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Ver. 25.01
Jan. 28th, 2025

422.0000 Family Primulaceae Batsch ex Borkh.; Bot. Wörterb. 2: 240 (1797), nom. cons.
60 genera, ca. 3150 spp. The family had been split up in the recent past, but was recombined and treated sensu lato in APG III (2009)
Species listed in database: 3281; hybrids: 68
= Aegicerataceae Blume; Nov. Pl. Expos. 17 (1833)
= Anagallidaceae Batsch ex Borkh.; Bot. Wörterb. 1: 19 (1797)
= Ardisiaceae Juss.; Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 15: 350 (1810)
= Coridaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 332 (1858)
= Embeliaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 140 (1858)
= Hottoniaceae Döll; Fl. Baden [Döll] 2: 641. med (1858)
= Lysimachiaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 95 (1789), Family
= Maesaceae (A.DC.) Anderb., Stahl & Källersjö; Taxon 49: 185 (2000), Family
= Myrsinaceae R.Br.; Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 532 (1810), nom. cons., Family
= Samolaceae Raf.; Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. 5: 349 (1820)
= Theophrastaceae G.Don; Edwards´s Bot. Reg. 21: ad t. 1764 (1835), nom. cons.
422.4303 Genus Cyclamen L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 145 (1753)
Distribution: montane Europe (8), Mediterranean (except Egypt and Sinai Peninsula), NE-Somalia (1), coasts of Black Sea and S-Caspian Sea; 1 extends to China, Crimea (1), Caucasus (8)
Species listed in database: 22
species :
Cyclamen africanum Boiss. & Reut.; Pugill. Pl. Afr. Bor. Hispan. 75 (1852)
Distribution: Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Myanmar [I]
20 ALG MOR TUN 41 mya
Synonyms: hidden
= Cyclamen africanum subsp. saldense (Pomel) Batt.; Fl. Algérie [Battandier et al.] Dicot. 720 (1890)
= Cyclamen algeriense Jord.; Icon. Fl. Eur. [Jordan & Fourreau] 3: 22 (1903)
= Cyclamen ambiguum O.Schwarz; Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 58: 275 (1955) (nom. illeg.)
= Cyclamen commutatum O.Schwarz & Lepper; Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 69: 91 (1964)
= Cyclamen hederifolium subsp. africanum (Boiss. & Reut.) Ietsw.; J. Cyclamen Soc. 29(1): 21 (2005)
= Cyclamen numidicum Glasau; Planta 30: (Monogr. Gatt. Cycl. Morph.-Cytol. Grundl.) 528 (1939)
= Cyclamen pachybolbum Jord.; Icon. Fl. Eur. [Jordan & Fourreau] 3: 22 (1903)
= Cyclamen saldense Pomel; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 36: 354 (1889)
= Cyclamen subrotundum Jord.; Icon. Fl. Eur. [Jordan & Fourreau] 3: 21 (1903)
= Cyclamen venustum Jord.; Icon. Fl. Eur. [Jordan & Fourreau] 3: 21 (1903)
= Cyclaminus africana (Boiss. & Reut.) Bonnet & Barratte; Explor. Sci. Tunisie, Cat. Pl. 279 (1896)
species :
Cyclamen alpinum Dammann ex Sprenger; Gartenflora 41: 526 (1892)
Distribution: Turkey (SW-Anatolia)
34 TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Cyclamen alpinum f. leucanthum (Grey-Wilson) Grey-Wilson; Cyclamen 207 (2002)
= Cyclamen coum subsp. trochopteranthum (O.Schwarz) Ietsw.; J. Cyclamen Soc. 29: 21 (2005)
= Cyclamen trochopteranthum f. leucanthum Grey-Wilson; Cyclamen 175 (1997)
= Cyclamen trochopteranthum O.Schwarz; Feddes Repert. 86: 493 (1975)
species :
Cyclamen balearicum Willk.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 25: 111 (1875)
Distribution: Baleares; SE-France (Gard, Herault)
12 BAL FRA
Remarks: repandum agg.
Synonyms: hidden
= Cyclamen hederifolium subsp. balearicum (Willk.) O.Schwarz; Gartenflora, N. F. 1: 22 (1938)
= Cyclamen repandum proles balearicum (Willk.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 10: 189 (1908)
= Cyclamen repandum subsp. balearicum (Willk.) Malag.; Las Subesp. y Variac. Geogr. 13 (1973), isonym
= Cyclamen repandum var. stenopetalum Loret; H. Loret & A. Barrandon, Fl. Montpellier 2: 425 (1876)
species :
Cyclamen cilicium Boiss. & Heldr.; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 1, 11: 78 (1849)
Distribution: Turkey (Inner Anatolia, S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia)
34 TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Cyclamen cilicium f. album R.Frank & Koenen; Quart. Bull. Alp. Gard. Soc- 51(2): 150 (1983)
species :
Cyclamen colchicum (Albov) Albov; Wiener Ill. Gart.-Zeitung 23: 7 (1898)
Distribution: Georgia [Caucasus]
33 GEO
Synonyms: hidden
= Cyclamen europaeum subsp. ponticum (Albov) O.Schwarz; Gartenflora, N. F. 1: 16 (1938)
= Cyclamen europaeum var. colchicum Albov; Trudy Tiflissk. Bot. Sada 1: 166 (1895)
= Cyclamen europaeum var. ponticum Albov; Bull. Herb. Boissier 2: 254 (1894)
= Cyclamen ponticum (Albov) Pobed.; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 33: 223 (1948)
= Cyclamen purpurascens subsp. ponticum (Alboff) Grey-Wilson; Genus Cyclamen 106 (1988)
species :
Cyclamen confusum (Grey-Wilson) Culham, Jope & P.Moore; Cyclamen 33(1): 14 (2009)
Distribution: Crete (NW-Crete)
13 KRI
Synonyms: hidden
= Cyclamen hederifolium var. confusum Grey-Wilson; Cyclamen 174 (1997)
= Cyclamen hederifolium subsp. confusum (Grey-Wilson) Grey-Wilson; Cyclamen Guide Gard., Hort. & Botanists, ed. 2 [Grey-Wilson] 207 (2002)
species :
Cyclamen coum Mill.; Gard. Dict., ed. 8: Cyclamen no 6. (1768)
subspecies :
subsp. coum
Name: Freiland-Alpenveilchen, Vorfrühlings-Alpenveilchen (DE), Eastern Sowbread (EN)
Distribution: England [I] (England [I], Wales [I], Isle of Man [I], Scotland [I]); Ireland [I] (Ireland [I]); Germany [I]; Channel Isl. [I]; Romania [I]; Bulgaria; European Turkey; European Russia; Crimea; Northern Caucasus; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Turkey (N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Iran (NE-Iran: Mts., N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria, W-Syrian Mountains); Israel (N-Israel)
10 grb ire 11 ger 12 cis 13 BUL rom TUE 14 KRY RUS 33 GEO NCS 34 IRN ISR LEB SYR TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Cyclamen apiculatum Jord.; Icon. Fl. Eur. [Jordan & Fourreau] 3: 15 (1903)
= Cyclamen brevifrons Jord.; Icon. Fl. Eur. [Jordan & Fourreau] 3: 15 (1903)
= Cyclamen coum f. albissimum R.H.Bailey; Cyclamen Soc. J. 13(1): 27 (1989)
= Cyclamen coum f. pallidum Grey-Wilson; Cyclamen 174 (1997)
= Cyclamen coum subsp. hiemale (Hildebr.) O.Schwarz
= Cyclamen coum var. pulcherrimum Regel; Index Sem. (St. Petersburg [Petropolitanus]) 1856: 28 (1856)
= Cyclamen durostoricum Pantu & Solacolu; Bull. Sect. Sci. Acad. Roumaine 9: 23 (1924)
= Cyclamen europaeum Pall. ex M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 140 (1808) non L.
= Cyclamen europaeum subsp. orbiculatum (Mill.) O.Schwarz; Gartenflora, N. F. 1: 16 (1938)
= Cyclamen hiemale Hildebr.; Gartenflora 53: 70 (1904)
= Cyclamen hyemale Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 118 (1796)
= Cyclamen kuznetzovii Kotov & Czernova; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 8: 521 (1958)
= Cyclamen orbiculatum Mill.; Gard. Dict., ed. 8: no. 5 (1768)
= Cyclamen vernale K.Koch; Linnaea 17: 308 (1843)
= Cyclamen vernum var. hiemale (Hildebr.) O.Schwarz; Gartenflora, N. F. 1: 20 (1938)
= Cyclaminus coa (Mill.) Asch.; Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 10: 235 (1892)
= Cyclaminus coum (Mill.) Bergmans; Vaste Pl. Rotsheesters 158 (1924)
subspecies :
subsp. caucasicum (K.Koch) O.Schwarz; Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 58: 250 (1955)
Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Azerbaijan
33 AZE GEO NCS
Synonyms: hidden
= Cyclamen abchasicum (Medw. ex Kusn.) Kolak. ex Pobed.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 13: 194 (1950), cum descr. lat.
= Cyclamen adzharicum Pobed.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 13: 189 (1950)
= Cyclamen calcareum Kolak.; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada S.S.S.R. 3: 83 (1949)
= Cyclamen caucasicum Willd. ex Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 4(1): 11 (1875), et ex Steven, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 30(1)- 327 (1857)
= Cyclamen circassicum Pobed.; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 33: 226 (1948)
= Cyclamen coum var. abchasicum Medw.; Fl. Caucas. Crit. 4(1): 167 (1902)
= Cyclamen coum var. caucasicum (K.Koch) Meikle; Fl. Turkey 6: 133 (1978)
= Cyclamen coum var. ibericum Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 4(1): 11 (1875)
= Cyclamen europaeum var. caucasicum K.Koch; Linnaea 23: 619 (1850)
= Cyclamen ibericum Goldie ex G.Don; Hort. Brit. [Sweet], ed. 3: 560 (1839)
= Cyclamen vernum f. pseudocoum O.Schwarz; Gartenflora, N. F. 1: 20 (1938)
= Cyclamen vernum Sweet; Brit. Fl. Gard. [Sweet], Ser. 1: 1: t. 9 (1827)
= Cyclamen vernum var. abchasicum (Medw. ex Kusn.) Menitsky; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 85(6): 166 (2000)
= Cyclamen vernum var. caucasicum O.Schwarz; Gartenflora, N. F. 1: 20 (1938)
= Cyclamen zonale Jord.; Icon. Fl. Eur. [Jordan & Fourreau] 3: 15 (1903)
= Cyclaminus ibericus (Goldie ex G.Don) Bergmans; Vaste Pl. Rotsheesters 158 (1924)
subspecies :
subsp. elegans (Boiss. & Buhse) Grey-Wilson; Cyclamen 174 (1997)
Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Armenia; Azerbaijan
33 ARM AZE NCS
Synonyms: hidden
= Cyclamen elegans Boiss. & Buhse; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 12: 145 (1860)
species :
Cyclamen creticum (Dörfl.) Hildebr.; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 19(2): 367 (1906)
Distribution: Crete (widespread); East Aegaean Isl. (Karpathos)
13 KRI 34 EAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Cyclamen balearicum subsp. creticum (Dörfl.) Ietsw.; J. Cyclamen Soc. 29(1): 20 (2005)
= Cyclamen creticum f. erubescens J.Compton; J. Cyclamen Soc. 28(1): 33 (2004)
= Cyclamen creticum f. pallideroseum Grey-Wilson; Cyclamen 174 (1997)
= Cyclamen hederifolium subsp. creticum (Hildebr.) O.Schwarz; Gartenflora Ser. 2, 1: 22 (1938)
= Cyclamen repandum subsp. creticum (Dörfl.) Debussche & J.D.Thomps.; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 139(2): 141 (2002)
= Cyclamen repandum var. creticum Dörfl.; Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 55: 20 (1905)
species :
Cyclamen cyprium Kotschy; Unger & Kotschy, Insel Cypern 295 (1865)
Distribution: Cyprus (C-Mountains, SW-Cyprus, N-Cyprus)
34 CYP
species :
Cyclamen graecum Link; Linnaea 9: 573 (1834)
subspecies :
subsp. graecum
Distribution: Greece (C- & S-Greece, Peloponnisos, Ionian Isl., Kiklades, Sporades); Crete; East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Chios, Ikaria, Samos, Kalimnos, Kasos)
13 GRC KRI 34 EAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Cyclamen aegineticum Hildebr.; Gartenflora 57: 296 (1908)
= Cyclamen gaidurowryssii Glasau; Planta 31: 539 (1939), sine descr. lat.
= Cyclamen graecum f. album R.Frank & E.Frank; Bull. Alpine Gard. Soc. Gr. Brit. 50: 251 (1982)
= Cyclamen miliarakesii Heldr. ex Halácsy; Consp. Fl. Graec. 3: 9 (1904) et ex Hildebr., Gartenflora 5 5: 634 (1906)
= Cyclamen pentelici Hildebr.; Beibl. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 44: 1 (1894)
= Cyclamen velutinum Jord.; Icon. Fl. Eur. [Jordan & Fourreau] 3: 22 (1903)
= Cyclaminos miliarakesii Heldr. ex R.Knuth; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.237, Heft 22 (Primul.): 254 (1905)
subspecies :
subsp. anatolicum Ietswaart; Cyclamen Soc. J. 14(2): 51 (1990)
Name: Anatolisches Alpenveilchen (DE); Anatolian Cyclamen (EN)
Distribution: East Aegaean Isl. (Chalki, Rhodos); Turkey (SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia); Cyprus (N-Cyprus)
34 CYP EAI TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Cyclamen cyprograecum E.Mutch & N.Mutch; Bull. Alpine Gard. Soc. Gr. Brit. 23: 164 (1954), nom. nud.
= Cyclamen maritimum Hildebr.; Gartenflora 57: 291 (1908)
= Cyclamen pseudomaritimum Hildebr.; Gartenflora 57: 293 (1908)
subspecies :
subsp. mindleri (Heldr.) A.Davis & Govaerts; A. Davis (ed.), CITES bulb checklist 131 (1999)
Distribution: Crete (widespread)
13 KRI
Synonyms: hidden
= Cyclamen graecum subsp. candicum Ietsw.; Cyclamen Soc. J. 14(2): 50 (1990)
= Cyclamen mindleri (Heldr.) Dyer; Index Kew., Suppl. 2: 52 (1904)
= Cyclamen persicum subsp. mindleri (Heldr.) Knuth; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.237, Heft 22 (Primul.): 248 (1905)
= Cyclamen pseudograecum Hildebr.; Gartenflora 60: 629 (1911)
= Cyclaminos mindleri Heldr.; Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 386 (1898)
species :
Cyclamen hederifolium Aiton; Hort. Kew. [W.Aiton] 1: 196 (1789)
subspecies :
subsp. hederifolium
Name: Herbst-Alpenveilchen, Efeublättriges Alpenveilchen (DE), Sowbread (EN)
Distribution: England [I] (England [I], Wales [I], Isle of Man [I], Scotland [I]); Ireland [I] (Ireland [I], Northern Ireland [I]); Germany [I]; France; Channel Isl. [I]; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; San Marino; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (widespread, incl. many islands); East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Chios, Ikaria, Fourni, Samos, Dodecanese, Kos, Nisyros, Tilos); Turkey (SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); Myanmar [I]
10 grb ire 11 ger 12 cis COR FRA SAR 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS NMA SIC SMA SRB TUE 34 EAI TUR 41 mya
Remarks: diploid with 2n = 4. Records from Crete refer to the doubtfully distinct C. confusum
Synonyms: hidden
= Cyclamen albiflorum Jord.; Icon. Fl. Eur. [Jordan & Fourreau] 3: 20 (1904)
= Cyclamen angulare Jord.; Icon. Fl. Eur. [Jordan & Fourreau] 3: 19 (1903)
= Cyclamen autumnale J.Boos; Schönbrunns Fl. 45 (1816)
= Cyclamen cyclaminus Bedevian; Ill. Polyglot. Dict. 218 (1936)
= Cyclamen europaeum var. hederifolium (Aiton) Merrem; 82 (1809)
= Cyclamen hederifolium f. albiflorum (Ford) Grey-Wilson; Cyclamen 174 (1997)
= Cyclamen hederifolium subsp. romanum (Griseb.) O.Schwarz; Gartenflora, N. F. 1: 22 (1938)
= Cyclamen hederifolium var. poli (Chiaje) Giardina & Raimondo; Bocconea 20: 260 (2007)
= Cyclamen insulare Jord.; Icon. Fl. Eur. [Jordan & Fourreau] 3: 20 (1903)
= Cyclamen linearifolium DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 3: 253 (1805)
= Cyclamen neapolitanum Ten.; Fl. Napol. 1(Prodr.): LXVI (1815)
= Cyclamen oedirrhizum Jord.; Icon. Fl. Eur. [Jordan & Fourreau] 3: 21 (1903)
= Cyclamen poli Chiaje; Opusc. 166 (1824)
= Cyclamen romanum Griseb.; Spic. Fl. Rumel. 1: 5 (1843)
= Cyclamen sabaudum Jord.; Icon. Fl. Eur. [Jordan & Fourreau] 3: 20 (1903)
= Cyclamen subhastatum Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 1: 407 (1831)
= Cyclaminum vernum (Rchb.) Bubani; Fl. Pyren. [Bubani] 1: 229 (1897)
= Cyclaminus neapolitana (Ten.) Asch.; Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 10: 235 (1892)
= Cyclaminus repanda (Sibth. & Sm.) Asch.; Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 10: 235 (1892)
subspecies :
subsp. crassifolium (Hildebr.) Culham, Denney & P.Moore; Cyclamen 33: 14 (2009)
Distribution: S-Greece (Peloponnisos); etc.
13 GRC
Remarks: tetraploid with 2n = 68
Synonyms: hidden
= Cyclamen crassifolium f. virgineum (B.Mathew) Grey-Wilson; Pl. Rev. 6(3): 25 (2024)
= Cyclamen crassifolium Hildebr.; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 22(2): 157 (1907)
= Cyclamen hederifolium f. virgineum B.Mathew; Cyclamen 33(1): 28 (2009)
species :
Cyclamen intaminatum (Meikle) Grey-Wilson; Gen. Cyclamen 71 (1988)
Distribution: Turkey
34 TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Cyclamen cilicium subsp. intaminatum (Meikle) Ietsw.; J. Cyclamen Soc. 29(1): 20 (2005)
= Cyclamen cilicium var. intaminatum Meikle; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 36: 2 (1978)
species :
Cyclamen libanoticum Hildebr.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25: 477 (1898)
Distribution: Lebanon (coastal W-Lebanon)
34 LEB
species :
Cyclamen mirabile Hildebr.; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 19(2): 370 (1906)
Distribution: Turkey (Inner Anatolia, SW-Anatolia); Vietnam [I]
34 TUR 41 vie
Synonyms: hidden
= Cyclamen mirabile f. niveum Jill White & Grey-Wilson; Grey-Wilson, Cyclamen 174 (1997)
= Cyclamen cilicium subsp. mirabile (Hildebr.) Ietsw.; J. Cyclamen Soc. 29(1): 20 (2005)
species :
Cyclamen parviflorum Pobed.; Not. Syst. Leningrad 9: 250, f. 1 (1946)
Distribution: Turkey (NE-Anatolia)
34 TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Cyclamen coum subsp. parviflorum (Pobed.) Ietsw.; J. Cyclamen Soc. 29(1): 20 (2005)
= Cyclamen parviflorum subsp. subalpinum (Grey-Wilson) Grey-Wilson; Cyclamen 207 (2002)
= Cyclamen parviflorum var. subalpinum Grey-Wilson; Cyclamen 174 (1997)
= Cyclamen vernum f. alpinum O.Schwarz; Gartenflora, N. F. 1: 20 (1938)
species :
Cyclamen persicum Mill.; Gard. Dict., ed. 8: Cyclamen n 3. (1768)
Name: Persisches Alpenveilchen (DE); Florist´s Cyclamen (EN)
Distribution: NE-Crete [I]; Algeria; Tunisia; East Aegaean Isl. (Karpathos [I], Lipsi, Tilos, Simi, Chalki, Rhodos, Kastellorhizo Isl.); Turkey (Inner Anatolia, S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia); Cyprus (N-Cyprus, S-Cyprus); Lebanon (coastal W-Lebanon); Israel (coastal W-Israel, coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel); Jordania (W-Jordania); China [I]; Myanmar [I]; Java [I]; Colombia [c]
13 kri 20 ALG TUN 34 CYP EAI ISR JOR LEB TUR 36 chi 41 mya 42 jaw 82 clm
Synonyms: hidden
= Cyclamen albidum Jord.; Icon. Fl. Eur. [Jordan & Fourreau] 3: 23 (1903)
= Cyclamen aleppicum Fisch. ex Hoffmanns.; Verz. Pfl.-Kult. 54 (1824)
= Cyclamen aleppicum subsp. puniceum Glasau; Planta 30: 545 (1939)
= Cyclamen antiochium Decne.; Rev. Hort. (Paris), Sér. 4, 4: 23 (1855)
= Cyclamen hederaceum Sieber ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 458 (1840)
= Cyclamen latifolium Sm.; Fl. Graec. [Sibthorp] 2: 71 (1816)
= Cyclamen persicum f. albidum (Jord.) Grey-Wilson; Cyclamen 174 (1997)
= Cyclamen persicum f. puniceum (Gleason) Grey-Wilson; Cyclamen 174 (1997)
= Cyclamen persicum var. cristatum Guiheneuf; Garden (London, 1871-1927) 53: 212 (1898)
= Cyclamen persicum var. giganteum W.Bull; Gard. Chron., n. s. 3: 179 (1875)
= Cyclamen persicum var. grandiflorum J.Dix; Proc. Roy. Hort. Soc. London 1: 168 (1860)
= Cyclamen persicum var. papilio Guiheneuf; Garden (London, 1871-1927) 53: 212 (1898)
= Cyclamen persicum var. purpureum J.Dix; Proc. Roy. Hort. Soc. London 1: 168 (1860)
= Cyclamen persicum var. vernale (Mill.) Martyn; Mill., Gard. Dict., ed. 9. 1: s.p. (1797)
= Cyclamen punicum Pomel; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 36: 356 (1889)
= Cyclamen pyrolifolium Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 119 (1796)
= Cyclamen tunetanum Jord.; Icon. Fl. Eur. [Jordan & Fourreau] 3: 23 (1903)
= Cyclamen utopicum Hoffmanns.; Verz. Pfl.-Kult. 54 (1824)
= Cyclamen vernale Mill.; Gard. Dict., ed. 8: no. 4 (1768)
= Cyclamen vulgare Champy; Fl. Algér. [Champy] 17 (1844)
= Cyclaminus persica (Mill.) Asch.; Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 10: 235 (1892)
= Cyclaminus persica (Mill.) Bonnet & Barratte; Explor. Sci. Tunisie, Cat. Pl. 279 (1896)
species :
Cyclamen pseudibericum Hildebr.; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 10: 522 (1901)
Distribution: Turkey (Inner Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia)
34 TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Cyclamen pseudibericum f. candidum B.Mathew & ten Hoope; Cyclamen 44(2): 79 (2020)
= Cyclamen pseudibericum f. roseum Grey-Wilson; Cyclamen 174 (1997)
species :
Cyclamen purpurascens Mill.; Gard. Dict., ed. 8: Cyclamen n 2. (1768)
Name: Wildes Alpenveilchen (DE)
Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg [I], Bayern, Hessen [I], Nordrhein-Westfalen [I]); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; France; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Serbia; Kosovo; Romania [I]; ?European Russia; Ukraine [I]; Georgia [Caucasus] [I]; Taiwan [I]
11 AUT CZE GER HUN LIE POL SLO SWI 12 FRA 13 BIH CRO ITA KOS rom SLV SRB 14 ukr 33 geo 38 tai
Synonyms: hidden
= Cyclamen aestivum Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 407 (1831)
= Cyclamen breviflorum Jord.; Icon. Fl. Eur. [Jordan & Fourreau] 3: 18 (1903)
= Cyclamen clusii Lindl.; Bot. Reg. t. 1013 (1826)
= Cyclamen cordifolium Stokes; Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 295 (1812)
= Cyclamen cyclophyllum Jord.; Icon. Fl. Eur. [Jordan & Fourreau] 3: 18 (1903)
= Cyclamen deltoideum Tausch; Flora (Regensburg) 12: 667 (1829)
= Cyclamen europaeum L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 145 (1753), nom. rej.
= Cyclamen europaeum var. germanicum Merrem; 82 (1809)
= Cyclamen europaeum var. immaculatum Hrabetová; Ceskoslov. Bot. Listy 3: 35 (1950)
= Cyclamen europaeum var. littorale (Sadler ex Rchb.) Guiheneuf; Garden (London, 1871-1927) 53: 211 (1898)
= Cyclamen europaeum var. peakianum Guiheneuf; Garden (London, 1871-1927) 53: 211 (1898)
= Cyclamen fatrense Halda & Soják; Cas. Nár. Muz., Odd. Prír. 140(1-2): 64 (1971)
= Cyclamen floridum Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 119 (1796)
= Cyclamen hastatum Tausch; Flora (Regensburg) 12: 668 (1829)
= Cyclamen holochlorum Jord.; Icon. Fl. Eur. [Jordan & Fourreau] 3: 19 (1903)
= Cyclamen lilacinum Jord.; Icon. Fl. Eur. [Jordan & Fourreau] 3: 19 (1903)
= Cyclamen littorale Sadler ex Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 1: 406 (1831)
= Cyclamen officinale Wender. ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 458 (1840), nom. inval.
= Cyclamen officinarum Wender.; Index Sem. (Marburg) 1827: [5] (1827), nom. nud.
= Cyclamen purpurascens f. album Grey-Wilson; Cyclamen 174 (1997)
= Cyclamen purpurascens f. carmineolineatum Hendrikx; Saussurea 31: 102 (2000 publ. 2001)
= Cyclamen purpurascens subsp. immaculatum (Hrabetová) Halda & Soják; Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 6(3): 322 (1971)
= Cyclamen retroflexum Moench; Methodus [Moench], Suppl. 177 (1802), nom. illeg.
= Cyclamen rotundifolium St.-Lag.; Étude Fl., éd. 8 [A.Cariot], 2: 573 (1889)
= Cyclamen umbratile Jord.; Icon. Fl. Eur. [Jordan & Fourreau] 3: 18 (1903)
= Cyclamen variegatum Pohl; Tent. Fl. Bohem. 1: 192 (1809), nom. illeg.
= Cyclaminus europaea (L.) Asch.; Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 10: 235 (1892)
= Cyclaminus europaeus (L.) Scop.; Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 1: 135 (1771)
species :
Cyclamen repandum Sm.; Fl. Graec. Prodr. [Sibthorp] 1: 128 (1806)
Name: Frühlings-Alpenveilchen (DE), Spring Sowbread (EN)
Distribution: England [I] (England [I], Wales [I], Isle of Man [I]); Ireland [I] (Ireland [I]); France [I]; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; San Marino; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Algeria; Cyprus (C-Mountains)
10 grb ire 12 COR fra SAR 13 BIH CRO ITA SIC SMA 20 ALG 34 CYP
Synonyms: hidden
= Cyclamen europaeum subsp. repandum (Sm.) Bonnier & Layens; Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France 209 (1894)
= Cyclamen ficariifolium Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 1: 407 (1831)
= Cyclamen ilicetorum Jord.; Icon. Fl. Eur. [Jordan & Fourreau] 3: 17. (1903)
= Cyclamen immaculatum Mazziari; Ionios Anthologia 5: 192 (1835), nom. inval.
= Cyclamen repandum var. baborense Debussche & Quézel; Acta Bot. Gallica 144: 30 (1997)
= Cyclamen lobospilum Jord.; Icon. Fl. Eur. [Jordan & Fourreau] 3: 17 (1903)
= Cyclamen repandum f. album Grey-Wilson; Cyclamen 175 (1997)
= Cyclamen repandum var. baborense Batt. ex Debussche; Acta Bot. Gallica 144(1): 30 "1997" (1998)
= Cyclamen vernum Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 1: 407 (1831)
= Cyclaminus repanda (Sm.) Asch.; Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 10: 235 (1892)
species :
Cyclamen rhodium R.Gorer ex O.Schwarz & Lepper; Feddes Repert. 86: 491 (1975)
subspecies :
subsp. rhodium
Name: Rhodisches Alpenveilchen (DE); Rhodian Cyclamen (EN)
Distribution: East Aegaean Isl. (Rhodos, Kos)
34 EAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Cyclamen peloponnesiacum subsp. rhodense (Meikle) Kit Tan; Endemic Pl. Greece, Peloponnese 239 (2001)
= Cyclamen repandum subsp. rhodense (Meikle) Grey-Wilson; Gen. Cyclamen 60 (1988)
= Cyclamen repandum subsp. rhodense (Meikle) Kit Tan; Endemic Pl. Greece, Peloponnese 239 (2001), isonym
= Cyclamen repandum var. rhodense Meikle; J. Roy. Hort. Soc. 90: 29 (1965)
subspecies :
subsp. peloponnesiacum (Grey-Wilson) J.Compton & Culham; J. Cyclamen Soc. 27(2): 72 (2003)
Distribution: S-Greece (N- & S-Peloponnisos)
13 GRC
Synonyms: hidden
= Cyclamen peloponnesiacum (Grey-Wilson) Kit Tan; Endemic Pl. Greece, Peloponnese 238 (2001)
= Cyclamen peloponnesiacum f. albiflorum (B.Mathew) Grey-Wilson; Cyclamen 207 (2002)
= Cyclamen repandum f. albiflorum B.Mathew; J. Cyclamen Soc. 23: 51 (1999)
= Cyclamen repandum f. peloponnesiacum Grey-Wilson; Gen. Cyclamen 60 (1988)
= Cyclamen repandum subsp. peloponnesiacum Grey-Wilson; Gen. Cyclamen 60 (1988)
= Cyclamen repandum var. peloponnesiacum (Grey-Wilson) Grey-Wilson; Cyclamen 174 (1997)
= Cyclamen rhodium f. albiflorum (B.Mathew) Denney; Cyclamen 48(2): 79 (2024)
= Cyclamen rhodium f. albiflorum (B.Mathew) J.Compton & Culham; J. Cyclamen Soc. 27(2): 72 (2003)
subspecies :
subsp. vividum (Grey-Wilson) J.Compton & Culham; J. Cyclamen Soc. 27(2): 72 (2003)
Distribution: S-Greece (SE-Peloponnisos)
13 GRC
Synonyms: hidden
= Cyclamen eucardium Jord.; Icon. Fl. Eur. [Jordan & Fourreau] 3: 16 (1903)
= Cyclamen peloponnesiacum subsp. vividum (Grey-Wilson) Kit Tan; Endemic Pl. Greece, Peloponnese 239 (2001)
= Cyclamen repandum f. vividum Grey-Wilson; Genus Cyclamen 60 (1988)
= Cyclamen repandum var. vividum (Grey-Wilson) Grey-Wilson; Cyclamen 174 (1997)
= Cyclamen spectabile Jord.; Icon. Fl. Eur. [Jordan & Fourreau] 3: 16 (1903)
= Cyclamen stenopetalum Jord.; Icon. Fl. Eur. [Jordan & Fourreau] 3: 16 (1903)
species :
Cyclamen rohlfsianum Asch.; Bull. Herb. Boissier 5: 528 (1897)
Distribution: Libya
20 LBY
Synonyms: hidden
= Cyclamen rohlfsianum f. album B.Mathew; J. Cyclamen Soc. 26(1): 15 (2002)
species :
Cyclamen somalense Thulin & Warfa; Pl. Syst. Evol. 166(3-4): 249 (1989)
Distribution: NE-Somalia
24 SOM
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.01 (January 28th, 2025)

Covering 355,966 accepted species,
8,748 hybrids, 47,863 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,002,230 synonyms,
in total 1,418,722* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life