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480.0000 Family Boraginaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 128 (1789), nom. cons., s. str.
118 genera, ca. 2000 spp.
Species listed in database: 2046; hybrids: 46
= Anchusaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 274, 302 (1818)
= Cerinthaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 244 (1820)
= Cynoglossaceae Döll; Rhein. Fl. [Döll] 406 (1843)
= Echiaceae Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 2: 61 (1837)
= Onosmaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 437 (1820)
480.2233 Genus Symphytum L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 136 (1753)
Distribution: Europe (11), Mediterranean, W-(incl. Caucasus) Asia, rarely in Siberia (W-Siberia) and Middle Asia
Species listed in database: 29; hybrids: 9
= Procopiania Gusul.; Bul. Fac. Sti. Cernauti 2: 434 (1928)
= xProcopiphytum Pawl.; Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 17(1): 50 (1971)
species :
Symphytum aintabicum Hub.-Mor. & Wickens; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 29: 174 (1969)
Distribution: Turkey (S-Anatolia)
34 TUR
species :
Symphytum anatolicum Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 4: 43 (1844)
Distribution: East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Ikaria, Samos, Kos); Turkey (SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); Syria (W-Syrian Mountains)
34 EAI SYR TUR
Remarks: anatolicum agg.
Synonyms: hidden
= Symphytum asperrimum d´Urv.; Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 276 (1822), nom. illeg.
= Symphytum sicyosmum Candargy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 44: 150 (1897)
species :
Symphytum asperum Lepech.; Nova Acta Acad. Sci. Imp. Petrop. Hist. Acad. 14: 442 (1805)
Name: Rauher Beinwell (DE), Rough Comfrey (EN)
Distribution: England [I] (England [I], Wales [I], Isle of Man [I], Scotland [I]); Ireland [I] (Ireland [I], Northern Ireland [I]); Denmark [I]; Norway [I]; Sweden [I]; Finland [I]; Belgium [I]; Germany [I]; Switzerland [I]; Austria [I]; Hungary [I]; Spain [I]; France [I]; France [I]; Italy [I]; Estonia [I]; Latvia [I]; Belarus [I]; C-European Russia [I]; Ukraine [I]; Kyrgyzstan [I]; Tajikistan [I]; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (E-Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia); Iran (N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan); Taiwan [I]; India [I] (Goa [I]); Australia [I] (Queensland [I], Tasmania [I]); New Zealand [I]; Fiji [I]; Alaska [I]; Canada [I] (British Columbia [I], Manitoba [I], New Brunswick [I], Newfoundland [I], Nova Scotia [I], Ontario [I], Prince Edward Isl. [I], Québec [I], Saskatchewan [I]); USA [I] (California [I], Connecticut [I], Massachusetts [I], Maryland [I], Maine [I], Michigan [I], Minnesota [I], New York [I], Ohio [I], Oregon [I], Vermont [I], Washington State [I], Wisconsin [I])
10 den fin grb ire nor swe 11 aut bgm ger hun swi 12 fra spa 13 ita 14 blr est lat rus ukr 32 kgz tzk 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 IRN TUR 38 tai 40 ind 50 aus 51 nzl 60 fij 70 ask 71 cdn 72 cdn 73 usa 74 usa 75 usa 76 usa 78 usa
Remarks: asperum agg.
Synonyms: hidden
= Symphytum armeniacum Buckn.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 41: 520, f. 1 (1913)
= Symphytum asperrimum Donn ex Sims; Bot. Mag. 24: t. 929 (1806)
= Symphytum asperum var. armeniacum (Buckn.) Kurtto; Ann. Bot. Fenn. 19(3): 186 (1982)
= Symphytum echinatum Ledeb.; Enum. Pl. Horti Bot. Dorpat., Suppl. 5 (1811)
= Symphytum majus Gueldenst. ex Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 3: 115 (1847)
species :
Symphytum bohemicum F.W.Schmidt; Fl. Boëm., Cent. 3: 13 (1794)
Name: Böhmischer Beinwell (DE)
Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt); Switzerland; Austria; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Hungary; Italy; Croatia; Serbia; Kosovo; Ukraine; etc.
11 AUT CZE GER HUN SLO SWI 13 CRO ITA KOS SRB 14 UKR
Remarks: separated from S. officinale by cytology, forming sterile hybrids and therefore most probably a separate species
Synonyms: hidden
= Symphytum officinale f. bohemicum (F.W.Schmidt) Braun-Blanq.; Fl. Graubünden 1139 (1934)
= Symphytum officinale f. microcalyx (Opiz) Gams; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5: 2225 (1927)
= Symphytum officinale f. ochroleucum Neuman; Sver. Fl. 180 (1901)
= Symphytum officinale subsp. bohemicum (F.W.Schmidt) Celak.; Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. Prag, Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. (Vestn. Král. Ceské Spolecn. Nauk., Tr. Mat.-Prír.) 1891: 29 (1891)
= Symphytum officinale var. bohemicum (F.W.Schmidt) Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 1: 161 (1805)
= Symphytum officinale var. bohemicum (F.W.Schmidt) Roth; Enum. Pl. Phan. Germ. 1(1): 579 (1827)
species :
Symphytum bornmuelleri Buckn.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 41: 536, f. 2 (1913)
Distribution: Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia)
34 TUR
species :
Symphytum brachycalyx Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 4: 43 (1844)
Distribution: Turkey (Inner Anatolia, S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon); Syria (C-Syrian Desert, W-Syrian Mountains); Israel (Rift Valley, N-Israel); Jordania (S-Jordania, W-Jordania)
34 ISR JOR LEB SYR TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Symphytum orientale DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 10: 40 (1846)
= Symphytum orientale var. angustior DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 10: 39 (1846)
= Symphytum palaestinum Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 11: 94 (1849)
= Symphytum palaestinum var. dentatum Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 4(1): 174 (1875)
= Symphytum palaestinum var. majus Buckn.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 41: 535 (1913)
= Symphytum palaestinum var. violaceum Feinbrun; Israel J. Bot. 26: 79 (1976)
species :
Symphytum bulbosum K.F.Schimp.; Flora 8: 17 (1825)
Name: Knollen-Beinwell (DE), Bulbous Comfrey (EN)
Distribution: Germany [I]; France; +Monaco; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; San Marino [I]; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (widespread on mainland, Sporades, Andros, Korfu, Ionian Isl., Samothraki); Algeria [I]; Turkey (WN-Anatolia)
11 ger 12 COR FRA MCO SAR 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MNT NMA SIC SLV sma SRB TUE 20 alg 34 TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Symphytum brochum Bory & Chaub.; Nouv. Fl. Pelop. 13, t. 8 (1838)
= Symphytum clusii C.C.Gmel.; Fl. Bad. [C.C.Gmelin] 4: 144 (1826), nom. illeg.
= Symphytum filipendulum Bisch.; Flora 9: 562 (1826)
= Symphytum macrolepis J.Gay ex Dierb.; Mag. Pharm. 11(3): 212 (1825)
= Symphytum macrolepis J.Gay ex Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 347 (1831)
= Symphytum punctatum Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 2: 41 (1828)
= Symphytum tuberosum subsp. bulbosum (K.F.Schimp.) P.Fourn.; Quatre Fl. France 747 (1937)
= Symphytum zeyheri K.F.Schimp.; Flora 12: 418 (1829)
species :
Symphytum carpaticum Yu.M.Frolov; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 72(10): 1396 (1987)
Distribution: W-Ukraine
14 UKR
species :
Symphytum caucasicum M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 128 (1808)
Name: Kaukasischer Beinwell (DE), Caucasian Comfrey (EN)
Distribution: England [I] (England [I], Wales [I], Scotland [I]); Germany [I]; Belarus [I]; European Russia; Crimea [I]; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Iran (Iranian Aserbaijan)
10 grb 11 ger 14 blr kry RUS 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 IRN
Remarks: recently a popular garden plant with major invasive potential
Synonyms: hidden
= Symphytum azureum H.C.Hall; Tijdschr. Wis- Natuurk. Wetensch. Eerste Kl. Kon. Ned. Inst. Wetensch. 2(2): 128 (1849)
= Symphytum caucasicum D.Don; Brit. Fl. Gard. [Sweet] 6: t. 294 (1835), nom. illeg.
= Symphytum donii DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 10: 37 (1846)
= Symphytum racemosum Stephan ex Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 4: 752 (1819)
species :
Symphytum circinale Runemark; Bot. Not. 120: 90, ff. 2C, D (1967)
Name: Rhodischer Beinwell (DE); Rhodian Comfrey (EN)
Distribution: East Aegaean Isl. (Ikaria, Samos, Kalimnos, Kos, Chalki, Rhodos)
34 EAI
Remarks: creticum agg.
Conservation Status: IUCN R
Synonyms: hidden
= Procopiania circinalis (Runemark) Pawl.; Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 17: 48 (1971)
species :
Symphytum cordatum Waldst. & Kit.; Descr. Icon. Pl. Hung. 1: 6, t. 7 (1801)
Name: Herzblättriger Beinwell (DE)
Distribution: Germany [I]; Poland; Slovakia; Romania (Carpathians); Ukraine
11 ger POL SLO 13 ROM 14 UKR
Synonyms: hidden
= Symphytum cordifolium Baumg.; Enum. Stirp. Transsilv. 1: 126 (1816)
= Symphytum pannonicum Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 1: 161 (1805)
species :
Symphytum creticum (Willd.) Greuter & Rech.f.; Boissiera 13: 100 (1967)
Distribution: S-Greece (S-Peloponnisos, Idra, Serifos, Sifnos, Astipalea, Sirina, Kithira, Andikithira); Crete; East Aegaean Isl. (Kasos, Karpathos)
13 GRC KRI 34 EAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Borago cretica Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 1: 778 (1798)
= Procopiania cretica (Willd.) Gusul.; Bul. Fac. Sti. Cernauti 2: 435 (1928)
= Procopiania cretica f. nuda Pawl.; Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 17(1): 45 (1971)
= Procopiania cretica var. squamulata Pawl.; Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 17(1): 45 (1971)
= Procopiania insularis Pawl.; Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 17: 45 (1971)
= Psilostemon creticus (Willd.) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 10: 36 (1846)
= Symphytum creticum var. squamulatum (Pawl.) R.L.Jahn; Exkursionsfl. Kreta [Jahn & Schönfelder] 28 (1995), without exact basionym page.
= Symphytum insulare (Pawl.) Greuter & Burdet; Willdenowia 11: 39 (1981)
= Trachystemon creticus (Willd.) D.Don ex G.Don; Gen. Hist. 4: 309 (1837)
species :
Symphytum davisii Wickens; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 29: 168 (1969)
subspecies :
subsp. davisii
Distribution: Greece (Kiklades: Amorgos)
13 GRC
Remarks: anatolicum agg.
Conservation Status: IUCN R
subspecies :
subsp. cycladense (Pawl.) Stearn; Ann. Mus. Goulandris 7: 196 (1986)
Distribution: Greece (Kiklades: Sikinos)
13 GRC
Conservation Status: IUCN E
Synonyms: hidden
= Symphytum cycladense Pawl.; Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 17: 25 (1971)
subspecies :
subsp. icaricum (Pawl.) Stearn; Ann. Mus. Goulandris 7: 198 (1986)
Distribution: East Aegaean Isl. (Ikaria)
34 EAI
Conservation Status: IUCN R
Synonyms: hidden
= Symphytum icaricum Pawl.; Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 17: 19 (1971)
subspecies :
subsp. naxicola (Pawl.) Stearn; Ann. Mus. Goulandris 7: 194 (1986)
Distribution: Greece (Kiklades: Naxos)
13 GRC
Conservation Status: IUCN R
Synonyms: hidden
= Symphytum naxicola Pawl.; Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 17: 21 (1971)
species :
Symphytum grandiflorum DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 10: 40 (1846)
Name: Großblütiger Beinwell (DE), Creeping Comfrey (EN)
Distribution: England [I] (England [I], Wales [I], Isle of Man [I], Scotland [I]); Ireland [I] (Ireland [I], Northern Ireland [I]); Germany [I]; France [I]; Channel Isl. [I] (Alderney [I], Guernsey [I]); Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Turkey (NE-Anatolia)
10 grb ire 11 ger 12 cis fra 33 GEO NCS 34 TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Symphytum ciscaucasicum Gvin.; Zametki Sist. Geogr. Rast. 29: 55 (1972)
= Symphytum cordatum M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 130 (1808)
species :
Symphytum gussonei F.W.Schultz; Arch. Fl. Europe 2: lviii (1874), et Flora 58: 218 (1875)
Distribution: Sicily
13 SIC
Remarks: tuberosum agg.
Conservation Status: IUCN R
Synonyms: hidden
= Symphytum mediterraneum Guss. ex F.W.Schultz; Flora 58: 218 (1875)
species :
Symphytum hajastanum Gvin.; Zametki Syst. Geogr. Rast. 26: 73 (1967)
Distribution: Armenia
33 ARM
species :
Symphytum ibericum Steven ex M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 3: 647 (1808)
Name: Kriechender Beinwell (DE)
Distribution: Germany [I]; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Turkey (NE-Anatolia)
11 ger 33 GEO NCS 34 TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Symphytum abchasicum Trautv.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 43(1): 72 (1870)
= Symphytum ibericum Steven; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 24(1): 579 (1851)
= Symphytum ibericum var. abchasicum (Trautv.) Gvin.
species :
Symphytum kurdicum Boiss. & Hausskn.; Pl. Orient. Nov. (dec. sec.) 5 (1875)
Distribution: Turkey (E-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq, NW-Iraq); Iran (W-Iran)
34 IRN IRQ TUR
species :
Symphytum longisetum Hub.-Mor. & Wickens; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 29: 174 (1969)
Distribution: Turkey (SSW-Anatolia)
34 TUR
Conservation Status: IUCN R
species :
Symphytum officinale L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 136 (1753)
Name: Gewöhnlicher Beinwell (DE), Common Comfrey (EN)
Distribution: England (England, Wales, Isle of Man, Scotland, Outer Hebrides, Isles of Scilly); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Denmark [I]; Norway [I]; Sweden [I]; Finland [I]; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; ?Portugal; Spain; France; Channel Isl. (Alderney, Guernsey, Jersey); Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Malta [I]; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Siberia (Altai, Chita [I], W-Siberia); Russian Far East [I] (Primorye [I]); Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Tajikistan; Northern Caucasus; Azerbaijan; Turkey (NW-Anatolia: Bithynia); China (Fujian, Hebei, Liaoning, Xinjiang); South Korea [I]; Taiwan; Vietnam [c]; Australia [I] (Western Australia [I], Victoria [I]); New Zealand [I]; Canada [I] (Alberta [I], British Columbia [I], Manitoba [I], New Brunswick [I], Newfoundland [I], Nova Scotia [I], Ontario [I], Québec [I], Saskatchewan [I]); St. Pierre et Miquelon [I]; USA [I] (Arkansas [I], California [I], Colorado [I], Connecticut [I], District of Columbia [I], Delaware [I], Georgia [I], Idaho [I], Illinois [I], Indiana [I], Kentucky [I], Massachusetts [I], Maryland [I], Maine [I], Michigan [I], Minnesota [I], Missouri [I], Montana [I], North Carolina [I], New Hampshire [I], New Jersey [I], New Mexico [I], New York [I], Ohio [I], Oregon [I], Pennsylvania [I], Rhode Island [I], Tennessee [I], Utah [I], Virginia [I], Vermont [I], Washington State [I], Wisconsin [I], West Virginia [I], Wyoming [I]); Hispaniola [I]; Bolivia [I]; Argentina [I]
10 den fin GRB IRE nor swe 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 CIS FRA SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO ITA KOS mlt MNT NMA ROM SIC SLV SRB TUE 14 BLR EST KRY LAT LIT RUS UKR 30 SIB 31 rfe 32 KAZ TKM TZK UZB 33 AZE NCS 34 TUR 36 CHI 38 kor TAI 41 vie 50 aus 51 nzl 71 cdn 72 cdn spm 73 usa 74 usa 75 usa 76 usa 77 usa 78 usa 81 his 83 bol 85 arg
Remarks: officinale agg.
Synonyms: hidden
= Consolida major Garsault; Fig. Pl. Méd., t. 231 (1764), opus utique rej.
= Consolida major Gilib.; Fl. Lit. Inch. 1: 24 (1782), opus utique oppr.
= Symphytum album Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 1, 1: 821 (1821)
= Symphytum almagroi Pau; Not. Bot. Fl. Españ. 6: 79 (1895)
= Symphytum ambiguum Pau; Not. Bot. Fl. Españ. 3: 32 (1889)
= Symphytum besseri Zaver.; Ukrayins´k. Bot. Zhurn. 19(5): 56 (1962)
= Symphytum coccineum Bosse; Vollst. Handb. Bl.-gärtn. 2: 1024 (1829)
= Symphytum commune Faegri; Bergens Mus. Årbog (Årbok), Naturvidensk. Rekke 4: 30 (1932)
= Symphytum consolida Gueldenst.; Reise Russland [Gueldenstaedt] 1: 420 (1787)
= Symphytum elatum Tausch; Flora 19: 393 (1836)
= Symphytum majus Bubani; Fl. Pyren. [Bubani] 1: 501 (1897)
= Symphytum microcalyx Opiz; Seznam [Opiz] 94 (1852)
= Symphytum molle Janka; Természetrajzi Füz. 1: 29 (1877)
= Symphytum officinale f. coccineum hort. ex Gams; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5: 2225 (1927)
= Symphytum officinale subsp. patens (Sibth.) Schübl. & G.Martens; Fl. Würtemberg, 1. Aufl.: 129 (1834)
= Symphytum officinale var. albiflorum Fuckel; Nassaus Flora [Fuckel] 218 (1856)
= Symphytum officinale var. albiflorum Günther, Grab. & Wimm.; Enum. Stirp. Phan. Silesia 34 (1824), nom. inval.
= Symphytum officinale var. album Merrem; Handb. Pflanzenk. [Merrem] 79 (1809)
= Symphytum officinale var. album Wibel; Prim. Fl. Werth. [Wibel] 174 (1799), nom. inval.
= Symphytum officinale var. calycinum Hartm.; Handb. Skand. Fl. 97 (1820)
= Symphytum officinale var. lanceolatum Weinm.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 7: 57 (1837)
= Symphytum officinale var. ochroleucum DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 10: 37 (1846)
= Symphytum officinale var. patens (Sibth.) Lej.; Fl. Spa 1: 99 (1811)
= Symphytum officinale var. patens (Sibth.) Merrem; Handb. Pflanzenk. [Merrem] 79 (1809)
= Symphytum officinale var. purpureum Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 356 (1821 publ. 1822), nom. superfl.
= Symphytum officinale var. rectiflorum Touss. & Hoschédé; Fl. Vernon 217 (1898)
= Symphytum officinale var. rubriflorum Fuckel; Nassaus Flora [Fuckel] 218 (1856)
= Symphytum officinale var. violaceum Wibel; Prim. Fl. Werth. [Wibel] 174 (1799), nom. inval.
= Symphytum patens Sibth.; Fl. Oxon. 70 (1794)
= Symphytum peregrinum Ledeb.; Index Sem. (Dorpat) 1820: 4 (1820)
= Symphytum pictum Anon.; Gard. Chron., n. s. 21: 827 (1884)
= Symphytum stenophyllum Beck; Ann. K.K. Naturhist. Hofmus. 2: 132 (1887)
= Symphytum variegatum Anon.; Gard. Chron., n. s. 13: 779 (1880)
species :
Symphytum orientale L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 136 (1753)
Name: Orientalischer Beinwell (DE), White Comfrey (EN)
Distribution: England [I] (England [I], Wales [I], Isle of Man [I], Scotland [I]); Ireland [I] (Ireland [I], Northern Ireland [I]); Germany [I]; ?Switzerland [I]; France [I]; Channel Isl. [I]; Italy [I]; European Turkey; Ukraine; Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, W-Anatolia)
10 grb ire 11 ger 12 cis fra 13 ita TUE 14 UKR 34 TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Symphytum jacquinianum Tausch; Flora 19: 392 (1836)
= Symphytum patens Fr.; Novit. Fl. Suec. Mant. 2: 13 (1839)
= Symphytum violaceum Gaterau; Descr. Pl. Montauban 48 (1789)
species :
Symphytum ottomanum Friv.; Flora 19: 439 (1836)
Distribution: Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (N- & C-Greece, Evvoia, Thasos); Turkey (WN-Anatolia)
13 ALB BUL GRC KOS NMA ROM SRB TUE 34 TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Procopiania euboica Runemark ex Rech.f.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 80: 376 (1961)
= Symphytum euboicum (Runemark) Runemark ex Wickens; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 29: 167 (1969)
species :
Symphytum podcumicum Yu.M.Frolov; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 70(4): 533 (1985)
Distribution: Northern Caucasus
33 NCS
species :
Symphytum pseudobulbosum Azn.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 3: 588 (1903)
Distribution: Turkey (NW-Anatolia: Bithynia)
34 TUR
Conservation Status: IUCN V
species :
Symphytum savvalense Kurtto; Ann. Bot. Fenn. 19: 189, f. 6 (1982)
Distribution: Turkey (NE-Anatolia)
34 TUR
Remarks: Status uncertain, asperum agg.
Conservation Status: IUCN R
species :
Symphytum sylvaticum Boiss.; Pl. Orient. Nov. (dec. sec.) 4 (1875)
subspecies :
subsp. sylvaticum
Distribution: Turkey (NE-Anatolia)
34 TUR
Conservation Status: IUCN R
Synonyms: hidden
= Symphytum sepulcrale subsp. sylvaticum (Boiss.) Kurtto; Ann. Bot. Fenn. 19: 188 (1982)
subspecies :
subsp. sepulcrale (Boiss. & Balansa) Greuter & Burdet; Willdenowia 14: 40 (1984)
Distribution: Turkey (N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia)
34 TUR
Remarks: asperum agg.
Synonyms: hidden
= Symphytum longipetiolatum Wickens; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 29: 179 (1969)
= Symphytum sepulcrale Boiss. & Balansa; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 4(1): 174 (1875)
variant :
var. hordokopii (Kurtto) R.R.Mill; Fl. Turkey 10: 188 (1988)
Distribution: NE-Turkey
34 TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Symphytum sepulcrale var. hordokopii Kurtto; Ann. Bot. Fenn. 19(3): 188 (1982)
species :
Symphytum tanaicense Steven; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 24(1): 577 (1851)
Name: Sumpf-Beinwell (DE)
Distribution: ?Germany [I]; Austria; Poland; Slovakia; Slovakia; Hungary; Croatia; Serbia; Kosovo; Romania; S-European Russia; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; Ukraine
11 AUT HUN POL SLO 13 CRO KOS ROM SRB 14 RUS UKR
Synonyms: hidden
= Symphytum officinale subsp. uliginosum (A.Kern.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 509 (1881)
= Symphytum officinale var. uliginosum (A.Kern.) Sagorski & Gus.Schneider; Fl. Centralkarpath. [Sagorski & Gus.Schneid.] 391 (1891)
= Symphytum uliginosum A.Kern.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 13: 227 (1863)
= Symphytum vetteri Thell.; Vierteljahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zürich 52: 460 (1907)
species :
Symphytum tauricum Willd.; Neue Schriften Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 2: (1799)
Name: Taurischer Beinwell (DE)
Distribution: Germany [I]; Romania; Bulgaria; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Northern Caucasus; Azerbaijan; Turkey (N-Anatolia)
11 ger 13 BUL ROM 14 KRY RUS UKR 33 AZE NCS 34 TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Symphytum borragineum Tausch; Flora 19: 393 (1836)
= Symphytum bullatum Hornem.; Enum. Pl. Hort. Hafn., Suppl. [1806] 13, adnot. 3 (1806)
= Symphytum orientale Pall.; Tabl. Phys. Topogr. Taur. 47 (1795), nom. illeg.
species :
Symphytum tuberosum L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 136 (1753)
subspecies :
subsp. tuberosum
Name: Knoten-Beinwell (DE), Tuberous Comfrey (EN)
Distribution: England [I] (England [I], Wales [I], Isle of Man [I], Scotland [I], Outer Hebrides [I], Orkney Isl. [I], Shetland Isl. [I]); Ireland [I] (Ireland [I], Northern Ireland [I]); Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin [I], Bayern, Hessen [I], +Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern [I], Niedersachsen [I], Schleswig-Holstein [I], Saarland [I], Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen [I]); Switzerland; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Spain; Andorra; Baleares; France; Channel Isl. [I] (Alderney [I]); ?Italy; Romania; C-European Russia; Ukraine; USA [I] (Connecticut [I], Massachusetts [I], Maine [I])
10 grb ire 11 AUT CZE GER HUN POL SLO SWI 12 ADO BAL cis FRA SPA 13 ROM 14 RUS UKR 75 usa
Synonyms: hidden
= Symphytum leonhardtianum Pugsley; J. Bot. 69: 95 (1931)
= Symphytum mediterraneum W.D.J.Koch; Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 1: 500 (1837)
= Symphytum minus Bubani; Fl. Pyren. [Bubani] 1: 502 (1897)
= Symphytum tuberosum subsp. leonhardtianum (Pugsley) Kovalchuk; Phytotaxa 671(2): 178 (2024)
= Symphytum tuberosum subsp. mediterraneum (W.D.J.Koch) P.Fourn.; Quatre Fl. France 747 (1937)
= Symphytum tuberosum var. grandiflorum Sennen; Bol. Soc. Iber. Ci. Nat. 29: 43 (1930)
subspecies :
subsp. angustifolium (A.Kern.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 510 (1881)
Name: Schmalblättriger Knoten-Beinwell (DE)
Distribution: Slovakia; ?Spain; ?France; Italy; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; ?Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; N-Greece; Ukraine; Crimea; Turkey (NW-Anatolia: Bithynia)
11 SLO 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS NMA SLV SMA SRB TUE 14 KRY UKR 34 TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Symphytum angustifolium A.Kern.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 13: 227 (1863)
= Symphytum foliosum Rehmann; Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 18: 495 (1868)
= Symphytum nodosum Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 468 (1866)
= Symphytum popovii Dobrocz.; Ukrayins´k. Bot. Zhurn. 25(6): 60 (1968)
= Symphytum tuberosum subsp. nodosum (Schur) Soó; Acta Geobot. Hung. 4: 192 (1941)
species :
Symphytum ×bicknellii Buckn.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 41: 552 (1913)
Distribution: Europe
Error
Remarks: Symphytum bulbosum x S. tuberosum
species :
Symphytum ×ferrariense C.Massal.; Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1913: 78 (1913)
Distribution: Europe
Error
Remarks: Symphytum officinale x S. orientale
Synonyms: hidden
= Symphytum ×floribundum Shuttlew. ex Buckn.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 41: 531 (1913)
= Symphytum ×hyerense Pawl.; Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 17: 31 (1971)
species :
Symphytum ×hidcotense P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 3: 520 (2009)
Name: Hidcote-Beinwell (DE), Hidcote comfrey (EN)
Distribution: Germany [I]; etc.
11 ger
Remarks: Symphytum grandiflorum x uplandicum
species :
Symphytum ×mosquense S.R.Majorov & D.D.Sokoloff; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 31: 241 (1998)
Distribution: C-European Russia; etc.
14 RUS
Remarks: Symphytum caucasicum x officinale
species :
Symphytum ×rakosiense (Soó) Pénzes; Bot. Közlem. 38: 149 (1941)
Distribution: Germany (Nordrhein-Westfalen, Baden-Württemberg); etc.
11 GER
Remarks: Symphytum officinale x S. bohemicum
species :
Symphytum ×runemarkii (Pawl.) Z.H.Feng; Phytoneuron 2024-85: 10 (2024)
Distribution: East Aegaean Isl.
34 EAI
Remarks: Symphytum circinale x davisii subsp. icaricum
Synonyms: hidden
= xProcopiphytum ×runemarkii Pawl.; Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 17(1): 50 (1971)
species :
Symphytum ×ullepitschii Wettst.; Sched. Fl. Exs. Austro-Hung. [Kerner] no. 6: 87 (1893)
Distribution: Europe
Error
Remarks: Symphytum cordatum x S. officinale
Synonyms: hidden
= Symphytum ×polonicum Blocki ex Buckn.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 41: 552 (1913)
species :
Symphytum ×uplandicum Nyman; Syll. Fl. Eur. 80 (1855)
Name: Russian Comfrey (EN), Futter-Beinwell (DE)
Distribution: England [I] (England [I], Wales [I], Isle of Man [I], Scotland [I], Outer Hebrides [I], Orkney Isl. [I], Shetland Isl. [I], Isles of Scilly [I]); Ireland [I] (Ireland [I], Northern Ireland [I]); Belgium [I]; Luxembourg [I]; Germany [I]; Czech Republic [I]; Hungary [I]; Channel Isl. [I]; Azores [I] (Sao Miguel Isl. [I], Terceira [I]); New Zealand [I]; Canada [I] (British Columbia [I], Ontario [I], Prince Edward Isl. [I], Québec [I]); USA [I] (Connecticut [I], Georgia [I], Michigan [I], North Carolina [I], New York [I], Pennsylvania [I], Vermont [I], Washington State [I])
10 grb ire 11 bgm cze ger hun lux 12 cis 21 azo 51 nzl 71 cdn 72 cdn 73 usa 75 usa 78 usa
Remarks: asperum agg., Symphytum asperum x officinale. Widely cultivated and escaped, with numerous forms and cultivars
Synonyms: hidden
= Symphytum ×coeruleum Petitm. ex Thell.; Vierteljahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zürich 52: 459 (1907), nom. illeg.
= Symphytum ×densiflorum Buckn.; J. Bot. 50: 331 (1912)
= Symphytum ×discolor Buckn.; J. Bot. 50: 333 (1912)
= Symphytum ×lilacinum Buckn.; J. Bot. 50: 334 (1912)
= Symphytum ×uplandicum f. coeruleum (Petitm. ex Thell.) P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 3: 519 (2009)
= Symphytum ×uplandicum f. densiflorum (Buckn.) P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 3: 519 (2009)
= Symphytum ×uplandicum f. discolor (Buckn.) P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 3: 519 (2009)
= Symphytum ×uplandicum f. lilacinum (Buckn.) P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 3: 519 (2009)
species :
Symphytum ×wettsteinii Sennholz; Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 38: 69 (1888)
Distribution: Czech Republic; etc.
11 CZE
Remarks: Symphytum officinale x S. tuberosum
Synonyms: hidden
= Symphytum ×beckii Petr.; Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 13: 146 (1907)
= Symphytum ×dichroanthum Teyber; Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 56: 73 (1906)
= Symphytum ×multicaule Teyber; Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 56: 71 (1906)
= Symphytum ×zahlbruckneri Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich 2(2): 964 (1893)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.04 (April 17th, 2025)

Covering 356,375 accepted species,
8,782 hybrids, 48,090 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,002,897 synonyms,
in total 1,416,144* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

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With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

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