Nees) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 500 (1891)
species :
Hygrophila barbata (Nees) T.Anderson; J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 7: 22 (1864)
Distribution: Senegal; Guinea-Bissau; Guinea; Sierra Leone; Mali
22 GNB GUI MLI SEN SIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Physichilus barbatus Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 82 (1847)
species :
Hygrophila baronii S.Moore; J. Bot. 44: 151 (1906)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
species :
Hygrophila biplicata (Nees) Sreem.; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 10: 223 (1969)
Distribution: Myanmar; Vietnam
41 MYA VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Adenosma biplicata Nees; Pl. Asiat. Rar. [Wallich] 3: 79 (1832)
= Cardanthera avana (Benth.) C.B.Clarke; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 405 (1884)
= Hygrophila avana (Benth.) E.Hossain; Bangladesh J. Bot. 3: 48 (1974)
= Hygrophila biplicata (Nees) Heine; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 11(4): 658 (1971 publ. 1972), isonym
= Synnema avanum Benth.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 10: 538 (1846)
= Synnema biplicatum (Nees) J.B.Imlay; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1939: 111 (1939)
species :
Hygrophila borellii (Lindau) Heine; Kew Bull. 16: 176 (1962)
Distribution: Guinea-Bissau; Ghana; ?Togo; Benin; Nigeria
22 BEN GHA GNB NGA
Synonyms: hidden
= Brillantaisia borellii Lindau; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 33: 186 (1902)
= Synnema borellii (Lindau) Benoist; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 60: 330 (1913)
= Synnema diffusum J.K.Morton; J. W. African Sci. Assoc. 2: 67 (1956)
species :
Hygrophila brevituba (Burkill) Heine; Kew Bull. 16: 176 (1962)
Distribution: Senegal; Guinea; Mali; Ivory Coast; Ghana; Togo; Benin; Nigeria; Cameroon
22 BEN GHA GUI IVO MLI NGA SEN TOG 23 CMN
Synonyms: hidden
= Cardanthera brevituba (Burkill) Turrill; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1914: 82 (1914)
= Cardanthera parviflora Turrill; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1914: 82 (1914)
= Synnema brevitubum Burkill; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 5: 30 (1899)
species :
Hygrophila caerulea (Hochst.) T.Anderson; J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 7: 22 (1864)
Distribution: Sudan; South Sudan
24 SSU SUD
Synonyms: hidden
= Polyechma caeruleum Hochst.; Flora (Regensburg) 24: 377 (1841)
= Hygrophila coerulea Martelli; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 20: 390 (1888)
species :
Hygrophila cataractae S.Moore; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 37: 459 (1906)
Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique
23 ZAI 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM
Synonyms: hidden
= Hygrophila rhodesiae Lindau; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 43: 350 (1909)
species :
Hygrophila chevalieri Benoist; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 61: Mem. 8, 278 (1914 publ. 1917)
Distribution: Senegal; Mali
22 MLI SEN
Conservation Status: IUCN R
species :
Hygrophila ciliata (T.Anderson) Burkill; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 5: 35 (1900)
Distribution: Congo [Brazzaville]
23 CON
Synonyms: hidden
= Nomaphila ciliata T.Anderson; J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 7: 21 (1864)
species :
Hygrophila ciliibractea Bremek.; Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 42: 388 (1948)
Distribution: Sulawesi
42 SUL
species :
Hygrophila corymbosa (Blume) Lindau; Fragm. Fl. Philipp. [Perkins] 38 (1904)
Name: Starhorn, Stiff Beargrass
Distribution: Myanmar; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia; Sulawesi; Palawan; Philippines (Luzon, Samar, Mindanao); Moluccas; USA [I] (Texas [I], Florida [I])
41 CBD MYA VIE 42 MLY MOL PHI PLW SUL 77 usa 78 usa
Synonyms: hidden
= Cryptophragmium axillare Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 96 (1847)
= Echinacanthus brugmansianus Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 168 (1847)
= Echinacanthus javanicus Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 489 (1891)
= Hygrophila stricta (Vahl) Lindau; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 3b: 297 (1895), nom. illeg.
= Justicia roxburghiana Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 722 (1847), nom. inval.
= Justicia stricta Vahl; Symb. Bot. [Vahl] 2: 6 (1791)
= Nomaphila corymbosa Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 804 (1826)
= Nomaphila minor C.B.Clarke; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 74: 648 (1908)
= Nomaphila siamensis C.B.Clarke; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 5: 716 (1905)
= Nomaphila stricta (Vahl) Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 84 (1847)
= Nomaphila stricta var. hirtisepala Bremek.; Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 45(2): 15 (1948)
= Nomaphila stricta var. tomentosa Bremek.; Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 45(2): 15 (1948)
= Ruellia paniculata B.Heyne ex C.B.Clarke; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 409 (1884)
species :
Hygrophila costata Nees; Nees & Sinning, Amoen. Bot. Bonn. 2: 7, t. 3 (1824)
Name: Yerba de hicotea, Gulf swampweed
Distribution: USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas); Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Guerrero, Veracruz); Guatemala; Belize; El Salvador; Honduras; Nicaragua; Panama; Jamaica; Dominican Republic; Haiti; Puerto Rico; Trinidad; Colombia (Antioquia, Caldas, Cauca, Chocó, Cundinamarca, Magdalena, Meta, Nariño, Putumayo, Santander, Tolima, Valle); Venezuela (Anzoategui, Aragua, Bolívar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Venezuela Distrito Federal, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Monagas, Portuguesa, Sucre, Tachira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, Zulia); Guyana; Surinam; French Guiana; Ecuador; Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba, La Paz, Santa Cruz); N-Brazil (Acre); NE-Brazil (Ceara, Bahia); WC-Brazil (Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul); SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais, Espirito Santo, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro); S-Brazil (Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina); Paraguay (Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazu, Caazapa, Canindeyu, Central, Cordillera, Guaira, Itapua, Misiones, Paraguari, San Pedro); Uruguay (Rivera); N-Argentina (Buenos Aires, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Formosa, Misiones, Salta, Santa Fe, Tucuman)
77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX 80 BLZ ELS GUA HON NIC PAN 81 HIS JAM PUE TRT 82 CLM FRG GUY SUR VEN 83 BOL ECU 84 BRA 85 ARG PAR URU
Synonyms: hidden
= Calophanes cubensis A.Rich.; Hist. Fis. Cuba 11: 160 (1850)
= Dipteracanthus brasiliensis (Spreng.) C.Presl; Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Ser. 5, 3: 528 (1845)
= Eberlea glomerata Riddell ex Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 86 (1847)
= Ecbolium lithospermifolium (Vahl) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 980 (1891)
= Hygrophila angusta Huber; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 1: 324 (1901)
= Hygrophila atricheta Bridar.; Notas Mus. La Plata, Bot. 13: 79 (1948)
= Hygrophila brasiliensis (Spreng.) Lindau; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 2: 183 (1900), nom. illeg.
= Hygrophila brasiliensis Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 4(2) (Cur. Post.): 237 (1827)
= Hygrophila conferta Nees; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 9: 21 (1847)
= Hygrophila conferta var. rubricaulis Nees; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 9: 21 (1847)
= Hygrophila costata var. angustifolia Nees; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 9: 22 (1847), et Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 88 (1847)
= Hygrophila costata var. aucta Nees; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 9: 23 (1847), et Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 88 (1847)
= Hygrophila costata var. strobilantha Nees; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 9: 23 (1847)
= Hygrophila guianensis Nees ex Benth.; London J. Bot. 4: 634 (1845)
= Hygrophila guianensis var. angustior Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 86 (1847)
= Hygrophila helodes Nees; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 9: 23 (1847)
= Hygrophila helodes var. multiflora Nees; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 9: 24 (1847)
= Hygrophila hispida Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 87 (1847)
= Hygrophila lacustris (Cham. & Schltdl.) Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 86 (1847)
= Hygrophila latifolia Nees; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 9: 24 (1847)
= Hygrophila longifolia Nees; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 9: 21 (1847), nom. illeg.
= Hygrophila longifolia var. hirsutior Nees; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 9: 21 (1847), nom. illeg.
= Hygrophila portoricensis Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 92 (1847)
= Hygrophila pubescens Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 88 (1847)
= Hygrophila pubescens var. atricheta (Bridar.) G.Dawson; Fl. Prov. Buenos Aires 4(5): 320 (1965)
= Hygrophila rivularis (Schltdl.) Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 87 (1847)
= Hygrophila verticillata (Spreng.) Herter; Revista Sudamer. Bot. 7: 231 (1943)
= Justicia costata Mart. ex Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 87, 432 (1847)
= Justicia lithospermifolia Vahl; Enum. Pl. [Vahl] 1: 151 (1804)
= Justicia marrubiastrum Blanch. ex Nees; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 9: 22 (1847)
= Ruellia brasiliensis Mart. ex Nees; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 9: 29 (1847), nom. inval.
= Ruellia brasiliensis Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 2: 822 (1825)
= Ruellia filicifolia Salzm. ex Nees; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 9: 22 (1847), nom. inval.
= Ruellia hispida Rich. ex Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 87 (1847), pro syn.
= Ruellia justiciiflora Hook.; Compan. Bot. Mag. 1: 176 (1836)
= Ruellia lacustris Schltdl. & Cham.; Linnaea 5: 96 (1830)
= Ruellia rivularis Schltdl.; Linnaea 7: 396 (1832)
= Ruellia salicifolia Bertero ex Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 92 (1847), nom. inval.
= Ruellia salicifolia Salzm. ex Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 88 (1847), nom. inval.
= Ruellia verticillata Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 2: 822 (1825)
= Ruellia verticilliflora Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 2: 483 (1841)
= Synnema verticillatum Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 500 (1891)
= Zahlbrucknera conferta Pohl ex Nees; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 9: 21 (1847)
= Zahlbrucknera longifolia Pohl ex Nees; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 9: 21 (1847)
= Zahlbrucknera micrantha Pohl ex Nees; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 9: 22 (1847)
= Zahlbrucknera oblongifolia Pohl ex Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 86 (1847)
species :
Hygrophila didynama (Lindau) Heine; Kew Bull. 16: 178 (1962)
Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Tanzania; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe
23 ZAI 25 TAN 26 MLW ZAM ZIM
Synonyms: hidden
= Brillantaisia didynama Lindau; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 24: 313 (1897)
= Hygrophila gigas Burkill; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 5: 36 (1899)
= Hygrophila gilletii De Wild.; Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., Sér. 5, 1: 314 (1906)
species :
Hygrophila difformis (L.f.) Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 804 (1826)
Distribution: Nepal; India (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Kerala, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal); Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Myanmar (Bago); peninsular Malaysia
40 BAN IND NEP SRL 41 MYA 42 MLY
Synonyms: hidden
= Adenosma triflora Roxb. ex Nees; Pl. Asiat. Rar. [Wallich] 3: 79 (1832)
= Adenosma uliginosa (L.f.) Nees; R. Br. Verm. Schrift. 3: 298 (1827)
= Cardanthera difformis (L.f.) Druce; Rep. Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 612 (1917)
= Cardanthera glutinosa Buch.-Ham. ex Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 68 (1847)
= Cardanthera triflora (Roxb. ex Nees) Buch.-Ham.; Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 482 (1845) ex Nees, Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 68 (1847) ex C. B. Clarke, Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 405 (1884)
= Cardanthera uliginosa (L.f.) Buch.-Ham.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 69 (1847)
= Cardanthera uliginosa (L.f.) Buch.-Ham. ex Benth.; Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 2: 1074 (1876)
= Cardanthera uliginosa var. birbhumensis Guha; Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 21: 47 (1967)
= Hygrophila difformis (L.f.) E.Hossain; Bangladesh J. Bot. 3(1): 48 (1974), isonym
= Hygrophila difformis (L.f.) Sreem. & Bennet; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 10: 222 (1969), isonym
= Hygrophila heinei Sreem.; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 10: 223 (1969), nom. nov.
= Hygrophila heinei var. birbhumensis (Guha) H.B.Naithani & S.Biswas; Fl. Pl. India, Nepal & Bhutan 333 (1990)
= Hygrophila helodes Heine; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 11(4): 658 (1971 publ. 1972). nom. nov. (non Nees)
= Hygrophila pseudopolysperma E.Hossain; Bangladesh J. Bot. 3(1): 48 (1974), nom. nov. superfl.
= Hygrophila triflora (Nees) Fosberg & Sachet; Baileya 21: 147 (1981)
= Ruellia difformis L.f.; Suppl. Pl. 289 (1782)
= Ruellia obovata Buch.-Ham.; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 14: 292 (1824), nom. illeg.
= Ruellia tanacetifolia Vahl ex Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 68 (1847), nom. inval.
= Ruellia triflora (Nees) Roxb.; Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 3: 52 (1832)
= Ruellia uliginosa L.f.; Suppl. Pl. 290 (1782), non S. Moore 1880
= Ruellia uliginosa Mart. ex Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 68 (1847), nom. inval.
= Synnema triflorum (Nees) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 500 (1891)
= Synnema uliginosum (L.f.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 500 (1891)
species :
Hygrophila episcopalis (Benoist) Benoist; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 4: 644 (1935)
Distribution: Cambodia; Vietnam
41 CBD VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Nomaphila episcopalis Benoist; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 81: 600 (1934)
species :
Hygrophila erecta (Burm.f.) Hochr.; Candollea 5: 230 (1934)
Distribution: Mauritius [I]; China (Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan); India (widespread); Bangladesh; Andaman Isl. (South Andamans, Little Andaman Isl.); Nicobar Isl. (Car Nicobar Isl., North Nicobars, Central Nicobars, Great Nicobar Isl., Little Nicobar Isl.); Myanmar (Bago, Mandalay, Taninthayi, Yangon); Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (Penang Isl.); Sulawesi; Philippines; [Western] Samoa [I] (´Upolu [I])
29 mau 36 CHI 40 BAN IND 41 AND CBD LAO MYA NCB VIE 42 MLY PHI SUL 60 sam
Remarks: often included in H. ringens s. l.
Synonyms: hidden
= Calophanes crenatus Schinz; Bull. Herb. Boissier 3: 415 (1895)
= Calophanes depressus (Nees) T.Anderson; Enum. Pl. Zeyl. [Thwaites] 225 (1860)
= Dyschoriste cernua Nees; Pl. Asiat. Rar. [Wallich] 3: 81 (1832)
= Dyschoriste depressa Nees; Pl. Asiat. Rar. [Wallich] 3: 81 (1832)
= Dyschoriste erecta (Burm.f.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 485 (1891)
= Dyschoriste mysorensis (Klein ex Schult.) M.R.Almeida; Fl. Maharashtra 4A: 32 (2003)
= Hygrophila bengalensis S.K.Mandal, A.R.Bhattacharjee & Nayek; J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 94(3): 546 (1997)
= Hygrophila phlomoides var. roxburghii C.B.Clarke; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 408 (1884)
= Justicia meysorensis Klein ex Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 106 (1847), orth. var.
= Justicia mysorensis Klein ex Schult.; Mant. 1 [Schultes] 146 (1822)
= Ruellia bracteata Willd. ex Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 155 (1847), nom. inval.
= Ruellia cernua B.Heyne ex Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 2380 (1830), nom. inval.
= Ruellia commutata Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 2: 481 (1841), nom. inval.
= Ruellia depressa Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 2379 (1830), nom. inval.
= Ruellia erecta Burm.f.; Fl. Ind. [N.L.Burman] Prodr. Pl. Cap. 135, t. 41, f. 3 (1768)
= Ruellia neglecta Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 2: 482 (1841)
= Ruellia repens Burm.f.; Fl. Ind. [N.L.Burman] Prodr. Pl. Cap. t. 41, f. 2 (1768), nom. illeg., non L.
= Ruellia salicifolia Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 2374 B (1830), nom. inval.
= Ruellia setigera Wight ex Nees; Pl. Asiat. Rar. [Wallich] 3: 81 (1832), nom. inval.
species :
Hygrophila glandulifera Nees; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 9: 22 (1847)
Distribution: WC-Brazil (Mato Grosso)
84 BRA
species :
Hygrophila gossweileri (S.Moore) Heine; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 11(4): 658 (1971 publ. 1972)
Distribution: Angola
26 ANG
Synonyms: hidden
= Synnema gossweileri S.Moore; J. Bot. 47: 293 (1909)
species :
Hygrophila gracillima (Schinz) Burkill; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 5: 36 (1900)
Distribution: NE-Namibia
27 NAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Nomophila gracillima Schinz; Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 31: 196 (1890)
species :
Hygrophila griffithii (T.Anderson) Sreem.; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 10: 222 (1969)
Distribution: India (Assam, West Bengal); Myanmar
40 IND 41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Adenosma griffithii T.Anderson; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 454 (1867)
= Cardanthera griffithii (T.Anderson) Benth. ex C.B.Clarke; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 404 (1884)
= Hygrophila griffithii (Benth. ex C.B.Clarke) Heine; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 11(4): 658 (1971 publ. 1972), isonym
= Hygrophila griffithii (T.Anderson) E.Hossain; Bangladesh J. Bot. 3(1): 48 (1974), isonym
= Synnema griffithii (T.Anderson) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 500 (1891)
species :
Hygrophila hippuroides Lindau; Wiss. Ergebn. Schwed. Rhodesia-Kongo-Exped. 1911-1912: 1: 304 (1916)
Distribution: Tanzania; Zambia
25 TAN 26 ZAM
species :
Hygrophila hirsuta Nees; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 9: 24 (1847)
Distribution: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
84 BRA
species :
Hygrophila humistrata Rizzini; Dusenia 7: 300 (1956)
Distribution: WC-Brazil (Goiás)
84 BRA
species :
Hygrophila incana Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 91 (1847)
Distribution: Bangladesh; Laos; Vietnam
40 BAN 41 LAO VIE
Remarks: status uncertain, maybe a synonym of H. ringens
Synonyms: hidden
= Ruellia hirsuta Roxb.; Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 3: 51 (1832), nom. illeg.
= Ruellia incana B.Heyne ex C.B.Clarke; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 408 (1884), nom. inval.
= Ruellia mollissima Klein ex Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 91 (1847), nom. inval.
species :
Hygrophila intermedia J.B.Imlay; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1939: 111 (1939)
Distribution: Thailand
41 THA
species :
Hygrophila laevis (Nees) Lindau; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 3b: 297 (1895)
Distribution: Senegal; Guinea; Mali; Ghana; Benin; Congo [Brazzaville]; SE-Chad
22 BEN GHA GUI MLI SEN 23 CON 24 CHA
Synonyms: hidden
= Hygrophila stagnalis Benoist; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 56, Mém. 8: 277 (1914 publ. 1917)
= Kita gracilis A.Chev.; Rev. Int. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 30: 267 (1950)
= Kita laevis (Nees) A.Chev.; Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 30: 266 (1950)
= Nomaphila laevis Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 85 (1847)
species :
Hygrophila limnophiloides (S.Moore) Heine; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 11(4): 659 (1971 publ. 1972)
Distribution: Angola
26 ANG
Synonyms: hidden
= Synnema limnophiloides S.Moore; J. Bot. 51: 211 (1913)
species :
Hygrophila linearis Burkill; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 5: 35 (1899)
Distribution: Cameroon; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia; Zimbabwe; Botswana
23 CMN ZAI 25 TAN 26 ANG ZAM ZIM 27 BOT
species :
Hygrophila madurensis (N.P.Balakr. & Subram.) Karthik. & Moorthy; Fl. Pl. India 22 (2009)
Distribution: S-India (Tamil Nadu)
40 IND
Synonyms: hidden
= Santapaua madurensis N.P.Bala & D.Subram.J.Indian Bot.Soc.42 411 (1964)
species :
Hygrophila mediatrix Heine; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 11(4): 653 (1971 publ. 1972)
Distribution: Cameroon; S-Chad
23 CMN 24 CHA
Conservation Status: IUCN EN (Cameroon)
species :
Hygrophila meianthus C.B.Clarke; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 74(2): 645 (1908)
Distribution: peninsular Malaysia (Melaka); Singapore [I]
42 MLY sng
species :
Hygrophila micrantha (Nees) T.Anderson; J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 7: 22 (1864)
Distribution: Mauritania; Senegal; Gambia; Guinea-Bissau; Guinea; Mali; Burkina Faso; Ivory Coast; Ghana; Benin; Nigeria; Central African Republic; S-Chad
22 BEN BKN GAM GHA GNB GUI IVO MLI MTN NGA SEN 23 CAF 24 CHA
Conservation Status: IUCN R
Synonyms: hidden
= Hygrophila senegalensis (Nees) T.Anderson; J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 7: 22 (1864)
= Hygrophila tumbuctuensis A.Chev.; Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Sér. 2, 4: 586 (1932)
= Physichilus senegalensis f. macer Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 82 (1847)
= Physichilus senegalensis Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 81 (1847)
= Polyechma micranthum Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 83 (1847)
species :
Hygrophila modesta Benoist; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 109: 129 (1962)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
species :
Hygrophila mutica (C.B.Clarke) Vollesen; Fl. Zambes. 8(5): 113 (2013)
Distribution: Zimbabwe
26 ZIM
Synonyms: hidden
= Hygrophila rhodesiana S.Moore; J. Bot. 201 (1900)
= Ruelliopsis mutica C.B.Clarke; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 5: 59 (1899)
species :
Hygrophila niokoloensis Berhaut; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 101: 374 (1955)
Distribution: Senegal; Guinea; Mali; Burkina Faso; Nigeria; S-Chad
22 BKN GUI MLI NGA SEN 24 CHA
species :
Hygrophila odora (Nees) T.Anderson; J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 7: 22 (1864)
Distribution: Mauritania; Senegal; Gambia; Guinea-Bissau; Guinea; Sierra Leone; Liberia; Mali; Burkina Faso; Ivory Coast
22 BKN GAM GNB GUI IVO LBR MLI MTN SEN SIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Polyechma odorum Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 83 (1847)
species :
Hygrophila okavangensis P.G.Mey.; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 2: 169 (1956)
Distribution: Namibia
27 NAM
species :
Hygrophila origanoides (Lindau) Heine; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 11(4): 659 (1971 publ. 1972)
Distribution: Central African Republic
23 CAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Hemigraphis origanoides Lindau; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 43: 351 (1909)
= Synnema origanoides (Lindau) Bremek.; Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch, Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 41(1): 139 (1944)
species :
Hygrophila palmensis Pires de Lima; Bol. Soc. Brot., Sér. 2, 2: 149 (1924)
Distribution: Angola
26 ANG
Remarks: provisionally accepted name, status uncertain
species :
Hygrophila paraibana Rizzini; Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, Bot., No. 8, 24 (1947)
Distribution: NE-Brazil (Paraíba)
84 BRA
species :
Hygrophila parishii (T.Anderson) Karthik. & Moorthy; Fl. Pl. India 22 (2009)
Distribution: India (Madhya Pradesh); Myanmar (Bago, Mon, Taninthayi)
40 IND 41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Nomaphila parishii T.Anderson; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 455 (1867)
= Nomaphila pubescens Kurz; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 40(2): 74 (1871)
species :
Hygrophila perrieri Benoist; Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 27: 198 (1921)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
species :
Hygrophila petiolata (Decne.) Lindau; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 3b: 297 (1895)
Distribution: Lesser Sunda Isl. (Timor)
42 LSI
Synonyms: hidden
= Nomaphila nodosa Zipp. ex Span.; Linnaea 15: 329 (1841)
= Nomaphila petiolata Decne.; Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 3: 387 (1834)
species :
Hygrophila phlomoides (Wall.) Nees; Pl. Asiat. Rar. [Wallich] 3: 80 (1832)
Distribution: S-China (Yunnan, Sichuan); NE-India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, etc.); Bangladesh; Myanmar; Thailand; Laos; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia; ?Philippines
36 CHI 40 BAN IND 41 LAO MYA THA VIE 42 MLY
Remarks: status uncertain, maybe a synonym of H. ringens
Synonyms: hidden
= Hygrophila phlomoides var. angusta Ridl.; Fl. Malay Penins. 2: 567 (1923)
= Cardanthera longifolia Buch.-Ham. ex Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 90 (1847)
= Hygrophila obovata Griff.; Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 134 (1854), nom. illeg.
= Ruellia phlomoides Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 2376 (1830), nomen
species :
Hygrophila pinnatifida (Dalzell) Sreem.; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 10: 222 (1969)
Distribution: India (Karnataka, Maharashtra)
40 IND
Conservation Status: IUCN I
Synonyms: hidden
= Adenosma pinnatifida (Dalzell) T.Anderson; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 455 (1867)
= Cardanthera pinnatifida (Dalzell) Benth.; Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 2(2): 1074 (1876)
= Cardanthera pinnatifida (Dalzell) Benth. ex C.B.Clarke; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 405 (1884)
= Hygrophila pinnatifida (Dalzell) E.Hossain; Bangladesh J. Bot. 3(1): 48 (1974), isonym
= Hygrophila pinnatifida (Dalzell) Heine; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 11(4): 659 (1971 publ. 1972), isonym
= Nomaphila pinnatifida Dalzell; Hooker´s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: 38 (1851)
= Synnema pinnatifidum (Dalzell) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 500 (1891)
species :
Hygrophila pobeguinii Benoist; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 2: 339 (1913)
Distribution: Senegal; Guinea-Bissau; Guinea; Mali; Burkina Faso; Ivory Coast; Ghana; Benin; Nigeria; Gabon; Equatorial Guinea; Congo [Brazzaville]; Central African Republic; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; SW-Chad; Ethiopia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Zambia; Malawi; Mozambique; Botswana
22 BEN BKN GHA GNB GUI IVO MLI NGA SEN 23 CAF CON EQG GAB ZAI 24 CHA ETH 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 MLW MOZ ZAM 27 BOT
Synonyms: hidden
= Hygrophila nyassica Gilli; Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 77: 51 (1973)
= Hygrophila vanderystii S.Moore; J. Bot. 58: 46 (1920)
species :
Hygrophila pogonocalyx Hayata; Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9: 81 (1920)
Distribution: Taiwan
38 TAI
Conservation Status: IUCN E
species :
Hygrophila polysperma (Roxb.) T.Anderson; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 456 (1867)
Name: Indian swampweed (EN)
Distribution: Germany [I]; Hungary [I]; +Afghanistan; China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan); Pakistan (Sind, Waziristan, Pakistani Punjab); Nepal; Bhutan; India (throughout); Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Myanmar (Mon); Laos; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (Melaka); USA [I] (Florida [I], Texas [I], Virginia [I])
11 ger hun 34 AFG 36 CHI 40 BAN BHU IND NEP PAK SRL 41 LAO MYA VIE 42 MLY 77 usa 78 usa
Synonyms: hidden
= Adenosma polysperma (Roxb.) Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 2: 829 (1825)
= Hemiadelphis polysperma (Roxb.) Nees; Pl. Asiat. Rar. [Wallich] 3: 80 (1832)
= Hemiadelphis polysperma var. joshiana Prak.Rao & S.N.Biswas; Indian Forester 94: 657 (1968)
= Hemigraphis tonkinensis Lindau; Bull. Herb. Boissier 5: 649 (1897)
= Hygrophila polysperma f. albiflora Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 490 (1891)
= Justicia polysperma Roxb.; Hort. Bengal. 3 (1814), nomen
= Ruellia polysperma (Roxb.) Roth; Nov. Pl. Sp. 305 (1821)
= Ruellia uliginosa Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 2378 (1830), nom. inval.
species :
Hygrophila pusilla Blume ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 783 (1840)
Distribution: Andaman Isl. (Little Andaman Isl.); peninsular Malaysia (Kelantan, Pahan, Johor); Moluccas; New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea)
41 AND 42 MLY MOL NWG
Synonyms: hidden
= Hygrophila pusilla Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 804 (1826)
species :
Hygrophila radicans (Nees) Benoist; Fl. Madagasc., Fam. 182: 32 (1967)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Polyechma radicans Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 83 (1847)
species :
Hygrophila richardsiae Vollesen; Fl. Trop. E. Africa, Acanth. (Part 1) 178 (2008)
Distribution: Tanzania
25 TAN
species :
Hygrophila ringens (L.) R.Br.; Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 479 (1810) ex Steud., Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 783 (1821)
Distribution: China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hongkong, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); Ryukyu Isl.; Taiwan; Nepal; Bhutan; India (throughout); Maldives; Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Andaman Isl. (North Andamans, Middle Andamans, South Andamans, Little Andaman Isl.); Nicobar Isl. (Car Nicobar Isl.); Myanmar (Taninthayi, Bago, Mandalay, Yangon); Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia; Singapore [I]; Borneo; Sulawesi; Philippines (Luzon); Lesser Sunda Isl.; Moluccas; New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea); Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory)
36 CHI 38 JAP KOR NKO NNS TAI 40 BAN BHU IND MDV NEP SRL 41 AND CBD LAO MYA NCB THA VIE 42 BOR LSI MLY MOL NWG PHI sng SUL 50 AUS
Remarks: H. erecta, H. phlomoides and H. incana are often included here
Synonyms: hidden
= Dipteracanthus ringens (L.) Abeyw.; Ceylon J. Sci., Biol. Sci. 2: 225 (1959)
= Hygrophila angustifolia var. quadrivalvis (Buch.-Ham.) F.N.Williams; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 5: 435 (1905)
= Hygrophila assurgens Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 90 (1847)
= Hygrophila barbata Nees ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 783 (1840)
= Hygrophila dimidiata (Wall.) Nees; Pl. Asiat. Rar. [Wallich] 3: 81 (1832)
= Hygrophila incana (B.Heyne) C.B.Clarke; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 408 (1884), nom. illeg.
= Hygrophila lancea (Thunb.) Miq.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 123 (1865)
= Hygrophila malabarica Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 66 (1836)
= Hygrophila megalantha Merr.; Philipp. J. Sci., C 12: 110 (1917)
= Hygrophila obovata (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Nees; Pl. Asiat. Rar. [Wallich] 3: 81 (1832)
= Hygrophila obovata Wight; Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. [Wight] 4: t. 1489 (1849), nom. illeg.
= Hygrophila phlomoides var. repens C.B.Clarke; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 408 (1884)
= Hygrophila quadrivalvis (Buch.-Ham.) Nees; Pl. Asiat. Rar. [Wallich] 3: 80 (1832)
= Hygrophila radicans Wall. ex Nees; Pl. Asiat. Rar. [Wallich] 3: 81 (1832)
= Hygrophila ringens subsp. longifolium J.Mathew & Kad.V.George; Int. J. Advanced Res. 1(9): 132 (2013)
= Hygrophila ringens var. assurgens (Nees) Karthik. & Moorthy; Fl. Pl. India 23 (2009)
= Hygrophila ringens var. cochinensis (Remadevi & Binojk.) Karthik. & Moorthy; Fl. Pl. India 23 (2009)
= Hygrophila salicifolia (Vahl) Nees; Pl. Asiat. Rar. [Wallich] 3: 81 (1832)
= Hygrophila salicifolia var. assurgens (Nees) C.B.Clarke; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 407 (1884)
= Hygrophila salicifolia var. cochinensis Remadevi & Binojk.; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 25(1): 233 (2001)
= Hygrophila salicifolia var. dimidiata (Wall.) C.B.Clarke; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 407 (1884)
= Hygrophila salicifolia var. glabra T.Anderson; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 456 (1867)
= Hygrophila salicifolia var. hirsuta T.Anderson; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 456 (1867)
= Hygrophila salicifolia var. megalantha (Merr.) H.S.Lo & L.D.Chou; Guihaia 16(4): 374 (1996)
= Hygrophila salicifolia var. quadrivalvis (Buch.-Ham.) J.B.Imlay; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1939: 111 (1939)
= Hygrophila stricta Hassk.; Cat. Hort. Bot. Bogor. [Hasskarl] 148 (1844)
= Hygrophila undulata (Vahl) Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 803 (1826)
= Hygrophila undulata (Vahl) Nees; Pl. Asiat. Rar. [Wallich] 3: 80 (1832), isonym
= Justicia lancea Thunb.; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 2: 338 (1794)
= Ruellia angustifolia Poir.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 6: 338 (1804), nom. illeg., non Sw.
= Ruellia ciliaris Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 2373 C (1830), nom. inval.
= Ruellia dimidiata (Nees) Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 157 (1847)
= Ruellia longifolia B.Heyne ex Roth; Nov. Pl. Sp. 306 (1821), nom. illeg.
= Ruellia obovata Roxb.; Hort. Bengal. 46 (1814), nomen, Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 3: 51 (1832)
= Ruellia obovata Roxb. ex Hornem.; Hort. Bot. Hafn. [Hornemann], Suppl. 144 (1819)
= Ruellia quadrivalvis Buch.-Ham.; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 14: 291 (1824)
= Ruellia radicans Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 2410 (1830), nom. inval.
= Ruellia ringens L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 635 (1753)
= Ruellia salicifolia Vahl; Symb. Bot. [Vahl] 3: 84 (1794)
= Ruellia undulata Vahl; Symb. Bot. [Vahl] 3: 82 (1794)
= Ruellia upudalii B.Vogel; Suppl. Pl. 62, t. 110 (1790)
variant :
var. longihirsuta (H.S.Lo & D.Fang) Y.F.Deng; Fl. China (2011)
Distribution: China (Guangxi)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Hygrophila salicifolia var. longihirsuta H.S.Lo & D.Fang; Guihaia 17(1): 41 (1997)
species :
Hygrophila sandwithii Bremek.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1939: 559 (1939 publ. 1940)
Distribution: Guyana
82 GUY
species :
Hygrophila serpyllum (Nees) T.Anderson; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9 456 (1867)
Distribution: India (Daman, Diu, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Telangana); Bangladesh
40 BAN IND
Synonyms: hidden
= Physichilus serpyllum Nees; Compan. Bot. Mag. 2 311 (1836)
= Ruellia polysperma B.Heyne ex Roth; Nov. Pl. Sp. 305 (1821)
variant :
var. hookeriana C.B.Clarke; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 407 (1884)
Distribution: India (Maharashtra)
40 IND
species :
Hygrophila spiciformis Lindau; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 20: 5 (1894)
Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; Ethiopia; Eritrea; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique
23 RWA ZAI 24 ERI ETH 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM
species :
Hygrophila stocksii T.Anderson ex C.B.Clarke; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 407 (1884)
Distribution: India (Maharashtra)
40 IND
species :
Hygrophila subsessilis C.B.Clarke; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 74(2): 646 (1908)
Distribution: peninsular Malaysia (Melaka)
42 MLY
species :
Hygrophila surinamensis Bremek.; Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht, No. 47, 155 (1938); et in Recueil Trav. Bot. Néerl. 35: 155 (1938)
Distribution: Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar); Surinam
82 SUR VEN
species :
Hygrophila thwaitesii (T.Anderson) Heine; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 11(4): 659 (1971 publ. 1972)
Distribution: Sri Lanka
40 SRL
Synonyms: hidden
= Adenosma thwaitesii T.Anderson; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 455 (1867)
= Brillantaisia thwaitesii (T.Anderson) L.H.Cramer; Kew Bull. 46(2): 338 (1991)
= Cardanthera thwaitesii (T.Anderson) Benth. & Hook.f.; Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 2: 1075 (1876)
= Hygrophila thwaitesii (T.Anderson) E.Hossain; Bangladesh J. Bot. 3(1): 48 (1974), isonym
= Plaesianthera thwaitesii (T.Anderson) Livera; Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Peradeniya) 9: 196 (1924)
= Synnema thwaitesii (T.Anderson) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 500 (1891)
species :
Hygrophila thymus (Nees) Sunojk. & M.G.Prasad; Rheedea 24: 13 (2014)
Distribution: S-India
40 IND
Synonyms: hidden
= Adenosma thymus Nees; Pl. Asiat. Rar. [Wallich] 3: 79 (1832)
= Cardanthera balsamica var. thymus (Nees) C.B.Clarke; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 404 (1884)
= Hygrophila balsamica var. thymus (Nees) Karthik. & Moorthy; Fl. Pl. India 21 (2009)
species :
Hygrophila tyttha Leonard; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 31: 681 (1958)
Distribution: Colombia (Chocó, Nariño, Valle); Ecuador
82 CLM 83 ECU
species :
Hygrophila uliginosa S.Moore; J. Bot. 18: 197 (1880)
Distribution: Togo; Nigeria; Cameroon; Central African Republic; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Burundi; South Sudan; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia
22 NGA TOG 23 BUR CAF CMN ZAI 24 SSU 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 ANG ZAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Hygrophila acutisepala Burkill; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 5: 34 (1899)
= Hygrophila seretii De Wild.; Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., Sér. 5, 3: 264 (1910)
= Hygrophila teuszii Lindau; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 3b: (1895) 5
= Hygrophila thonneri De Wild.; Etudes Fl. Bangala & Ubangi, 250 (1911)
species :
Hygrophila urquiolae Greuter, R.Rankin & Palmarola; Willdenowia 39(2): 288 (2010)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
species :
Hygrophila velata Benoist; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 8: 136 (1939)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.02 (February 20th, 2025)

Covering 356,002 accepted species,
8,748 hybrids, 51,756 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,002,400 synonyms,
in total 1,418,905* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life