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452.0000 Family Asteraceae Dumort.; Commentat. Bot. [Dumortier] 55 (1822)
1620 genera, ca. 29.000 spp. (35.000 spp. incl. microspecies). Systematics taken mostly from Funk et al. (2009, 2020) and Zuntini et al. (2024). Barnadesioideae (so far treated as most basal member of Asteraceae) might be a separate family, more related to Calyceraceae.
Species listed in database: 35209; hybrids: 676
= Acarnaceae Link; (1829)
= Ambrosiaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 254 (1820), nom. cons.
= Anthemidaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Aposeridaceae Raf.; New Fl. [Rafinesque] 4: 106 (1838)
= Arctotaceae Bessey; Univ. Stud. Nebraska 14: 107 (1914)
= Arctotidaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Artemisiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 48 (1820)
= Athanasiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 56 (1820)
= Calendulaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Carduaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Carlinaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Centaureaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Cichoriaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 168 (1789), nom. cons.
= Cnicaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 273, 297 (1818)
= Compositae Giseke; Prael. Ord. Nat. Pl. 538 (1792), nom. cons.
= Coreopsidaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 768 (1829)
= Cynaraceae Burnett; Outlines Bot. [Burnett] 926, 931, 1094, 1111 (1835)
= Echinopaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Eupatoriaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 253 (1820)
= Gnaphaliaceae Link ex F.Rudolphi; Syst. Orb. Veg. 46 (1830)
= Grindeliaceae Rchb. ex A.Heller; Muhlenbergia 2: 330 (1907)
= Heleniaceae Raf.; Cincinnati Lit. Gaz. 2: 28 (1824)
= Helianthaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Helichrysaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 712 (1829)
= Inulaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Ivaceae Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 1: 31 (1837)
= Lactucaceae Drude; Handb. Bot. 3(2): 369 (1886)
= Lapsanaceae Martinov; (1820)
= Madiaceae A.Heller; Muhlenbergia 2: 332 (1907)
= Matricariaceae Voigt; Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 400 (1845)
= Mutisiaceae Burnett; Outlines Bot. [Burnett] 934, 935, 1094, 1111 (1835)
= Nassauviaceae Burmeist.; Handb. Naturgesch. 290 (1836)
= Partheniaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 816 (1829)
= Perdiciaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 728 (1829)
= Picridaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 482 (1820)
= Santolinaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 560 (1820)
= Senecionaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Serratulaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 577 (1820)
= Tanacetaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 273, 298 (1818)
= Tussilagaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Vernoniaceae Burmeist.; Handb. Naturgesch. 296 (1836)
= Xanthiaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 273, 298 (1818)
= Xeranthemaceae Döll; Rhein. Fl. [Döll] 498 (1843)
452.3212 Genus Cynara L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 827 (1753)
Distribution: Canary Isl., Mauritania, Mediterranean, N-Iraq, W-Iran
Species listed in database: 10; hybrids: 2
= Arcyna Wiklund; Willdenowia 33: 63 (2003)
= Bourgaea Coss.; Notes Pl. Crit. 39 (1849)
= Cynaropsis Kuntze; Lex. Gen. Phan. [Post & Kuntze] 158 (1903)
species :
Cynara algarbiensis Coss. ex Mariz; Bol. Soc. Brot. 10: 236 (1893)
Distribution: S-Portugal; SW-Spain
12 POR SPA
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynara algarbiensis f. albiflora Paiva; Anuário Soc. Brot. 27: 31 (1961)
= Cynara humilis var. sinuata Brot.; Fl. Lusit. 1: 340 (1804)
species :
Cynara auranitica Post; Bull. Herb. Boissier 1: 400 (1893)
Distribution: Turkey (S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq, NW-Iraq); Iran (Iranian Aserbaijan); Lebanon (coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria, C-Syrian Desert, W-Syrian Mountains); Israel (coastal W-Israel, N-Israel); Jordania (W-Jordania)
34 IRN IRQ ISR JOR LEB SYR TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynara kurdica Hand.-Mazz.; Ann. K.K. Naturhist. Hofmus. 27: 445 (1913)
species :
Cynara baetica (Spreng.) Pau; Bol. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 23: 245 (1923)
subspecies :
subsp. baetica
Distribution: S-Spain
12 SPA
Synonyms: hidden
= Cirsium baeticum Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 3: 377 (1826)
= Cnicus baeticus (Spreng.) F.Dietr.; Neu. Nachtr. Vollst. Lex. Gärtn. 3: 40 (1834)
= Cynara alba Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 7(1): 304 (1838)
= Cynara hystrix Ball; J. Bot. 11: 369 (1873)
= Cynara lamyroides Webb; Iter Hispan. [Webb] 34 (1838)
subspecies :
subsp. maroccana Wiklund; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 109(1): 106 (1992)
Distribution: Morocco
20 MOR
species :
Cynara cardunculus L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 827 (1753)
subspecies :
subsp. cardunculus
Name: Kardone (DE); Cardoon, Globe Artichoke (EN)
Distribution: England [I] (England [I], Wales [I], Isle of Man [I], Scotland [I]); Ireland [I] (Ireland [I], Northern Ireland [I]); Netherlands [I]; Belgium [I]; Germany [I]; Switzerland; Austria; Portugal (rare); Spain (rare); Baleares (Mallorca); France; Channel Isl. [I] (Alderney [I], Guernsey [I], Jersey [I]); Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Isole Pelagie (Lampedusa); Malta; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Albania; Romania; Greece (coastal C-Greece, Ionian Isl., Kiklades, Peloponnisos); Crete; S-European Russia; Moldova; Ukraine; Crimea; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Madeira (Madeira Isl., Ilhas Desertas, Porto Santo Isl.); Ethiopia [I]; Mauritius [I]; La Réunion [I]; Azerbaijan; Transcaucasus; East Aegaean Isl. (Kos, Rhodos); Turkey (N-Anatolia); Cyprus (C-Mountains, E-Cyprus, N-Cyprus); India [c]; Myanmar [I]; Vietnam [I]; Java [I]; New Zealand [I]; Easter Isl. [I]; USA [I] (California [I]); Mexico [I]; Guatemala [I]; Panama [I]; Colombia [I]; Ecuador [I]; Bolivia [I]; Uruguay [I]; Argentina [I]; Chile [I] (Coquimbo [I], Valparaíso [I], Metropolitana de Santiago [I], O´Higgins [I], Maule [I], Ñuble [I], Biobío [I]); Juan Fdz. Isl. [I]
10 grb ire 11 AUT bgm ger net SWI 12 BAL cis COR FRA POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH CRO GRC ITA KRI MLT PEL ROM SIC 14 KRY MLD RUS UKR 20 ALG LBY MOR TUN 21 MDR 24 eth 29 mau reu 33 AZE 34 CYP EAI TUR 40 ind 41 mya vie 42 jaw 51 nzl 61 eas 76 usa 79 mex 80 gua pan 82 clm 83 bol ecu 85 arg cle jnf uru
Synonyms: hidden
= Carduus cardunculus (L.) Baill.; Traité Bot. Méd. Phan. 2: 1145 (1884)
= Carduus cynara E.H.L.Krause; Deutschl. Fl. [Sturm], ed. 2, Abbild., 14: 61 (1906), nom. superfl.
= Carduus cynara var. cactus E.H.L.Deutschl.Fl.; Sturm], ed. 2, Abbild., 14: 62 (1906), nom. inval
= Carduus cynaroides Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 1: 702 (1785)
= Chamaepeuce cynaroides (Lam.) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 659 (1838)
= Cynara carduncellus Willd. ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 462 (1841)
= Cynara cardunculus proles corsica (Viv.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 9: 3 (1905)
= Cynara cardunculus f. inemis Hegi; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 6(2): 924 (1928)
= Cynara cardunculus var. altilis DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 620 (1838)
= Cynara cardunculus var. ferocissima Lowe; Man. Fl. Madeira 498 (1868)
= Cynara cardunculus var. inermis Anon.; Bon Jard. 1818: 38 (1818)
= Cynara cardunculus var. sylvestris (Lam.) Brot.; Fl. Lusit. 1: 339 (1804)
= Cynara communis Lam.; Fl. Franç. [Lamarck] 2: 15 (1779), nom. superfl.
= Cynara corsica Viv.; Fl. Libyc. Spec. 68 (1824)
= Cynara ferox Ten. ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 462 (1841)
= Cynara horrida Aiton; Hort. Kew. [W.Aiton] 3: 148 (1789)
= Cynara humilis Viv.; Fl. Cors. Prodr., App. 2: 8 (1825)
= Cynara pygmaea Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 3: 1692 (1803)
= Cynara scolymus subsp. cardunculus (L.) Bonnier & Layens; Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France 175 (1894)
= Cynara spinosissima J.Presl & C.Presl; Delic. Prag. 109 (1822)
= Cynara sylvestris Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 1: 277 (1783)
= Cynara sylvestris var. spinosa Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 1: 277 (1783)
= Cynara sylvestris var. spinosus Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 1: 277 (1783)
= Cynaropsis gomerensis Kuntze; Lex. Gen. Phan. [Post & Kuntze] 158 (1903)
variant :
var. hortensis (Mill.) Brot.; Fl. Lusit. 1: 339 (1804)
Name: Garten-Artischocke (DE); Globe Artichoke (EN)
Distribution: Unknown in the wild; Netherlands [c]; Belgium [c]; Germany [c]; Switzerland [c]; Austria [c]; Slovakia [c]; Portugal [c]; Spain [c]; Gibraltar [c]; Baleares (Mallorca); France [c]; Corsica [c]; Sardinia [c]; Italy [c]; Sicily [c]; Malta [c]; San Marino [c]; Croatia [c]; Croatia [c]; Bosnia & Hercegovina [c]; Albania [c]; Romania [c]; Greece [c]; Crete [c]; S-European Russia [c]; Moldova [c]; Ukraine [c]; Crimea [c]; Morocco [c]; Algeria [c]; Tunisia [c]; Libya [c]; Uzbekistan [c]; Azerbaijan [c]; Turkey (N-Anatolia [c], Rhodos [c], NW-Anatolia: Bithynia); Cyprus [c]; Lebanon [c]; Israel [c]; Yemen (Tihama [c], W-Yemen); Pakistan [c]; India [c]; Vietnam [c]; Java [c]; New Zealand [c]; Chatham Isl. [c]; Guam [c]; Cuba [c]; Hispaniola [c]; Puerto Rico [c]
11 aut bgm ger net slo swi 12 BAL cor fra gib por sar spa 13 alb bih cro grc ita kri mlt rom sic sma 14 kry mld rus ukr 20 alg lby mor tun 32 uzb 33 aze 34 cyp isr leb TUR 35 YEM 40 ind pak 41 vie 42 jaw 51 ctm nzl 62 gum 81 cub his pue
Synonyms: hidden
= Carduus cynara var. sativus (Moris) E.H.L.Deutschl.Fl.; Sturm], ed. 2, Abbild., 14: 62 (1906
= Carduus scolymus (L.) Baill.; Hist. Pl. [Baillon] 8: 7, 289 (1882)
= Cynara cardunculus subsp. scolymus (L.) Cout.; Fl. Portugal [Coutinho] 650 (1913)
= Cynara cardunculus subsp. scolymus (L.) Hegi; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 6(2): 924 (1928)
= Cynara cardunculus var. sativa Moris; Fl. Sardoa 2: 460 (1843)
= Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus (L.) Benth.; Fl. Austral. [Bentham] 3: 459 (1867)
= Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus (L.) Fiori; Fl. Anal. Italia 3: 381 (1904)
= Cynara esculenta Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 185 (1796), nom. superfl.
= Cynara hortensis Mill.; Gard. Dict., ed. 8: no. 2 (1768)
= Cynara scolymus f. major (Brot.) Mariz; Bol. Soc. Brot. 10: 235 (1892)
= Cynara scolymus f. minor (Brot.) Mariz; Bol. Soc. Brot. 10: 235 (1892)
= Cynara scolymus L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 827 (1753)
= Cynara scolymus var. major Brot.; Fl. Lusit. 1: 338 (1804)
= Cynara scolymus var. minor Brot.; Fl. Lusit. 1: 338 (1804)
= Cynara scolymus var. mutica Viv.; Fl. Dalmat. 2: 46 (1847)
= Cynara scolymus var. pungens Viv.; Fl. Dalmat. 2: 46 (1847)
= Cynara scolymus var. redonensis N.H.F.Desp.; Fl. Sarthe 140 (1838)
subspecies :
subsp. flavescens Wiklund; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 109(1): 120 (1992)
Distribution: Portugal; Spain (fairly widespread); Andorra; France; Italy; Sicily; Malta; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Madeira; Canary Isl. (Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, Hierro, La Palma); Australia [I] (Western Australia [I], South Australia [I], Queensland [I], New South Wales [I], Victoria [I])
12 ADO FRA POR SPA 13 ITA MLT SIC 20 ALG LBY MOR TUN 21 CNY MDR 50 aus
subspecies :
subsp. zingaroensis (Raimondo & Domina) Raimondo & Domina; Quad. Bot. Amb. Appl. 21: 190 (2010)
Distribution: Sicily
13 SIC
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynara cardunculus var. zingaroensis Raimondo & Domina; Fl. Medit. 19: 306 (2009)
species :
Cynara cornigera Lindl.; Fl. Graec. [Sibthorp] 9: 25 (1837)
Name: Weiße Artischocke (DE); White Artichoke (EN)
Distribution: Greece (SE-Peloponnisos, Methana peninsula, Kiklades, Kithira, Andikithira); Crete (incl. islets); Libya; Egypt (NW-coastal Egypt); East Aegaean Isl. (Leros, Lipsi, Karpathos, Kasos, Rhodos); Cyprus (E-Cyprus, N-Cyprus, S-Cyprus, W-Cyprus)
13 GRC KRI 20 EGY LBY 34 CYP EAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynara humilis Sm.; Fl. Graec. [Sibthorp] 9: 25 (1837)
= Cynara sibthorpiana Boiss. & Heldr.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 10: 49 (1849)
species :
Cynara cyrenaica Maire & Weiller; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 30: 34, 286 (1939)
Distribution: E-Crete; Libya
13 KRI 20 LBY
Remarks: records from Cyprus refer to C. makrisii
species :
Cynara humilis L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 828 (1753)
Name: Niedrige Artischocke (DE); Alchachofilla (ES)
Distribution: Portugal; Spain; Gibraltar; Baleares (Ibiza); Morocco; Algeria; Canary Isl. (Gran Canaria)
12 BAL GIB POR SPA 20 ALG MOR 21 CNY
Synonyms: hidden
= Bourgaea humilis (L.) Coss.; Notes Pl. Crit. 39 (1849)
= Bourgaea humilis var. cyanea Coss.; Notes Pl. Crit. 39 (1849)
= Bourgaea humilis var. leucantha Coss.; Notes Pl. Crit. 39 (1849)
= Cynara humilis var. lacinulata Brot.; Fl. Lusit. 1: 340 (1804)
= Cynara humilis var. leucantha (Coss.) Cout.; Fl. Portugal [Coutinho] 610 (1913), isonym
= Cynara humilis var. leucantha (Coss.) Maire; (1934), isonym
= Cynara humilis var. leucantha (Coss.) Pérez Lara; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 16: 344 (1887)
= Cynara humilis var. reflexa Batt. ex Jahand. & Maire; Cat. Pl. Maroc 801 (1934)
= Cynara humilis var. walliana Maire; (1938)
species :
Cynara makrisii Hand & Hadjik.; Willdenowia 39: 78 (2009)
Distribution: Cyprus
34 CYP
species :
Cynara syriaca Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 10: 94 (1849)
Distribution: Germany [I]; Lebanon; Syria
11 ger 34 LEB SYR
species :
Cynara tournefortii Boiss. & Reut.; Diagn. Pl. Nov. Hisp. 18 (1842)
Distribution: S-Portugal; C- & S-Spain; Morocco
12 POR SPA 20 MOR
Synonyms: hidden
= Arcyna tournefortii (Boiss. & Reut.) Wiklund; Willdenowia 33(1): 65 (2003)
= Bourgaea tournefortii (Boiss. & Reut.) Willk.; Linnaea 25: 39 (1852)
species :
Cynara ×gaditana Blanca & Sánch.Carr.; Acta Bot. Malac. 39: 304 (2014)
Distribution: Spain
12 SPA
Remarks: Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens x tournefortii
species :
Cynara ×pacensis F.M.Vázquez; Folia Bot. Extremadur. 2: 66 (2008)
Distribution: Spain
12 SPA
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.04 (April 17th, 2025)

Covering 356,375 accepted species,
8,782 hybrids, 48,090 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,002,897 synonyms,
in total 1,416,144* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life