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479.0000 Family Solanaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 124 (1789), nom. cons.
96 genera, ca. 2900 spp. Phylogeny: Olmstead et al. (2008), Cole et al. (2020)
Species listed in database: 2780; hybrids: 19
= Atropaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 57 (1820)
= Browalliaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 243 (1820)
= Cestraceae Schltdl.; Linnaea 8: 250 (1833)
= Daturaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 243 (1820)
= Duckeodendraceae Kuhlm.; Arq. Serv. Florest. 3: 7 (1950)
= Goetzeaceae Miers; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 27: 191 (1870)
= Hyoscyamaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 272, 294 (1818)
= Lyciaceae Raf.; Autik. Bot. 1: 15 (1840)
= Nicotianaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 416 (1820)
= Nolanaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 244 (1820), nom. cons.
= Salpiglossidaceae Hutch.; Evol. Phylogeny Fl. Pl. 631 (1969)
= Sclerophylacaceae Miers; London J. Bot. 7: 58 (1848)
479.8023 Genus Withania Pauquy; Belladone 14 (1825), nom. cons.
Distribution: Canary Isl., Cape Verde Isl., Mediterranean, Ethiopia, Somalia, South Africa, W- and SW-Asia, St. Helena (1). Physaliastrum and Archiphysalis are sometimes included here.
Species listed in database: 12
= Archiphysalis Kuang; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 11: 59 (1966)
= Hypnoticum Meisn.; Pl. Vasc. Gen. [Meisner] 184 (1840)
= Mellissia Hook.f.; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 11: t. 1021 (1867)
= Opsago Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 54 (1838)
= Physaloides Moench; Methodus [Moench] 473 (1794)
= Puneeria Stocks; J. Asiat. Soc. Bombay 3: 55 (1849)
= Scleromphalos Griff.; Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 96, Ic. Asiat. Pl., t. 414, f. 1 (1854)
species :
Withania adpressa Coss. ex Batt.; Bull. Stat. Rech. Forest. N. Africa 1: 138 (1917)
Distribution: Morocco; Algeria
20 ALG MOR
Synonyms: hidden
= Withania adpressa Coss.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 22: 64 (1875), nomen
species :
Withania adunensis Vierh.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 56: 257 (1906)
Distribution: Soqotra
24 SOC
species :
Withania aristata (Aiton) Pauquy; Belladone [Pauquy] 15 (1824)
Name: Orobal del pais (ES)
Distribution: Canary Isl. (Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, Hierro, La Palma)
21 CNY
Synonyms: hidden
= Atropa aristata (Aiton) Poir.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.], Suppl. 1: 609 (1811)
= Physalis aristata Aiton; Hort. Kew. [W.Aiton] 1: 244 (1789)
species :
Withania begoniifolia (Roxb.) Hunz. & Barboza; Lorentzia 8: 7 (1995)
Name: St. Helena Boxwood
Distribution: St. Helena
28 STH
Conservation Status: Critically endangered in the wild (few seeds remaining, some of them in cultivation)
Synonyms: hidden
= Mellissia begoniifolia (Roxb.) Hook.f.; Icon. Pl., t. 1021 (1867)
= Physalis begoniifolia Roxb.; Tracts St. Helena [Beatson], App. 317 (1816)
species :
Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 13(1): 685 (1852)
Distribution: Iran (S-Iran); Afghanistan (Kabul, Kunar / Nuristan, Laghman, Nangarhar, Paktia / Khost); Pakistan (Karachi, Sind, Baluchistan, N. W. Frontier Prov., Kurram, Waziristan, Khyber, Kohat, Pakistani Punjab, Rawalpindi); Nepal; India (Himachal Pradesh, Karmataka, Mal}arashtra, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh)
34 AFG IRN 40 IND NEP PAK
Synonyms: hidden
= Puneeria coagulans Stocks; J. Asiat. Soc. Bombay 3: 54 (1849)
species :
Withania frutescens (L.) Pauquy; Belladone [Pauquy] 15 (1825)
Name: Campanillera (ES)
Distribution: Portugal; S- & E-Spain; Baleares; Morocco; Algeria; Canary Isl. (Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria)
12 BAL POR SPA 20 ALG MOR 21 CNY
Synonyms: hidden
= Atropa frutescens L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 182 (1753)
= Hypnoticum frutescens (L.) Boiss.; Voy. Bot. Espagne 2: 437 (1842)
= Opsago cordata Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 54 (1838)
= Opsago suberosa (Cav.) Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 54 (1838)
= Physalis frutescens (L.) DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck] 3: 611 (1805)
= Physalis suberosa Cav.; Icon. [Cavanilles] 2: 1 (1793)
= Withania grosii Pau; Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat. 22: 33 (1922)
= Withania suberosa (Cav.) Endl.; Gen. Pl. [Endlicher] 666 (1839)
= Withania villosa Pauquy; Belladone [Pauquy] 15 (1824)
species :
Withania grisea (Hepper & Boulos) Thulin; Nordic J. Bot. 22(4): 388 (2002 publ. 2003)
Distribution: Somalia
24 SOM
Synonyms: hidden
= Withania sphaerocarpa var. grisea Hepper & Boulos; Kew Bull. 43(1): 123 (1988)
species :
Withania qaraitica A.G.Mill. & Biagi; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 45(1): 68 (1988)
Distribution: Oman
35 OMA
species :
Withania reichenbachii Bitter; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 54: 345 (1917)
Distribution: Ethiopia
24 ETH
Synonyms: hidden
= Solanum reichenbachii Vatke; Linnaea 43: 330 (1880 publ. 1882)
species :
Withania riebeckii Schweinf. ex Balf.f.; Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 12: 83 (1884)
Distribution: Samha Isl.; Soqotra
24 SOC
Synonyms: hidden
= Withania simonyana R.Wagner ex Vierh.; Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 71: 442 (1907)
species :
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 13(1): 453 (1852)
Name: Winterkirsche, Schlafbeere (DE); Hierba del sueno (ES), Winter Cherry (EN)
Distribution: Spain; Baleares; Sardinia; Sicily; +Greece (+Attiki, +Argolis, +S-Peloponnisos); Crete; Morocco; Western Sahara; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Egypt (Desert Oases, Great Southwestern Desert, NE-Egypt, Nile Delta, Nile Valley, NW-coastal Egypt, SE-Egypt); Canary Isl. (Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, La Palma); Cape Verde Isl. (Santo Antao Isl., Sao Vicente Isl., Ilha de Sao Nicolau, Sal Isl., Ilha da Boa Vista, Ilha de Sao Tiago, Fogo Isl., Ilha Brava); Mauritania; Mali; Nigeria; Cameroon; N-Chad (Tibesti, Ennedi); Sudan; South Sudan; Ethiopia; Eritrea; Djibouti; Somalia; Soqotra; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Namibia; Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo, North-West Prov., Gauteng, Mpulamanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.); Lesotho; Eswatini [Swaziland]; Mauritius [I]; La Réunion [I]; East Aegaean Isl. (Rhodos); Turkey (S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia); Iraq (SE-Iraq: Mesopotamia); Iran (E-Iran, S-Iran); Afghanistan (Kunar / Nuristan, Laghman, Nangarhar, Paktia / Khost); Cyprus (E-Cyprus, SW-Cyprus, W-Cyprus); Lebanon (C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel, N-Negev Desert, Judean Desert); Sinai peninsula (N-Sinai, N-Sinai, S-Sinai); Jordania (S-Jordania, W-Jordania); Saudi Arabia (C-Saudi Arabia, NE-Saudi Arabia, N-Saudi Arabia, Hejaz, Midyan, Rub al Khali, Asir, Nejd Desert); Bahrain; Qatar [I]; United Arab Emirates; Yemen (Aden Desert, coastal Hadhramaut, Inner Hadhramaut, N-Inner Yemen, Tihama, W-Yemen); China (Gansu, Yunnan); Pakistan (Karachi, Sind, Baluchistan, N. W. Frontier Prov., Kurram, Swat, Hazara, Salt Range, Rawalpindi); India (throughout); Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Myanmar (Kachin, Magway, Sagaing); Australia [I] (South Australia [I], New South Wales [I])
12 BAL SAR SPA 13 GRC KRI SIC 20 ALG EGY LBY MOR TUN WSA 21 CNY CVI 22 MLI MTN NGA 23 CMN 24 CHA DJI ERI ETH SOC SOM SSU SUD 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 ANG MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 BOT LES NAM SAF SWZ 29 mau reu 34 AFG CYP EAI IRN IRQ ISR JOR LEB SIN TUR 35 BAR qat SAU UAE YEM 36 CHI 40 BAN IND PAK SRL 41 MYA 50 aus
Synonyms: hidden
= Alicabon somniferum (L.) Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 56 (1838)
= Hypnoticum somniferum (L.) Rodati ex Boiss.; Voy. Bot. Espagne 436 (1841), nom. inval.
= Larnax morrisonii (Dunal) Miers; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 2, 11: 96 (1853)
= Physalis alpini J.Jacq.; Ecl. Pl. Rar. 1: 39 (1811)
= Physalis arborescens Thunb.; Prodr. Pl. Cap. 1: 37 (1794), nom. illeg.
= Physalis flexuosa L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 182 (1753)
= Physalis scariosa Webb & Berthel.; Hist. Nat. Îles Canaries (Phytogr.) 3(2, 3): 120 (1845)
= Physalis somnifera L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 182 (1753)
= Physalis somnifera var. communis Nees; Linnaea 6: 455 (1831)
= Physalis somnifera var. flexuosa (L.) Nees; Linnaea 6: 454 (1831)
= Physalis sugunda Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 2635 (1831), nom. inval.
= Physalis tomentosa Thunb.; Prodr. Pl. Cap. 1: 37 (1794), nom. illeg.
= Physalis villosa Moench ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 2: 329 (1841), nom. illeg.
= Physaloides somnifera (L.) Moench; Methodus [Moench] 473 (1794)
= Withania arborescens Dunal; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 13(1): 455 (1852)
= Withania chevalieri A.E.Gonç.; Garcia de Orta, Ser. Bot. 14(1): 149 (1999)
= Withania kansuensis Kuang & A.M.Lu; Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 67(1): 159 (1978)
= Withania macrocalyx (Chiov.) Chiov.; Esplor. Uabi-Uebi Scebeli 432 (1932), nom. superfl.
= Withania microphysalis Suess.; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 3: 93 (1951)
= Withania morisonii Dunal; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 13(1): 454 (1852)
= Withania mucronata Chiov.; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n. s. 34: 845 (1927)
= Withania obtusifolia Täckh.; Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 26: 370 (1932)
= Withania sicula Lojac.; Fl. Sicul. [Lojacono] 2(2): 107 (1907)
= Withania somnifera subsp. obtusifolia (Täckh.) Abedin, Al-Yahya, Chaudhary & J.S.Mossa; Pakistan J. Bot. 23(2): 280 (1991)
= Withania somnifera var. abhaica Alsuhaimi, M.A.Ali & Alwahibi; Bangladesh J. Pl. Taxon. 31(2): 205, 208, 221 (2024)
= Withania somnifera var. communis (Nees) Dunal; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 13(1): 454 (1852)
= Withania somnifera var. flexuosa (L.) Dunal; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 13(1): 454 (1852)
= Withania somnifera var. macrocalyx Chiov.; Fl. Somala 237 (1929)
species :
Withania sphaerocarpa Hepper & Boulos; Kew Bull. 43(1): 123 (1988)
Distribution: Ethiopia; Somalia
24 ETH SOM
Synonyms: hidden
= Withania somnifera var. somalensis Schinz; Vierteljahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zürich 56: 262 (1911)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.04 (April 17th, 2025)

Covering 356,375 accepted species,
8,782 hybrids, 48,090 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,002,897 synonyms,
in total 1,416,144* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life