509.0000
Family
Acanthaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl.: 102 (1789) (´Acanthi´), nom. cons.
ca. 192 genera, ca. 5500 spp. Phylogeny: Manzitto-Tripp et al. 2022
Species listed in database: 5485
= Avicenniaceae Miq.; Lehm., Pl. Preiss. 1: 353 (1845), nom. cons.
= Justiciaceae Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 60 (1838)
= Mendonciaceae Bremek.; Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., ser. C, 56: 540 (1954)
= Meyeniaceae Sreem.; Phytologia 37: 412 (1977)
= Nelsoniaceae (Nees) Sreem.; Phytologia 37: 412 (1977)
= Thunbergiaceae Lilja; Skånes Fl., ed. 2: 979 (1870)
509.4118
Genus
Acanthus L.; Sp. Pl.: 939 [639] (1753)
Distribution: Mediterranean, trop. (14) and subtropical Africa and Asia, 1 to New Caledonia, 1 to Armenia
Species listed in database: 29
= Acanthodus Raf.; Précis Découv. Somiol.: 26 (1814)
= Cheilopsis Moq.; Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. I. 27: 230 (1832)
= Dilivaria Juss.; Gen. 103 (1789)
= Zonablephis Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 143 (1838)
species :
Acanthus albus
Debnath, B.K.Singh & P.Giri; Indian J. Forest. 36(3): 411 (2013)
Distribution: India (West Bengal: Sundarbans)
40 IND
species :
Acanthus arboreus
Forssk.; Fl. Aeg.-Arab. 115 (1775)
Distribution: Yemen (W-Yemen, Aden Desert, N-Inner Yemen)
35 YEM
Synonyms: hidden
= Acanthus arborescens Panz.; G. F. Christmann, Vollst. Pflanzensyst. 8: 185 (1782), orth. var.
= Blepharis arborea (Forssk.) Spreng.; Syst. Veg. ed. 16. 2: 819 (1825)
= Cheilopsis arborea (Forssk.) Nees; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 11: 272 (1847)
species :
Acanthus austromontanus
Vollesen; Kew Bull. 62(2): 236 (2007)
Distribution: Tanzania
25 TAN
species :
Acanthus carduaceus
Griff.; Itin. Notes (Posth. Papers, ii.), 144, No. 688 (1848), et Notul. 4: 138 (1854)
Distribution: Bhutan; India (West Bengal)
40 BHU IND
species :
Acanthus dioscoridis
L.; Cent. Pl. 2: 23 (1756)
Distribution: Armenia; Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia: Mesopotamian Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq, NW-Iraq); Iran (Iranian Aserbaijan, W-Iran); Syria (Jazira); Yemen (W-Yemen)
33 ARM 34 IRN IRQ SYR TUR 35 YEM
Synonyms: hidden
= Acanthus dioscoridis subsp. longistylis Freyn; Bull. Herb. Boissier 4: 140 (1896)
= Acanthus dioscoridis var. boissieri Bornm.; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 22(2): 117 (1907), nom. illeg.
= Acanthus dioscoridis var. boissieri Freyn; Bull. Herb. Boissier 4: 140 (1896)
= Acanthus dioscoridis var. grandiflorus Bornm.; Mitth. Thüring. Bot. Vereins, n.f. 6: 67 (1894)
= Acanthus dioscoridis var. strausii Hausskn. ex Bornm.; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 22(2): 117 (1907)
= Acanthus grandiflorus (Bornm.) Bornm.; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 28(2): 483 (1911)
= Acanthus raddei Trautv.; Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 3(2): 269 (1875)
variant :
var. brevicaulis
(Freyn) E.Hossain; Fl. Turkey & E. Aegaean Isl. 7: 25 (1982)
Distribution: Turkey (Kastamonu)
34 TUR
Conservation Status: IUCN R
Synonyms: hidden
= Acanthus dioscoridis subsp. brevicaulis Freyn; Bull. Herb. Boissier 4: 141 (1896)
variant :
var. laciniatus
Freyn; Bull. Herb. Boissier 4: 140 (1896)
Distribution: S-Turkey
34 TUR
Conservation Status: IUCN R
variant :
var. perringii
(Siehe) E.Hossain; Fl. Turkey & E. Aegaean Isl. 7: 24 (1982)
Distribution: S-Turkey
34 TUR
Conservation Status: IUCN R
Synonyms: hidden
= Acanthus perringii Siehe; Gard. Chron., ser. 3, 37: 2 (1905)
species :
Acanthus ebracteatus
Vahl; Symb. Bot. 2: 75, t. 40 (1791)
subspecies :
subsp. ebracteatus
Distribution: China (Guangdong, Hainan); India (Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha, Pondicherry); Andaman Isl. (Middle Andamans, South Andamans); Myanmar (Ayeyarwady, Rakhine, Taninthayi); Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia; Singapore; Sumatra; Borneo; Sulawesi; Palawan; Philippines (Luzon, Mindoro, Panay, Negros, Leyte, Mindanao); Java; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali, etc.); Moluccas; New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea); Palau (Babeldaob, Koror)
36 CHI 40 IND 41 AND CBD LAO MYA VIE 42 BOR JAW LSI MLY MOL NWG PHI PLW SNG SUL SUM 62 PLU
Conservation Status: vulnerable (Singapore)
Synonyms: hidden
= Acanthus ilicifolius Lour.; Fl. Cochinch.: 375 (1790), nom. illeg.
= Acanthus ilicifolius var. ebracteatus (Vahl) Benoist; Lecomte (ed.), Fl. Indo-Chine 4: 679 (1935)
= Dilivaria ebracteata (Vahl) Pers.; Syn. 2: 179 (1806)
subspecies :
subsp. ebarbatus
R.M.Barker; J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 9: 73 (1986)
Distribution: Australia (Western Australia, Queensland, Northern Territory)
50 AUS
species :
Acanthus eminens
C.B.Clarke; Oliv. et al. (eds.), Fl. Trop. Africa 5: 107 (1899)
Distribution: South Sudan; Ethiopia; Uganda; Kenya
24 ETH SSU 25 KEN UGA
species :
Acanthus flexicaulis
Bremek.; Proc. K. Nederl. Akad. Wetensch., Ser. C, 58: No. 3 (Acanth. Mal.) 304 (1955)
Distribution: W-peninsular Malaysia; Sumatra
42 MLY SUM
species :
Acanthus gaed
Lindau; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 20: 33 (1894)
Distribution: NE-Somalia
24 SOM
species :
Acanthus greuterianus
Snogerup, B.Snogerup & Strid; Willdenowia 36(1): 324 (2006)
Distribution: SE-Albania; NW-Greece
13 ALB GRC
species :
Acanthus guineensis
Heine & P.Taylor; Kew Bull. 16: 161 (1962)
Distribution: Guinea; Sierra Leone; Liberia; Ivory Coast; Ghana; Togo; Congo [Brazzaville]
22 GHA GUI IVO LBR SIE TOG 23 CON
species :
Acanthus hirsutus
Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 4: 85 (1844)
subspecies :
subsp. hirsutus
Distribution: European Turkey; Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia)
13 TUE 34 TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Acanthus spinosus Nees; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 11: 271 (1847)
= Acanthus hirsutus f. roseus D.Wood; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 46: 7 (1989)
subspecies :
subsp. syriacus
(Boiss.) Brummitt; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 46(1): 8 (1989)
Distribution: Turkey (S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia: Mesopotamian Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (W-Syrian Mountains); Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel); Jordania (S-Jordania, W-Jordania)
34 ISR JOR LEB SYR TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Acanthus syriacus Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 11: 135 (1849)
species :
Acanthus hungaricus
(Borbás) Baen.; Herb. Eur. n 9138 (1896) [in sched.]
Distribution: Hungary; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; NW-Greece; Crimea
11 HUN 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC KOS MNT NMA ROM SLV SRB TUE 14 KRY
Synonyms: hidden
= Acanthus balcanicus Heywood & I.Richardson; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 65: 357 (1972)
= Acanthus longifolius Host; Fl. Austriac. [Host] 2: 217 (1831) (non Poir. in Lam., Encycl. Suppl. 1: 88 (1810))
= Acanthus longifolius var. hungaricus Borbás; Pallas Nagy Lexikona 1: 239 (1893)
species :
Acanthus ilicifolius
L.; Sp. Pl. 639 (1753)
Distribution: China (coastal); India (Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal); Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Andaman Isl. (Middle Andamans, South Andamans); Nicobar Isl. (Central Nicobars, South Nicobar Isl.); Myanmar (Ayeyarwady, Rakhine, Taninthayi, Yangon); Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (commoner in the north); Singapore; Borneo; Brunei; Philippines; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali, etc.); Moluccas; New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea); Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland); New Caledonia; Santa Cruz Isl.; Vanuatu
36 CHI 40 BAN IND SRL 41 AND CBD LAO MYA NCB VIE 42 BOR BRN LSI MLY MOL NWG PHI SNG 50 AUS 60 NWC SCZ VAN
Synonyms: hidden
= Acanthus doloarius Blanco; Fl. Filip. ed. I. 487 (1837)
= Acanthus ilicifolius subsp. orientalis Bremek.; Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. C 58: 300 (1955)
= Acanthus ilicifolius var. subinteger Nees; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 11: 269 (1847)
= Acanthus neoguineensis Engl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 7: 474 (1886)
= Dilivaria ilicifolia (L.) J.St.-Hil.; Expos. Fam. Nat. 1: 237 (1805)
= Dilivaria ilicifolia (L.) Nees; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 3: 98 (1832), isonym
variant :
var. integrifolius
T.Anderson; Enum. Pl. Zeyl. [Thwaites] 232 (1860)
Distribution: Sri Lanka; Andaman Isl. (South Andamans)
40 SRL 41 AND
variant :
var. xiamenensis
(R.T.Zhang) Y.F.Deng, N.H.Xia & Heng B.Chen; J. Trop. Subtrop. Bot. 14(6): 530 (2006)
Distribution: China (Fujian, Guangdong)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Acanthus ebracteatus var. xiamenensis (R.T.Zhang) C.Y.Wu & C.C.Hu; Flora Reipubl. Pop. Sin. 70: 47 (2002)
= Acanthus xiamenensis R.T.Zhang; Wuyi Sci. J. 5: 239 (1985)
species :
Acanthus kulalensis
Vollesen; Kew Bull. 62(2): 239 (2007)
Distribution: Kenya
25 KEN
species :
Acanthus latisepalus
C.B.Clarke; Oliv. et al. (eds.), Fl. Trop. Africa 5: 108 (1900)
Distribution: Gabon; Congo [Brazzaville]
23 CON GAB
Conservation Status: IUCN R
Synonyms: hidden
= Acanthus villeanus De Wild.; Ann. Mus. Congo, Ser. IV. 148 (1903)
species :
Acanthus leucostachyus
Wall. ex Nees; Pl. As. Rar. 3: 98 (1832)
Distribution: China (S-Yunnan); Bhutan; India (Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Tripura, West Bengal); Bangladesh; Myanmar (Kachin, Sagaing); Thailand; Vietnam
36 CHI 40 BAN BHU IND 41 MYA THA VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Acanthus leucostachyus Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 2512 (1830), nomen
species :
Acanthus longibracteatus
Kurz; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 39(2): 79 (1870)
Distribution: Myanmar (Bago)
41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Acanthus longipetiolatus Kurz; Forest Fl. Burma 2: 241 (1877)
species :
Acanthus mayaccanus
Büttner; Verh. Bot. Ver. Brand 32: 37 (1890)
Distribution: Congo [Brazzaville]; D.R.Congo [Zaire]
23 CON ZAI
species :
Acanthus mollis
L.; Sp. Pl.: 939 [639] (1753)
Name: Weicher Akanthus (DE), Bear´s breech (EN)
Distribution: Germany [I]; Portugal; Spain; Gibraltar; France; Monaco [c]; Channel Isl. [I]; Corsica; Italy; Sicily; Pantelleria; San Marino [I]; Croatia; European Turkey; Greece (rare, incl. Limnos); Crete (rare); Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Azores [I] (Sao Miguel Isl. [I], Pico [I], Faial [I], Flores Isl. [I]); Madeira [I] (Madeira Isl. [I]); Canary Isl. [I] (Gran Canaria [I], Tenerife [I], La Gomera [I]); East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Chios, Rhodos); Turkey (N-Anatolia); Syria (W-Syrian Mountains); India [I] (Tamil Nadu [I]); Australia [I] (South Australia [I], Queensland [I]); New Zealand [I]; Chatham Isl. [I]; USA [I] (California [I]); Costa Rica [I]; Colombia [I] (Antioquia [I], Cundinamarca [I]); Venezuela [I]; Ecuador [I]; Bolivia [I]
11 ger 12 cis COR FRA GIB mco POR SPA 13 CRO GRC ITA KRI PTL SIC sma TUE 20 ALG MOR TUN 21 azo cny mdr 34 EAI SYR TUR 40 ind 50 aus 51 ctm nzl 76 usa 80 cos 82 clm ven 83 bol ecu
Synonyms: hidden
= Acanthus hispanicus G.Don; Loudon, Hort. Brit.: 256 (1830)
= Acanthus latifolius E.Goeze; Gard. Chron. 1867: 903 (1867)
= Acanthus longifolius Poir.; Lam., Encycl., Suppl. 1: 88 (1810)
= Acanthus lusitanicus André; Pl. Feuill. Ornem.: 84 (1866)
= Acanthus mollis subsp. platyphyllus Murb.; Acta Univ. Lund. ser. 2, 2(I): 64 (1905)
= Acanthus mollis var. nigra (Mill.) Willd.; Sp. Pl. ed. 4. 3: 397 (1800)
= Acanthus mollis var. viciosoi Pau; Bol. Soc. Aragonesa Ci. Nat. 7: 71 (1908)
= Acanthus niger Mill.; Gard. Dict. ed. 8.: no. 2 (1768)
= Acanthus platyphyllus Murb.; Acta Univ. Lund., ser. 2, 1(4): 64 (1905)
= Acanthus spinosissimus Host; Fl. Austriac. [Host] 2: 218 (1831), nom. illeg.
species :
Acanthus montanus
(Nees) T.Anderson; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 7: 37 (1864)
Distribution: Benin; Nigeria; Cameroon; Bioko Isl. [Fernando Poo]; Principe Isl.; São Tomé; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Congo [Brazzaville]; Central African Republic; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; S-Chad; Angola; Zambia; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Mauritius [I]; Honduras [c]; Hispaniola [c] (Dominican Republic [c])
22 BEN NGA 23 BIO CAF CMN CON EQG GAB PRI SAO ZAI 24 CHA 26 ANG MOZ ZAM ZIM 29 mau 80 hon 81 his
Synonyms: hidden
= Acanthus barteri T.Anderson; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 7: 37 (1864)
= Acanthus caudatus Lindau; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 20: 33 (1894)
= Cheilopsis montana Nees; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 11: 272 (1847)
species :
Acanthus polystachyus
Delile; Caill. Voy. au Meroe, 2. t. 62, f. 2 (1826)
Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Sudan; Ethiopia; Eritrea; Somalia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania
23 ZAI 24 ERI ETH SOM SUD 25 KEN TAN UGA
Synonyms: hidden
= Acanthus arboreus f. albiflorus Fiori; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n. s. 47: 41 (1940)
= Acanthus flamandii De Wild.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 4: 427 (1914)
= Cheilopsis polystachius (Delile) Moq.; Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. I. 27: 230 (1832)
= Dilivaria polystachya (Delile) Endl.; Gen. Pl. [Endlicher] 703 (1839), nom. inval.
= Zonablephis polistachyus (Delile) Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 144 (1838)
species :
Acanthus pubescens
(Thomson ex Oliv.) Engl.; Abhandl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. 2: 390 (1891 publ. 1892)
Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Burundi; Ethiopia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Zambia; South Africa (Limpopo)
23 BUR ZAI 24 ETH 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 ZAM 27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Acanthus arboreus var. pubescens Thomson ex Oliv.; Speke, J. Discov. Source Nile: 643 (1863)
= Acanthus ugandensis C.B.Clarke; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 37: 527 (1906)
species :
Acanthus sennii
Chiov.; Atti R. Accad. Ital., Mem. Cl. Sci. Fis. etc. 11: (Pl. Nov. Aethiop.) 50 (1940)
Distribution: Ethiopia
24 ETH
Synonyms: hidden
= Acanthus arboreus var. ruber G.W.Schimp. ex Engl.; Hochgebirgsfl. Afrika: 390 (1892)
= Acanthus sennii var. lanatus Cufod.; Senckenberg. Biol. 46: 95 (1965)
= Cheilopsis steudneri Solms; Schweinf., Beitr. Fl. Aethiop.: 243 (1867), nomen
species :
Acanthus seretii
De Wild.; Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., sér. 5, 3: 271 (1910)
Distribution: NE-D.R.Congo [Zaire]; South Sudan; ?Uganda
23 ZAI 24 SSU
species :
Acanthus spinosus
L.; Sp. Pl.: 939 [6391 (1753)
Name: Dorniger Akanthus (DE); Spiny Bear´s-breech (EN)
Distribution: Channel Isl. [I]; Italy; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; ?Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Bulgaria; Greece (widespread, incl. Kiklades); Crete; Algeria [I]; East Aegaean Isl. (Chios, Ikaria, Samos, Kos, Dodecanese, Simi, Chalki, Karpathos, Kasos, Rhodos); Turkey (SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia)
12 cis 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS KRI MNT NMA 20 alg 34 EAI TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Acanthus caroli-alexandri Hausskn.; Gartenflora 35: 626 (1886)
= Acanthus spinosissimus Pers.; Syn. Pl. 2: 179 (1806)
= Acanthus spinosus subsp. spinosissimus (Pers.) Zangh.; Fl Ital. 1: 626 (1976) (comb. inval.)
= Acanthus spinulosus Host; Fl. Austriac. [Host] 2: 217 (1831)
species :
Acanthus ueleensis
De Wild.; Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., sér. 5, 3: 270 (1910)
Distribution: E-D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; Burundi; South Sudan; Uganda; Tanzania; Malawi; N-Mozambique
23 BUR RWA ZAI 24 SSU 25 TAN UGA 26 MLW MOZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Acanthus ueleensis subsp. mahaliensis Napper; Kew Bull. 24: 332 (1970)
= Acanthus vandermeirenii De Wild.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 4: 428 (1914)
= Acanthus vandermeirenii var. violaceopunctatus De Wild.; Pl. Bequaert. 4: 27 (1926)
species :
Acanthus villaeanus
De Wild.; Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., sér. 4, 1: 148 (1903)
Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]
23 ZAI
species :
Acanthus volubilis
Wall.; Pl. As. Rar. 2: 56. t. 172 (1831)
Distribution: India (West Bengal: Sundarbans); Bangladesh; Andaman Isl. (Middle Andamans, South Andamans); Nicobar Isl. (Great Nicobar Isl.); Myanmar (Ayeyarwady, Bago, Rakhine, Taninthayi); peninsular Malaysia (scattered); Singapore; Sumatra; Borneo; Sulawesi; Philippines (Mindoro, Sibuyan, Panay, Basilan); Moluccas
40 BAN IND 41 AND MYA NCB 42 BOR MLY MOL PHI SNG SUL SUM
Conservation Status: vulnerable (Singapore)
Synonyms: hidden
= Acanthus ilicifolius var. volubilis (Wall.) Hochr.; Candollea 5: 232 (1934)
= Dilivaria scandens Nees; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 11: 269 (1847)
= Dilivaria volubilis (Wall.) Nees; Pl. Asiat. Rar. [Wallich] 3: 98 (1832)
