243.0000
Family
Rhamnaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl.: 376 (1789), nom. cons.
72 genera, ca. 1150 spp. Phylogeny: Hauenschild et al. 2016, Wang et al. 2021
Species listed in database: 1194; hybrids: 27
= Frangulaceae DC.; Lam. & DC., Fl. Franç., ed. 3, 4(2): 619 (1805)
= Gouaniaceae Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 2: 73 (1837)
= Phylicaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl.: 186 (1858)
= Ziziphaceae Adans.; T. E. von Post & C. E. Kuntze, Lex. Gen. Phan.: 665, 714 (1903)
243.0619
Genus
Rhamnus L.; Sp. Pl.: 193 (1753)
Distribution: mostly temp. Northern Hemisphere and South Africa. Several species of the New World will probably need recombination in Frangula.
Species listed in database: 122; hybrids: 9
= Alaternus (Tourn.) Mill.; Gard. Dict. ed. VI. (1752)
= Ampeloplis Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 33 (1838)
= Aspidocarpus Neck.; Elem. 2: 123 (1790)
= Atulandra Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 31 (1838)
= Cardiolepis Raf.; Neogen. 1 (1825)
= Cervispina Ludw.; Inst. Reg. Veg., ed. 2, 141 (1757)
= Forgerouxa Neck.; Elem. 2: 124 (1790)
= Girtanneria Neck.; Elem. 2: 121 (1790)
= Hettlingeria Neck.; Elem. 2: 124 (1790)
= Lithoplis Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 32 (1838)
= Oenoplia Roem. & Schult.; Syst. 5: 27: 332 (1819)
= Oreoschimperella Rauschert; (1982)
= Sciadophila Phil.; Linnaea 28: 618 (1856)
= xRhamzogia W.Vent; Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 65: 108 (1962) (Rhamnus x Oreoherzogia)
= Apetlothamnus Nieuwl. ex Lunell; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 4: 474 (1916)
species :
Rhamnus alaternus
L.; Sp. Pl.: 193 (1753)
subspecies :
subsp. alaternus
Name: Immergrüner Kreuzdorn (DE); Mediterranean Buckthorn (EN); Alaterno (ES)
Distribution: Portugal; Spain; Gibraltar; Baleares; France; Monaco; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Pantelleria; Malta [I]; Croatia; North Macedonia; Albania; Greece (scattered lowlands, incl. many islands); W-Crete; Crimea [I]; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Canary Isl. (Gran Canaria); East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Chios, Ikaria, Samos, Karpathos, Rhodos); Turkey (NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia); Cyprus (C-Mountains, N-Cyprus, S-Cyprus); Lebanon (C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria, W-Syrian Mountains); Israel (Rift Valley, N-Israel); Australia [I] (South Australia [I], Queensland [I], New South Wales [I], Victoria [I]); New Zealand [I]
12 BAL COR FRA GIB MCO POR SAR SPA 13 ALB CRO GRC ITA KRI mlt NMA PTL SIC 14 kry 20 ALG LBY MOR TUN 21 CNY 34 CYP EAI ISR LEB SYR TUR 50 aus 51 nzl
Synonyms: hidden
= Alaternus angustifolia Mill.; Gard. Dict. ed. VIII. n. 3 (1768)
= Alaternus balearica (Duhamel ex Pers.) Raf.; Sylva Tellur.: 27 (1838)
= Alaternus glabra Mill.; Gard. Dict. ed. VIII. n. 2 (1768)
= Alaternus hispanicus Steud.; Nom. ed. I. 685 (1821)
= Alaternus integrifolius Raf.; Sylva Tellur.: 27 (1838)
= Alaternus lanceolatus Raf.; Sylva Tellur.: 27 (1838)
= Alaternus latifolia Mill.; Gard. Dict. ed. VIII. n. 4 (1768)
= Alaternus ovatus Raf.; Sylva Tellur.: 27 (1838)
= Alaternus phylica Mill.; Gard. Dict. ed. VIII. n. 1 (1768)
= Alaternus rotundifolia Steud.; Nom. ed. I. 685 (1821)
= Alaternus sempervirens Borkh.; Theor. Prakt. Handb. Forstbot. 2: 1145 (1803), nom. illeg.
= Alaternus sempervirens var. angustifolia (Mill.) Borkh.; Theor. Prakt. Handb. Forstbot. 2: 1145 (1803)
= Alaternus sempervirens var. latifolia (Mill.) Borkh.; Theor. Prakt. Handb. Forstbot. 2: 1145 (1803)
= Alaternus variegata Steud.; Nom. ed. I. 685 (1821)
= Rhamnus alaternus f. angustifolia (Mill.) Fiori; Fiori et al., Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 213 (1900)
= Rhamnus alaternus f. arborescentis Laguna; Fl. Forest. Españ. 2: 363 (1890), nomen
= Rhamnus alaternus f. argenteovariegata (Weston) Rehder; J. Arnold Arbor. 3: 220 (1922)
= Rhamnus alaternus f. clusii (Willd.) Cout.; Fl. Portugal: 396 (1913)
= Rhamnus alaternus f. fruticosa Willk. ex C.Vicioso; Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 2: 217 (1942)
= Rhamnus alaternus f. integrifolia (Orph. ex Boiss.) Cout.; Fl. Portugal: 396 (1913)
= Rhamnus alaternus f. latifolia (Mill.) Paol.; Fiori et al., Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 213 (1900)
= Rhamnus alaternus f. longifolia Emb. & Maire; Jahand. et al., Cat. Pl. Maroc 4: 1068 (1941), nom. illeg.
= Rhamnus alaternus f. macrophylla Cout.; Fl. Portugal: 396 (1913)
= Rhamnus alaternus f. minor (Pourr. ex Texidor) Texidor; Restaur. Farm. 28: 53 (1872), nomen
= Rhamnus alaternus f. neoparvifolia Rivas Mart. & J.M.Pizarro; Int. J. Geobot. Res. 1(1): 62 (2011)
= Rhamnus alaternus f. obovata (Timb.-Lagr. & Fages) Cout.; Fl. Portugal: 396 (1913)
= Rhamnus alaternus f. parvifolia (Arcang.) Fiori; Fiori et al., Fl. Anal. Italia 4: 154 (1907)
= Rhamnus alaternus f. tangerina Pau; Mem. Real Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 12(5): 303 (1924)
= Rhamnus alaternus f. tournefortii (Rouy ex Magnier) Cout.; Fl. Portugal: 396 (1913)
= Rhamnus alaternus subsp. parvifolia Arcang.; Comp. Fl. Ital.: 141 (1882)
= Rhamnus alaternus subsp. picenensis (Duval-Jouve) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur., Suppl. 2(1): 81 (1889)
= Rhamnus alaternus subvar. obovata Timb.-Lagr. & Fages; Scrin. Fl. Select. 4: 74, 83 (1885)
= Rhamnus alaternus var. acutifolia Debeaux & É.Rev.; Pl. Espagne 6: 259 (1811), nomen
= Rhamnus alaternus var. angustifolia (Mill.) Aiton; Hort. Kew. 1: 267 (1789)
= Rhamnus alaternus var. balearica (Duhamel ex Pers.) Mart.; Pl. Hort. Erlang.: 66 (1814)
= Rhamnus alaternus var. balearica DC.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 2: 23 (1825), nom. illeg.
= Rhamnus alaternus var. balearica Duhamel ex Pers.; Syn. Pl. 1: 239 (1805)
= Rhamnus alaternus var. boteyi Sennen; Exsicc. (Pl. Esp.) 1926: no. 5691 (1927)
= Rhamnus alaternus var. clusii (Willd.) Texidor; Fl. Farm. Esp. Port.: 976 (1871)
= Rhamnus alaternus var. elliptica Poir. ex K.Koch; Hort. Dendrol.: 205 (1854)
= Rhamnus alaternus var. gebelensis Andr.; Index Horti Bot. Univ. Budapest.: 112 (1934)
= Rhamnus alaternus var. glabra (Mill.) Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. 1: 685 (1821)
= Rhamnus alaternus var. hederacea Delort ex Loret & Barrandon; Fl. Montpellier: 145 (1876)
= Rhamnus alaternus var. hispanica Dum.Cours.; Bot. Cult., ed. 2, 6: 259 (1811)
= Rhamnus alaternus var. integrifolia Orph. ex Boiss.; Fl. Orient., Suppl.: 156 (1888)
= Rhamnus alaternus var. latifolia (Mill.) Aiton; Hort. Kew. 1: 267 (1789)
= Rhamnus alaternus var. latifolia Cambess.; Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. 14: 230 (1827), nom. illeg.
= Rhamnus alaternus var. laurifolia Pourr. ex Texidor; Fl. Farm. Esp. Port.: 976 (1871)
= Rhamnus alaternus var. longifolia Rouy; Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 4: 163 (1897), nom. illeg.
= Rhamnus alaternus var. microphylla Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 145 (1878), nom. superfl.
= Rhamnus alaternus var. minor Pourr. ex Texidor; Fl. Farm. Esp. Port.: 976 (1871)
= Rhamnus alaternus var. minutidens Sennen; Exsicc. (Pl. Esp.) 1930: no. 7455 (1931), nomen
= Rhamnus alaternus var. obovata (Timb.-Lagr. & Fages) Rouy; Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 4: 163 (1897)
= Rhamnus alaternus var. orbiculata Sennen & Pau; Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 18: 457 (1908)
= Rhamnus alaternus var. parvifolia (Arcang.) Lange; Overs. Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Forh. Medlemmers Arbeider 1893: 201 (1893)
= Rhamnus alaternus var. phylica (Mill.) Steud.; Nomencl. Borb.: 685 (1821)
= Rhamnus alaternus var. picenensis (Duval-Jouve) Magnier; Scrin. Fl. Select. 4: 74, 83 (1885)
= Rhamnus alaternus var. porquerollensis Shuttlew.; Coup d´Oeil Fl. Toulon et d´Hyères: 16 (1891)
= Rhamnus alaternus var. rotundifolia K.Koch; Hort. Dendrol.: 205 (1854), nom. illeg.
= Rhamnus alaternus var. tournefortii Rouy ex Magnier; Scrin. Fl. Select. 4: 83 (1885)
= Rhamnus alaternus var. vulgaris DC.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 2: 23 (1825)
= Rhamnus angustifolia (Aiton) K.Koch; Dendrologie 1: 17 (1869), nom. superfl.
= Rhamnus balearica (Duhamel ex Pers.) Dum.Cours.; Bot. Cult. 5: 484 (1805)
= Rhamnus balearica Link; Handbuch 2: 121 (1831), nom. illeg.
= Rhamnus clusii Willd.; Enum. Pl. Hort. Derol.: 250 (1809)
= Rhamnus collina Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 139 (1796)
= Rhamnus communis var. argenteovariegata Weston; Bot. Univ. 1: 237 (1770)
= Rhamnus communis var. aureovariegata Weston; Bot. Univ. 1: 237 (1770)
= Rhamnus communis var. maculatus Weston; Bot. Univ. 1: 238 (1770)
= Rhamnus communis Weston; Bot. Univ. 1: 237 (1770)
= Rhamnus coriacea Buch; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1817: 382 (1819)
= Rhamnus hederacea (Delort ex Loret & Barrandon) Gaut.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 35: CXLIV (1889)
= Rhamnus hispanica K.Koch; Dendrol. 1: 617 (1869)
= Rhamnus myrtifolia var. hederacea (Delort ex Loret & Barrandon) Sennen; Exsicc. (Pl. Esp.) 1926: no. 5692 (1927)
= Rhamnus phylica (Mill.) Bubani; Fl. Pyren. 1: 371 (1897)
= Rhamnus picenensis Duval-Jouve; Mém. Sect. Sci. Acad. Sci. Montpellier, reimpr. 9: 12 (1878)
= Rhamnus racemosa Duhamel; Traité Arbr. Arbust., nouv. éd. 3: 48 (1806)
= Rhamnus rotundifolia Dum.Cours.; Bot. Cult., ed. 2, 4: 260 (1811), nom. illeg.
= Rhamnus tripolitana Engl.; Engl. & Drude, Veg. Erde 9(III, 2): 311 (1921)
subspecies :
subsp. munozgarmendiae
Rivas Mart. & J.M.Pizarro; Int. J. Geobot. Res. 1(1): 62 (2011)
Distribution: Portugal; E-Spain
12 POR SPA
subspecies :
subsp. pendula
(Pamp.) Jafri; Jafri & EI-Gadi, Fl. Libya 30: 9. (1977)
Distribution: Libya
20 LBY
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus pendula Pamp.; Arch. Bot. (Forli) 12: 36 (1936)
species :
Rhamnus arguta
Maxim.; Mem. Acad. Petersb. Ser. VII. 10: n. XI. 6 (1866)
Name: Sharp-tooth buckthorn
Distribution: China (Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Shaanxi)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus arguta var. betulifolia Liou & S.X.Li; Ill. Fl. Ligneous Pl. N. E. China: 566 (1955)
= Rhamnus arguta var. cuneafolia F.T.Wang & C.Y.Li
= Rhamnus arguta var. rotundifolia F.T.Wang & S.X.Li; Ill. Fl. Ligneous Pl. N. E. China: 566 (1955)
variant :
var. velutina
Hand.-Mazz.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 82: 251 (1933)
Distribution: China (Beijing, Hebei, Shanxi); USA [I] (Indiana [I])
36 CHI 75 usa
species :
Rhamnus arnottiana
Gardner ex Thwaites; Enum. Pl. Zeyl. [Thwaites] 74 (1859)
Distribution: Sri Lanka
40 SRL
species :
Rhamnus aurea
Heppeler; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 343 (1928)
Distribution: China (Yunnan)
36 CHI
species :
Rhamnus baldschuanica
Grubov; Not. Syst. Herb. Inst. Bot. Acad. Sci. URSS 12: 132 (1950)
Distribution: Uzbekistan; Tajikistan; Afghanistan (Bamyan, Ghazni, Takhar)
32 TZK UZB 34 AFG
species :
Rhamnus bodinieri
H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 473 (1912)
Distribution: China (NW-Guangxi, W-Guizhou, S-Yunnan); Vietnam; Nepal
36 CHI 40 NEP 41 VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus bodinieri f. silvicola C.K.Schneid.; Sarg., Pl. Wilson. 2: 247 (1914)
species :
Rhamnus brachypoda
C.Y.Wu; Bull. Bot. Lab. North-east. Forest. Inst. 5: 85 (1979)
Distribution: China (Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou)
36 CHI
species :
Rhamnus bungeana
J.J.Vassil.; Not. Syst. Herb. Inst. Bot. Acad. Sci. URSS 8: 123 (1940)
Distribution: China (Jilin, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, W-Hubei)
36 CHI
species :
Rhamnus calderoniae
R.Fern.; Polibotanica 1: 2 (1996)
Distribution: Mexico (Oaxaca)
79 MEX
Remarks: new placement in Frangula highly likely
species :
Rhamnus cathartica
L.; Sp. Pl.: 193 (1753)
Name: Echter Kreuzdorn, Purgier-Kreuzdorn (DE), Common Buckthorn (EN)
Distribution: England; Ireland; Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal [I]; Spain; France; Italy; Sicily; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; N-Greece (very rare); Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; W-European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Morocco; Algeria; Siberia (Altai, W-Siberia); Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia); Iran (N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan); Lebanon (C-Lebanon); Syria (W-Syrian Mountains); China (N-Xinjiang); Canada [I] (Alberta [I], Manitoba [I], New Brunswick [I], Nova Scotia [I], Ontario [I], Prince Edward Isl. [I], Québec [I], Saskatchewan [I]); USA [I] (California [I], Colorado [I], Connecticut [I], Delaware [I], Iowa [I], Idaho [I], Illinois [I], Indiana [I], Kansas [I], Kentucky [I], Massachusetts [I], Maryland [I], Maine [I], Michigan [I], Minnesota [I], Missouri [I], Montana [I], North Carolina [I], North Dakota [I], Nebraska [I], New Hampshire [I], New Jersey [I], New York [I], Ohio [I], Pennsylvania [I], Rhode Island [I], South Dakota [I], Tennessee [I], Utah [I], Virginia [I], Vermont [I], Wisconsin [I], West Virginia [I], Wyoming [I]); Argentina [I]
10 DEN FIN GRB IRE NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 FRA por SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SIC SLV SMA SRB 14 BLR EST KRY LAT LIT RUS UKR 20 ALG MOR 30 SIB 32 KAZ KGZ TKM TZK UZB 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 IRN LEB SYR TUR 36 CHI 71 cdn 72 cdn 73 usa 74 usa 75 usa 76 usa 78 usa 85 arg
Synonyms: hidden
= Cervispina cathartica (L.) Moench; Methodus 686 (1794)
= Rhamnus alpina var. hydriensis (Hacq.) Schult.; Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 5: 285 (1819)
= Rhamnus cadevallii Pau; Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat. 2: 85 (1902)
= Rhamnus cathartica f. cadevallii (Pau ex Cadevall) Rivas Mart.; Anales Real Acad. Farm. 28: 380 (1963), nomen
= Rhamnus cathartica f. montana (Brügger) Braun-Blanq.; 932 (1934)
= Rhamnus cathartica f. pubescens (Lange) Rivas Mart.; Anales Real Acad. Farm. 28(5): 380 (1963)
= Rhamnus cathartica proles hydriensis (Hacq.) Rouy; Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 4: 165 (1897)
= Rhamnus cathartica subsp. hydriensis (Hacq.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur., Suppl. 2(1): 81 (1889)
= Rhamnus cathartica var. caucasica Kusn.; Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 34: 415 (1892)
= Rhamnus cathartica var. hydriensis (Hacq.) DC.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 2: 24 (1825)
= Rhamnus cathartica var. hydriensis (Hacq.) P.Fourn.; Quatre Fl. France: 643 (1937)
= Rhamnus cathartica var. inermis Timb.-Lagr.; Rev. Bot. Bull. Mens. 10: 181 (1892)
= Rhamnus cathartica var. microphylla Beck; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 451 (1921)
= Rhamnus cathartica var. pubescens Lange; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willk. & Lange] 3: 485 (1877)
= Rhamnus cathartica var. pubescens Wirtg.; 46 (1842), nom. inval.
= Rhamnus cathartica var. pumila Berdau; 114 (1859)
= Rhamnus cathartica var. repens Hartm.; Handb. Skand. Fl.: 111 (1820)
= Rhamnus cathartica var. silvatica (J.Serres) St.-Lag.; Cariot, Étude Fl., éd. 8 2: 159 (1889)
= Rhamnus cathartica var. sylvatica (J.Serres) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 145 (1878)
= Rhamnus elbursensis Gauba & Rech.f.; Ann. Naturh. Mus. Wien 51: 399 (1941)
= Rhamnus hydriensis Hacq.; Pl. Alp. Carniol.: 9. (1782)
= Rhamnus inermis Münchh.; 259 (1770), nom. inval.
= Rhamnus spinosa Gilib.; Fl. Lit. Inch. 2: 132 (1782), opus utique oppr.
= Rhamnus sylvatica J.Serres; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 4: 436 (1857)
= Rhamnus uninervis Dulac; Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées: 333 (1867), nom. superfl.
= Rhamnus wichellii K.Koch; Dendrol. 1: 604 (1869)
= Rhamnus wicklia K.Koch; Dendrol. 1: 604 (1869)
= Rhamnus wihhor Lucé; Ind. Hort. Dorpat. (1824) 6, et in Topog. Nachr. Oesel, 62
= Rhamnus willdenowiana Schult.; Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. ed. 15[bis]. 5: 295 (1819)
= Rhamnus xanthocarpa K.Koch; Dendrol. 1: 605 (1869)
species :
Rhamnus collettii
Bhandari & Bhansali; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 5(4): 913 (1984)
Distribution: N-India (Himachal Pradesh)
40 IND
species :
Rhamnus cordata
Medw.; Monit. Jard. Bot. Tiflis 25: 3 (1912)
Distribution: Georgia [Caucasus]
33 GEO
species :
Rhamnus coriophylla
Hand.-Mazz.; Sinensia 3: 192 (1933)
Distribution: China (Guangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan)
36 CHI
variant :
var. acutidens
Y.L.Chen & P.K.Chou; Bull. Bot. Lab. North-east. Forest. Inst. 5: 79 (1979)
Distribution: China (S-Yunnan, W-Guangxi); Vietnam
36 CHI 41 VIE
species :
Rhamnus costata
Maxim.; Mem. Acad. Petersb. Ser. VII. 10: n. xi 17 (1866)
Distribution: Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)
38 JAP
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus costata f. nambuana (Honda) H.Hara; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 156 (1954)
= Rhamnus costata f. pubescens Hiyama; J. Jap. Bot. 26: 156 (1951)
= Rhamnus costata var. nambuana Honda; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 43: 189 (1929)
= Rhamnus nambuana Honda; Toyogakugei-zasshi 44: 317 (1928), nomen, et in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 43: 190 (1929)
species :
Rhamnus crenulata
Aiton; Hort. Kew. ed. I. 1: 263 (1789)
Name: Gekerbtblättriger Kreuzdorn (DE); Espinero (ES)
Distribution: Canary Isl. (Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, Hierro, La Palma Isl.)
21 CNY
species :
Rhamnus davuricus
Pall.; Reise 3: 721 (1776) (davurica)
subspecies :
subsp. davuricus
Name: Dahurian buckthorn
Distribution: Siberia (Buryatia, Chita); Russian Far East (Amur, Khabarovsk, Primorye); China (Jilin, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Beijing); Mongolia; North Korea; South Korea; India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand); Canada [I] (Prince Edward Isl. [I]); USA [I] (Connecticut [I], Delaware [I], Iowa [I], Illinois [I], Kentucky [I], Maryland [I], Michigan [I], North Carolina [I], North Dakota [I], Nebraska [I], Ohio [I], Pennsylvania [I], Rhode Island [I], South Dakota [I])
30 SIB 31 RFE 36 CHI 37 MON 38 KOR NKO 40 IND 72 cdn 74 usa 75 usa 78 usa
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus cathartica var. davurica (Pall.) Maxim.; Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersbourg, Ser. 7, 10(11): 9 (1866)
= Rhamnus citrifolia (Weston) W.J.Hess & Stearn; Taxon 28(5-6): 555 (1979), non Rusby (1907)
= Rhamnus davurica var. japonica Makino ex Nakai; Chosen Shokubutsu: 212 (1914)
= Rhamnus parvifolia Turcz.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 10(II): 150 (1837), nom. illeg.
= Rhamnus sinensis Ser. ex Rondot; Vert de Chine: 53 (1858)
= Rhamus cathartica Pall.; Reise 3: 423 (1776)
subspecies :
subsp. nipponica
(Makino) J.T.Kartesz & Gandhi; Phytologia 76(6): 450 (1994)
Distribution: Japan (Honshu); USA [I] (Connecticut [I], Rhode Island [I])
38 JAP 75 usa
Synonyms: hidden
= Frangula crenata var. stenophylla (Koidz.) Honda; Nom. Pl. Jap.: 507 (1939)
= Rhamnus citrifolia var. nipponica (Makino) W.J.Hess & Stearn; Taxon, 28(56): 556 (1979)
= Rhamnus crenata var. stenophylla Koidz.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 4: 160 (1935)
= Rhamnus dahuricus var. nipponicus Makino
= Rhamnus davurica f. pubescens H.Hara; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 64: 79 (1951)
= Rhamnus nipponica (Makino) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 316 (1949)
species :
Rhamnus dalianensis
S.Y.Li & Z.H.Ning; Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 8(2): 95 (1988)
Distribution: China (Liaoning)
36 CHI
species :
Rhamnus daliensis
G.S.Fan & L.L.Deng; Sida 17(4): 680 (1997)
Distribution: China (Yunnan)
36 CHI
species :
Rhamnus disperma
Ehrenb. ex Boiss.; Fl. Orient. Suppl. 156 (1888)
Distribution: Egypt (Eastern Desert); Israel (Judean Desert); Sinai peninsula (S-Sinai); Jordania (S-Jordania, W-Jordania)
20 EGY 34 ISR JOR SIN
Remarks: lycioides agg.
species :
Rhamnus dolichophylla
Gontsch.; Acta Univ. As. Med. Ser. VIII b, Bot. Fasc. 17, 93 (1934)
Distribution: Uzbekistan; Tajikistan
32 TZK UZB
species :
Rhamnus dumetorum
C.K.Schneid.; Sarg., Pl. Wils. 2: 237 (1914)
Distribution: China (Sichuan, NW-Yunnan, Guizhou, SE-Gansu, S-Shanxi, W-Hubei, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Anhui); Tibet
36 CHI TIB
variant :
var. crenoserrata
Rehder & E.H.Wilson; Pl. Wilson 2: 238 (1914)
Distribution: China (W-Sichuan, NW-Yunnan); E-Tibet
36 CHI TIB
species :
Rhamnus erythroxyloides
Hoffmanns.; Preiss-Verz. Pfl. 7: 38 (1833)
subspecies :
subsp. erythroxyloides
Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkmenistan; Turkey (E-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq); Iran (EC-Iran, NE-Iran: Mts., N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, S-Iran, W-Iran)
32 TKM 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 IRN IRQ TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus erythroxylon Georgi; Beschr. Nation. Russ. Reich, Nachtr.: 262 (1802), nom. illeg.
= Rhamnus lycioides Pall.; Fl. Ross. 2: 26 (1815), nom. illeg.
= Rhamnus medwedewii Sachokia; Zametki Sist. Geogr. Rast. 16: 67 (1951)
= Rhamnus pallasii Fisch. & C.A.Mey.; Ind. Sem. Horti Petrop. 4: 46 (1837)
= Rhamnus pallasii subsp. mazandaranica Alijanpoor & Assadi; Phytotaxa 521: 136 (2021)
= Rhamnus pallasii var. intermedia Bornm.; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 57(2): 250 (1937)
subspecies :
subsp. iranica
(Bornm.) Mabb.; Taxon 33(3): 434 (1984)
Distribution: Iran
34 IRN
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus iranica (Bornm.) Hausskn. ex C.K.Schneid.; Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 279 (1909)
= Rhamnus pallasii subsp. iranica (Bornm.) Browicz & Ziel.; Fl. Iranica 125: 21 (1977)
= Rhamnus spathulifolia var. iranica Bornm.; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 19(2): 225 (1905)
subspecies :
subsp. sintenisii
(Rech.f.) Mabb.; Taxon 33(3): 434 (1984)
Distribution: Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Iran; Afghanistan (Badghys, Faryab)
32 KAZ TKM 34 AFG IRN
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus sintenisii Rech.f.; Ann. Nat. Hist. Mus. Wien 51: 398 (1941)
= Rhamnus pallasii subsp. sintenisii (Rech.f.) Browicz & Ziel.; Fl. Iran., 125: 20 (1977)
species :
Rhamnus erythroxylum
Pall.; Reise 3: 722 (1776)
Distribution: Siberia (Buryatia, Chita); China (Nei Mongol, Hebei, Shanxi, W-Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai); Mongolia
30 SIB 36 CHI 37 MON
species :
Rhamnus esquirolii
H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 473 (1912)
Distribution: China (W-Hubei, NW-Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi, S-Yunnan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Celastrus lyi H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13(363-367): 264 (1914)
= Sageretia bodinieri H.Lév.; Fl. Kouy-Tcheou 343 (1915)
variant :
var. glabrata
Y.L.Chen & P.K.Chou; Bull. Bot. Lab. North-east. Forest. Inst. 5: 78 (1979)
Distribution: China (Sichuan, Guizhou)
36 CHI
species :
Rhamnus flavescens
Y.L.Chen& P.K.Chou; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 18(2): 249 (1980)
Distribution: China (W-Sichuan); E-Tibet
36 CHI TIB
species :
Rhamnus formosana
Matsum.; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 12: 22 (1898)
Distribution: Taiwan (Taibei, Taizhong)
38 TAI
species :
Rhamnus fulvotincta
F.P.Metcalf; Lingnan Sci. J. 17: 615 (1940)
Distribution: China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou)
36 CHI
species :
Rhamnus gilgiana
Heppeler; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 343 (1928)
Distribution: China (SW-Sichuan, NW-Yunnan)
36 CHI
species :
Rhamnus glandulosa
Aiton; Hort. Kew. ed. I. 1: 265 (1789)
Name: Drüsiger Kreuzdorn (DE); Sanguino (ES)
Distribution: Madeira (Madeira Isl.); Canary Isl. (Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, La Palma Isl.)
21 CNY MDR
Synonyms: hidden
= Alaternus glandulosus (Aiton) Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 27 (1838)
species :
Rhamnus globosa
Bunge; Enum. Pl. Chin. Bor. 14 (1833)
Distribution: China (Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Henan, SW-Shaanxi, Shandong, Anhui, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Hunan, Gansu)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus chinensis Koehne; Deutsche Dendrol. 393 (1893)
= Rhamnus chlorophora Decne.; Compt. Rend. Par. 44: 1141 (1857)
= Rhamnus globosa var. meyeri (C.K.Schneid.) S.Y.Li & Z.H.Ning; Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 8(2): 99 (1988)
= Rhamnus meyeri C.K.Schneid.; Sarg., Pl. Wilson. 2: 249 (1914)
= Rhamnus tinctoria Hemsl.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 23(153): 129-130 (1888) (non Waldst. & Kit.)
species :
Rhamnus grandiflora
C.Y.Wu; Bull. Bot. Lab. North-east. Forest. Inst. 5: 82 (1979)
Distribution: China (Guizhou, Sichuan)
36 CHI
species :
Rhamnus grubovii
I.M.Turner; Ann. Bot. Fenn. 51(5): 308 (2014), nom. nov.
Distribution: Turkmenistan; Tajikistan; China (SW-Xinjiang); Pakistan (Chitral); Nepal
32 TKM TZK 36 CHI 40 NEP PAK
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus minuta Grubov; Not. Syst. Herb. Inst. Bot. Acad. Sci. URSS 12: 131 (1950) (minutus)
species :
Rhamnus hainanensis
Merr. & Chun; Sunyatsenia 2: 273 (1935)
Distribution: China (Hainan); Vietnam
36 CHI 41 VIE
species :
Rhamnus hemsleyana
C.K.Schneid.; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 5: 78 (1908)
Distribution: China (Sichuan, W-Guizhou, NE-Yunnan, SW-Shaanxi)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Maesa blinii H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10(257-259): 376 (1912)
= Rhamnus blinii (H.Lév.) Rehder; J. Arnold Arbor. 15: 15 (1934)
variant :
var. yunnanensis
C.Y.Wu; Bull. Bot. Lab. North-east. Forest. Inst. 5: 77 (1979)
Distribution: China (NW-Yunnan, SW-Sichuan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus hemsleyana var. paucinervatus G.S.Fan & L.L.Deng; Sida 16(3): 477 (1995)
species :
Rhamnus heterophylla
Oliv.; Hook. Icon. pl. 18: t. 1759 (1888) [heterophyllus].
Distribution: China (SE-Gansu, S-Shaanxi, W-Hubei, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus heterophylla var. oblongifolia E.Pritz.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 459 (1900)
species :
Rhamnus hirtella
Boiss.; Fl. 2: 15 (1872)
Distribution: Turkey (Inner Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia)
34 TUR
Remarks: lycioides agg.
species :
Rhamnus hupehensis
C.K.Schneid.; Sarg., Pl. Wils. 2: 236 (1914)
Distribution: China (W-Hubei)
36 CHI
species :
Rhamnus infectoria
L.; Mant. Pl.: 49 (1767)
Distribution: Spain; France; Italy; Sicily
12 FRA SPA 13 ITA SIC
Synonyms: hidden
= Cervispina infectoria (L.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. L. Lyon, N. S. 16: 356 (1868)
= Rhamnus cathartica var. eliasii Sennen; Bol. Soc. Ibér. Ci. Nat. 26: 85 (1927)
= Rhamnus humifusa Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 142 (1866)
= Rhamnus infectoria f. cuatrecasasii Rivas Mart.; Anales Real Acad. Farm. 28: 385 (1963), nomen
= Rhamnus infectoria f. intermedia Rivas Mart.; Anales Real Acad. Farm. 28: 385 (1963), nomen
= Rhamnus infectoria f. linearifolia Pau ex Rivas Mart.; Anales Real Acad. Farm. 28: 384 (1963), nomen
= Rhamnus infectoria f. nana (Lange) Rivas Mart.; Anales Real Acad. Farm. 28: 385 (1963)
= Rhamnus infectoria var. humifusa Gaut.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 35(Sess. Extr.): XCVII, CXLIV (1889)
= Rhamnus infectoria var. nana Lange; Willk., Suppl. Prodr. Fl. Hispan.: 258 (1893)
= Rhamnus infectoria var. pubescens Timb.-Lagr.; Rev. Bot. Bull. Mens. 10: 182 (1892), nom. illeg.
= Rhamnus lycium Scop.; Fl. Carn. ed. II. 1: 163 (1771)
= Rhamnus minor Mill.; Gard. Dict. ed. VIII. n. 2 (1768)
= Rhamnus oleoides Lam.; Fl. Fr. 2: 545 (1779) non L.
= Rhamnus pubescens Poir.; Encyc. 4: 464 (1798)
= Rhamnus saxatilis f. nana (Lange) Rivas Mart.; Anales Real Acad. Farm. 28: 385 (1963)
= Rhamnus saxatilis proles infectoria (L.) Rouy; Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 4: 166 (1897)
= Rhamnus saxatilis subsp. infectoria (L.) P.Fourn.; Quatre Fl. France: 645 (1937)
= Rhamnus saxatilis subvar. pubescens Rouy; Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 4: 166, 168 (1897)
= Rhamnus saxatilis var. humifusa (Gaut.) Rouy; Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 4: 166, 168 (1897)
= Rhamnus saxatilis var. infectoria (L.) Molero Mesa & Pérez Raya; Fl. Sierra Nevada: 179 (1987)
= Rhamnus saxatilis var. latifolia Rouy; Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 4: 166, 168 (1897)
= Rhamnus saxatilis var. nana (Lange) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 38(1): 82 (1974)
= Rhamnus saxatilisr. var. humifusa (Gaut.) Rouy; Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 4: 166, 168 (1897)
= Rhamnus saxatilisr. var. latifolia Rouy; Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 4: 166, 168 (1897)
= Rhamnus tinctoria Mutel; Fl. Franç. Herbor. 1: 218 (1834), nom. illeg.
species :
Rhamnus integrifolia
DC.; Cat. Hort. Monsp. 136 (1813)
Name: Ganzrandiger Kreuzdorn (DE); Moralito (ES)
Distribution: Canary Isl. (Tenerife)
21 CNY
Synonyms: hidden
= Alaternus integrifolius (DC.) Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 27 (1838)
= Condalia coriacea Rchb.; Flora 13: I. 130 (1830)
= Rhamnus coriacea Brouss.; Roem. & Schult. Syst. 5: 291 (1819)
= Rhamnus teidis Brouss. ex Roem. & Schult.; Syst. 5: 291 (1819)
species :
Rhamnus ishidae
Miyabe & Kudô; Trans. Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc. 9: 65 (1924)
Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido)
38 JAP
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus ishidae Miyabe & Kudô, H.Hara; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 1: 249, descr. ampl. (1936)
= Rhamnus ishidae f. glabriuscula T.Shimizu; New Alp. Fl. Japan in Colour 1: 312 (1982)
species :
Rhamnus iteinophylla
C.K.Schneid.; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 5: 76 (1908)
Distribution: China (W-Hubei, E-Sichuan, SE-Yunnan)
36 CHI
species :
Rhamnus japonica
Maxim.; Mem. Acad. Petersb. Ser. VII. 10: n. XI. 11 (1866)
Name: Japanese buckthorn
Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu); USA [I] (Illinois [I])
38 JAP 74 usa
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus buergeri Miq.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3: 31 (1867)
= Rhamnus decipiens T.Itô; Encycl. Jap. 3: 679 (1910)
= Rhamnus globosa Siebold & Zucc.; Abhandl. Akad. Muench. 4(2): 146 (1843), nom. illeg.
variant :
var. decipiens
Maxim.; Rhamn. Orient.-Asiat. 11, f. 57-60 (1866)
Distribution: Japan (Honshu, Shikoku)
38 JAP
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus japonica f. chlorocarpa (Honda) H.Hara; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 129 (1954)
= Rhamnus japonica f. senanensis (Koidz.) H.Hara; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 64: 79 (1951)
= Rhamnus japonica var. angustifolia Nakai; Rep. Veg. Kamik.: 40 (1928)
= Rhamnus japonica var. chlorocarpa Honda; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 47: 299 (1933)
= Rhamnus japonica var. senanensis (Koidz.) H.Ohashi; J. Jap. Bot. 63(2): 64 (1988)
= Rhamnus senanensis Koidz.; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 32: 259 (1918)
= Rhamnus senanensis var. parvifolia Honda; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 51: 94 (1937)
variant :
var. microphylla
H.Hara; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 64: 79 (1951)
Distribution: Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)
38 JAP
species :
Rhamnus javanica
Miq.; Fl. Ind. Bat. 1: 647 (1856)
Distribution: Vietnam; Palawan; Java; ?etc.
41 VIE 42 JAW PLW
species :
Rhamnus kanagusukii
Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 26: 221 (1912)
Distribution: Ryukyu Isl.
38 NNS
species :
Rhamnus kayacikii
Davis & Yalt.; Not. Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 28: 10 (1967)
Distribution: Turkey (SE-Anatolia)
34 TUR
species :
Rhamnus koraiensis
C.K.Schneid.; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 5: 77 (1908)
Distribution: China (Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong: Kuyushan, Laoshan)
36 CHI
species :
Rhamnus kurdica
Boiss. & Hohen.; Boiss., Diagn. ser. 1, 2: 3(1843)
Distribution: Turkey (E-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq, NW-Iraq); Iran (N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, W-Iran); Syria (coastal W-Syria, NW-Syria, W-Syrian Mountains)
34 IRN IRQ SYR TUR
Remarks: lycioides agg.
species :
Rhamnus kwangsiensis
Y.L.Chen & P.K.Chou; Bull. Bot. Lab. North-east. Forest. Inst. 5: 77 (1979), nom. inval., et Novon 21(1): 71 (2011)
Distribution: China (NE-Guangxi)
36 CHI
species :
Rhamnus lamprophylla
C.K.Schneid.; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 5: 78 (1908)
Distribution: China (Jiangxi, Hunan, W-Hubei, E-Sichuan, Guizhou, SE-Yunnan, Guangxi, Fujian)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus hamatidens H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 473 (1912)
species :
Rhamnus laoshanensis
D.K.Zang; Bull. Bot. Res. North-East. Forest. Univ. 19(4): 371 (1999)
Distribution: China (Shandong)
36 CHI
Remarks: provisionally accepted name, not treated in Fl. of China
species :
Rhamnus leptacantha
C.K.Schneid.; Sarg., Pl. Wils. 2: 236 (1914)
Distribution: China (NW-Hubei, E-Sichuan)
36 CHI
species :
Rhamnus leptophylla
C.K.Schneid.; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 5: 77 (1908)
Distribution: China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus inconspicuus Grubov; Not. Syst. Herb. Inst. Bot. Acad. Sci. URSS 12: 129 (1950)
= Rhamnus pruniformis H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 534 (1913)
species :
Rhamnus liboensis
Y.F.Deng; Phytotaxa 74: 39 (2012), nom. nov.
Distribution: China (Guizhou)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus calcicola Q.H.Chen; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 7(4): 413 (1985)
species :
Rhamnus liukiuensis
(E.H.Wilson) Koidz.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 4: 118 (1935)
Distribution: Japan (Kyushu); Ryukyu Isl.; Taiwan
38 JAP NNS TAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus dahuricus var. liukiuensis Wilson; J. Arnold Arbor. 1: 181 (1920)
= Rhamnus liukiuensis (E.H.Wilson) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 324 (1949)
species :
Rhamnus lojaconoi
Raimondo; Giorn. Bot. It., 113(56): 370 (1979 publ. 1980)
Distribution: Sicily
13 SIC
species :
Rhamnus ludovici-salvatoris
Chodat; Bull. Soc. Bot. Geneve ser. 2, 1: 243 (1909)
Distribution: Baleares (Mallorca, Menorca, Cabrera)
12 BAL
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus alaternus subsp. ludovici-salvatoris (Chodat) Rivas Mart.; Anales Real Acad. Farm. 28(5): 372 (1963), nomen
= Rhamnus alaternus var. balearica Cambess.; Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. 14: 230 (1827), nom. illeg.
= Rhamnus alaternus var. ferruginea Pourr. ex Texidor; Fl. Farm. Esp. Port.: 976 (1871)
= Rhamnus balearica Willk.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 25: 112 (1875) (non (DC.) Link, Handbuch 2: 121 (1831) syn. subst.)
= Rhamnus ludovici-salvatoris var. garcia-fontis Chodat; Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève, sér. 2, 15: 229 (1924)
species :
Rhamnus lycioides
L.; Sp. Pl. ed. 2: 279 (1762)
subspecies :
subsp. lycioides
Name: Teufelszwirn-Kreuzdorn
Distribution: E- & S-Spain
12 SPA
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus capillaris Pourr. ex Willk. & Lange; Prod. Fl. Hisp. 3: 483 (1877)
= Rhamnus oleoides subsp. lycioides (L.) Maire; Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 7: 179 (1924)
= Rhamnus oleoides var. lycioides (L.) Samp.; Ann. Sci. Acad. Polytecn. Porto 5(1): 63 (1909)
subspecies :
subsp. atlantica
(Murb.) Jahand. & Maire; Cat. Pl. Maroc: 476 (1932)
Distribution: Morocco; Algeria
20 ALG MOR
Synonyms: hidden
= Frangula atlantica (Murb.) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 261 (1949), et in Not.-Syst. Herb. Inst. Bot. Acad. Sci. URSS 12: 123 (1950)
= Rhamnus atlantica (Murb.) Stübing, Peris & Figuerola; Folia Bot. Misc. 9: 25 (1993)
= Rhamnus lycioides var. faureliana Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 29: 412 (1938)
= Rhamnus oleoides f. latiorifolia Pau; Mem. Real Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 12: 303 (1924)
= Rhamnus oleoides subsp. atlantica Murb.; Acta Univ. Lund., ser. 2, 19(1): 7 (1923)
subspecies :
subsp. borgiae
Rivas Mart.; Anales Real Acad. Farm. 28: 379 (1963)
Distribution: E-Spain (Valencia)
12 SPA
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus borgiae (Rivas Mart. & J.M.Pizarro) Mateo & M.B.Crespo; Fl. Valentina 4: 340 (2021)
= Rhamnus borgiae (Rivas Mart. & J.M.Pizarro) Ballester, Figuerola, Peris & Stübing; Estud. Multidiscipl. Parque Nat. Montgo 206 (1991), nom. inval.
= Rhamnus hispanorum Gand.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52: 440 (1905)
= Rhamnus lycioides f. prostrata Borja; Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 9: 410 (1950), sine descr. lat.
= Rhamnus lycioides subsp. borgiae Rivas Mart. & J.M.Pizarro; Int. J. Geobot. Res. 1(1): 58 (2011)
= Rhamnus lycioides var. pubescens Rouy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 29: 46 (1882)
= Rhamnus oleoides var. pseudolycioides Pau; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 27: 427 (1899)
subspecies :
subsp. graeca
(Boiss. & Reut.) Tutin; Feddes Repert. 74: 26 (1967)
Distribution: North Macedonia; Greece (C- & S-Greece, Ionian Isl., Kiklades); Crete (widespread); East Aegaean Isl. (Ikaria, Kalimnos, Simi, Rhodos); Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria); Syria (Jbel Druze, W-Syrian Mountains); Israel (coastal W-Israel, N-Israel); Jordania (S-Jordania, W-Jordania)
13 GRC KRI NMA 34 EAI ISR JOR LEB SYR TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus amasiensis Bornm.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 29: 34 (1931)
= Rhamnus graeca Boiss. & Reut.; Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 2, 5: 74 (1856)
= Rhamnus heldreichii Boiss.; Diagn. PI. Orient. ser. 2, 1: 120 (1854)
= Rhamnus illyrica Griseb. ex Pant.; Verh. Ver. Nat.-Heilk. Presb. 2: 110 (1871 publ. 1872)
= Rhamnus illyrica var. ernesti-mayeri Silic; Glasn. Zem. Muz. Bosne Herceg. Prir. Nauke 29: 18 (1990)
= Rhamnus oleoides subsp. graeca (Boiss. & Reut.) Holmboe; Bergens Mus. Skr. ser. 2, l(2): 125 (1914)
= Rhamnus palaestina Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 2, 1: 119 (1854)
= Rhamnus saxatilis Sibth. & Sm.; Fl. Graec. Prod. 1: 158 (1806) non Jacq.
subspecies :
subsp. laderoi
Rivas Mart. & J.M.Pizarro; Int. J. Geobot. Res. 1(1): 58 (2011)
Distribution: SC- & S-Spain
12 SPA
species :
Rhamnus maximovicziana
J.J.Vassil.; Not. Syst. Herb. Inst. Bot. Acad. Sci. URSS 8: 126 (1940)
Distribution: China (Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Guizhou, Yunnan); Tibet; Mongolia; Myanmar
36 CHI TIB 37 MON 41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus virgata var. aprica Maxim.; Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Petersbourg (Ser. 7) 10: 14 (1866)
= Rhamnus virgata var. mongolica Maxim.; Fl. Mong. 137 (1889)
variant :
var. oblongifolia
Y.L.Chen & P.K.Chou; Bull. Bot. Lab. North-east. Forest. Inst. 5: 79 (1979)
Distribution: China (Nei Mongol)
36 CHI
species :
Rhamnus mildbraedii
Engl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 40: 553 (1908)
Distribution: Rwanda
23 RWA
Remarks: characteristic species, but only known from type collected in 1907
species :
Rhamnus minnanensis
K.M.Li; J. Nanjing Forest. Univ. 13(4): 86 (1989)
Distribution: China (Fujian)
36 CHI
Remarks: provisionally accepted name
species :
Rhamnus mollis
Merr.; Philipp. J. Sci. 20: 405 (1922)
Distribution: Philippines (Luzon)
42 PHI
species :
Rhamnus mongolica
Y.Z.Zhao & L.Q.Zhao; Novon 16(1): 158 (2006)
Distribution: China (Nei Mongol)
36 CHI
species :
Rhamnus myrtifolia
Willk.; Linnaea 25: 18 (1852)
subspecies :
subsp. myrtifolia
Distribution: S-Spain; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya
12 SPA 20 ALG LBY MOR TUN
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus alaternus f. denticulata Rivas Mart.; Anales Real Acad. Farm. 28: 371 (1963), nomen
= Rhamnus alaternus f. prostrata (Boiss.) Pau; Mem. Mus. Ci. Nat. Barcelona, Ser. Bot. 1(3): 15 (1925)
= Rhamnus alaternus subsp. myrtifolia (Willk.) Maire; Jahand. & Maire, Cat. Pl. Maroc: 475 (1932)
= Rhamnus alaternus var. myrtifolia (Willk.) L.Chodat; Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève, sér. 2, 15: 226, 228 (1924)
= Rhamnus alaternus var. prostrata Boiss.; Voy. Bot. Espagne 2(5): 128 (1840)
= Rhamnus prostrata (Boiss.) Murb.; Acta Univ. Lund. 33(12): 57 (1897), nom. superfl.
subspecies :
subsp. iranzoi
Rivas Mart. & J.M.Pizarro; Int. J. Geobot. Res. 1(1): 65 (2011)
Distribution: S-Spain
12 SPA
species :
Rhamnus nakaharae
(Hayata) Hayata; J. Coll. Sci. Tokyo 30: Art. 1, 61 (1911) (nakaharai)
Distribution: Taiwan
38 TAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus arguta var. nakaharai Hayata; J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 25(1): 70 (1908)
species :
Rhamnus napalensis
(Wall.) M.A.Lawson; Fl. Br. Ind. 1: 640 (1875) (´nipalansis´)
Distribution: Mauritius [I]; China (Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Guizhou, Yunnan); Tibet; Taiwan [I]; Nepal; Bhutan; India (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Odisha, West Bengal); Bangladesh; Myanmar (Kachin, Mandalay, Sagaing); Thailand; Laos; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (Taman Negara, Pahang); Sumatra; Borneo; Sulawesi; Java; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali, etc.); Moluccas; New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea); Australia (Queensland)
29 mau 36 CHI TIB 38 tai 40 BAN BHU IND NEP 41 LAO MYA THA VIE 42 BOR JAW LSI MLY MOL NWG SUL SUM 50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Ceanothus napalensis Wall.; Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 2: 375 & 575 (1824) (napalensis auct.)
= Celastrus tristis H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13(363-367): 263 (1914)
= Colubrina napalensis (Wall.) G.Don; Gen. Hist. 2: 36 (1832)
= Rhamnus ledermannii Lauterb.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 59: 536 (1925)
= Rhamnus paniculiflora C.K.Schneid.; Sarg., Pl. Wilson. 2: 233 (1914)
species :
Rhamnus nigrescens
Lauterb.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 57: 331 (1922)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
species :
Rhamnus nigricans
Hand.-Mazz.; Sitzungsb. Akad. Wissen. Wien 62: 234, Taf. 9, Abb. 5 (1925)
Distribution: China (Yunnan, S-Sichuan); Tibet; NE-Myanmar
36 CHI TIB 41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Sageretia yunlongensis G.S.Fan & L.L.Deng; Sida 16(3): 477, f. 1 (1995)
species :
Rhamnus ninglangensis
Y.L.Chen; Fl. China (2007), nom. nov.
Distribution: China (NW-Yunnan, SW-Sichuan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus velutina J.Anthony; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 15(74): 244 (1925), non Boiss. 1838
species :
Rhamnus nitida
Davis; Not. Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 22: 66-67 (1956)
Distribution: Turkey (Inner Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia)
34 TUR
Remarks: lycioides agg.
species :
Rhamnus oleoides
L.; Sp. Pl. ed. 2: 279 (1762)
subspecies :
subsp. oleoides
Name: Ölbaum-Kreuzdorn (DE); Olive Buckthorn (EN)
Distribution: Portugal; Spain; Gibraltar; France; Sardinia; Sicily; Malta; Greece (C- & S-Greece, Ionian Isl., widespread Kiklades, Kithira); Crete; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Egypt (NW-coastal Egypt); East Aegaean Isl. (Ikaria, Fourni, Samos, Dodecanese, Kos, Tilos, Simi, Kasos, Karpathos, Rhodos, Kastellorhizo Isl.); Turkey (S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia); Cyprus (C-Mountains, E-Cyprus, N-Cyprus, SW-Cyprus); Syria (coastal W-Syria); Saudi Arabia (Asir)
12 FRA GIB POR SAR SPA 13 GRC KRI MLT SIC 20 ALG EGY LBY MOR TUN 34 CYP EAI SYR TUR 35 SAU
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus amygdalina Desf.; Fl. Atlant. 1: 198 (1798)
= Rhamnus amygdalina var. hirsuta Debeaux; Fl. Kabylie: 83 (1894)
= Rhamnus buxifolia Poir.; Voy. Barbarie 2: 127 (1789)
= Rhamnus cuneifolia Poir.; Encyc. Suppl. 4: 89 (1816)
= Rhamnus lycioides Brot.; Fl. Lusit. 1: 300 (1804)
= Rhamnus lycioides f. angustifolia (Lange) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 38(1): 82 (1974)
= Rhamnus lycioides proles oleoides (L.) Samp.; Fl. Portugal, ed. 2: 189 (1947)
= Rhamnus lycioides subsp. amygdalina (Desf.) Stübing, Peris & Figuerola; Folia Bot. Misc. 9: 25 (1993)
= Rhamnus lycioides subsp. oleoides (L.) Jahand. & Maire; Jahand. et al., Cat. Pl. Maroc 2: 476 (1932)
= Rhamnus lycioides var. amygdalina (Desf.) Jahand. & Maire; Cat. Pl. Maroc 2: 476 (1932)
= Rhamnus lycioides var. angustifolia (Lange) Maire; Jahand. et al., Cat. Pl. Maroc 2: 476 (1932)
= Rhamnus lycioides var. angustissima Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 28: 349 (1937)
= Rhamnus lycioides var. edetana Pau; Mem. Mus. Ci. Nat. Barcelona, Ser. Bot. 1(1): 33 (1922)
= Rhamnus lycioides var. latifolia (Lange) Jahand. & Maire; Cat. Pl. Maroc 2: 476 (1932)
= Rhamnus lycioides var. libyca (Asch. & Schweinf.) Täckh. & Boulos; Publ. Cairo Univ. Herb. 5: 94 (1972 publ. 1974)
= Rhamnus lycioides var. oleoides (L.) Pau; Mem. Mus. Ci. Nat. Barcelona, Ser. Bot. 1(1): 33 (1922)
= Rhamnus oleoides subsp. amygdalina (Desf.) Stübing, Peris & Figuerola; Folia Bot. Misc. 9: 25 (1993)
= Rhamnus oleoides subsp. angustifolia (Lange) Rivas Goday & Rivas Mart.; Anales Inst. Bot. Cavanilles 25: 169 (1969)
= Rhamnus oleoides subsp. angustifolia (Lange) Rivas Mart. & J.M.Pizarro; Int. J. Geobot. Res. 1(1): 61 (2011)
= Rhamnus oleoides subsp. libycus (Asch. & Schweinf.) Brullo & Furnari; Webbia 34(1): 163 (1979)
= Rhamnus oleoides subsp. microphylla (Halácsy) P.H.Davis; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21: 115 (1953)
= Rhamnus oleoides var. amygdalina (Desf.) Ball; Spicil. Fl. Marocc. [Ball]: 392 (1878)
= Rhamnus oleoides var. angustifolia Lange; Willk. & Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. 3: 483 (1877)
= Rhamnus oleoides var. latifolia Lange; Willk. & Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. 3: 483 (1877)
= Rhamnus oleoides var. libyca Asch. & Schweinf.; Fl. Lib. Prodr.: 63 (1910)
= Rhamnus oleoides var. microphylla Halácsy; Consp. Fl. Graec. 1: 320 (1900)
subspecies :
subsp. assoana
Rivas Mart. & J.M.Pizarro; Fl. Iber. 9: 34 (2015)
Distribution: E-Spain; Baleares (Ibiza)
12 BAL SPA
Synonyms: hidden
= Atulandra aragonensis (Asso) Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 31 (1838)
= Rhamnus aragonensis (Asso); Syn. Arag. 27 (1779)
= Rhamnus lycioides var. aragonensis (Asso) DC.; Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 2: 25 (1825)
= Rhamnus oleoides f. linearifolia Rivas Mart. & J.M.Pizarro; Int. J. Geobot. Res. 1(1): 61 (2011)
subspecies :
subsp. bourgeana
(Gand.) Rivas Mart. & J.M.Pizarro; Fl. Iber. 9: 32 (2015)
Distribution: Baleares (Mallorca)
12 BAL
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus bourgeana Gand.; Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 47: 135 (1900)
= Rhamnus lycioides subsp. bourgeana (Gand.) Malag.; Las Esp. Variac. Geogr.: 12 (1973)
= Rhamnus lycioides var. balearicum Sennen & Pau; Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat. 11: 17 (1911)
= Rhamnus lycioides var. prostrata Willk.; Spanien Balearem: 295 (1876)
= Rhamnus oleoides var. bourgeana (Gand.) Pau; Brotéria, Ci. Nat. 3(2): 63 (1934)
subspecies :
subsp. rivasgodayana
Rivas Mart. & J.M.Pizarro; Int. J. Geobot. Res. 1(1): 62 (2011)
Distribution: SE-Spain
12 SPA
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus rivasgodayana (Rivas Mart. & J.M.Pizarro) Mateo, M.B.Crespo & E.Laguna; Fl. Valentina 4: 341 (2021)
species :
Rhamnus orbiculata
Bornm.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 37: 225 (1887)
Distribution: Croatia; ?Montenegro; ?Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; NW-Greece (very rare Kerkyra, Mt. Timphi); Turkey (S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia); Iraq; Iran
13 ALB CRO GRC KOS NMA 34 IRN IRQ TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus sagorskii Bornm.; Bot. Centralbl. 72: 228 (1897)
= Rhamnus illyrica var. orbiculata (Bornm.) Simonk.; Növ. Kezl. 6: 52 (1907)
= Rhamnus illyrica subsp. orbiculata (Bornm.) Fukarek; Sum. Encikl. 2: 668 (1963), nomen
species :
Rhamnus papuana
Lauterb.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 57: 332 (1922)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
species :
Rhamnus parvifolia
Bunge; Enum. Pl. China Bor. 14 (1831)
Distribution: Siberia (Buryatia, Chita); China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi); Mongolia; North Korea; Ryukyu Isl.; Taiwan; N-Thailand
30 SIB 36 CHI 37 MON 38 NKO NNS TAI 41 THA
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus crenata Baker & S.Moore; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 17: 380 (1879)
= Rhamnus globosa var. ziziphifolia Tang; Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 2(7): 101, 105 (1931)
= Rhamnus oiwakensis Hayata; Icon. Pl. Formosan. 6: 14-15 (1916)
= Rhamnus parvifolia var. tumetica (Grubov) E.W.Ma; Fl. Intramongolica 4: 74 (1979)
= Rhamnus pianensis Kaneh.; Formosan Trees (rev. ed.) 425, f. 382 (1936)
= Rhamnus polymorpha Turcz.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 15: 713 (1842)
= Rhamnus tumetica Grubov; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Acad. Nauk SSSR 12: 129 (1950)
= Rhamnus virgata Maxim.; Mem. Acad. Petersb. Ser. VII. 10: n. xi. 13 (1866)
= Rhamnus virgata var. sylvestris Maxim.; Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 10(11): 13 (1866)
species :
Rhamnus pentapomica
R.Parker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1921: 216 (1921)
Distribution: Afghanistan (Kabul, Kunar / Nuristan, Paktia / Khost); Pakistan (Swat, Hazara, Pakistani Punjab, Rawalpindi, Mirpur); NW-India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand)
34 AFG 40 IND PAK
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus horridissima Bornm.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 66: 223 (1934)
= Sageretia horridissima (Bornm.) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 373 (1949)
species :
Rhamnus persica
Boiss.; Diagn. ser. 1, 2: 4 (1843)
Distribution: Iran (EC-Iran, S-Iran, SW-Iran); Pakistan; NW-India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand)
34 IRN 40 IND PAK
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus kurdica var. kermanensis Bornm.; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 27(2): 325 (1910)
= Rhamnus kurdica var. persicus (Boiss.) Bornm.; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 27(2): 325 (1910)
species :
Rhamnus persicifolia
Moris; Stirp. Sard. Elench. 2: 2 (1827)
Distribution: Corsica; Sardinia
12 COR SAR
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus amygdalina Moris; Stirp. Sard. Elench. 1: 11 (1827), nom. illeg.
species :
Rhamnus petiolaris
Boiss. & Balansa; Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 5: 75 (1856)
Distribution: Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, S-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq); Iran
34 IRN IRQ TUR
species :
Rhamnus philippinensis
C.B.Rob.; Philipp. J. Sci. Bot. 6: 342 (1911)
Distribution: Philippines (Luzon)
42 PHI
species :
Rhamnus pichleri
C.K.Schneid. & Bornm. ex Bornm.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 29: 36 (1931)
Name: Pichlers Kreuzdorn (DE); Pichler´s Buckthorn (EN)
Distribution: East Aegaean Isl. (Samos, Kos, Simi, Rhodos); Turkey (SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia)
34 EAI TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus eriocarpa O.Schwarz; Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 54: 33 (1944)
species :
Rhamnus pilushanensis
Y.C.Liu & C.M.Wang; Bull. Exp. Forest Natl. Taiwan Univ. 12: 20 (1990)
Distribution: Taiwan
38 TAI
species :
Rhamnus prinoides
L´Hér.; Sert. Angl. 6: I. 9 (1789)
Name: Dogwood, Camdeboo Stinkwood
Distribution: Cameroon; ?D.R.Congo [Zaire]; South Sudan; Ethiopia; Eritrea; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo, North-West Prov., Gauteng, Mpulamanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.); Lesotho; Eswatini [Swaziland]
23 CMN 24 ERI ETH SSU 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 ANG MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 BOT LES SAF SWZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Alaternus prinoides (L´Hér.) Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 27 (1838)
= Celtis rhamnifolia C.Presl; Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., ser. 5, 3: 467 (1845), nom. illeg.
= Rhamnus celtifolia Thunb.; Prodr. Pl. Cap. 1: 44 (1794)
= Rhamnus pauciflora Hochst. ex A.Rich.; Tent. Fl. Abyss. 1: 137 (1847)
= Rhamnus prinifolia Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 139 (1796), nom. superfl.
= Rhamnus prinoides var. acuminata Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 39 (1898)
= Rhamnus prinoides var. obtusifolia Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 39 (1898)
= Ziziphus lucida Moench; Methodus Suppl. 101 (1794)
species :
Rhamnus procumbens
Edgew.; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 20(1): 43-44 (1846)
Distribution: S-Tibet (Gyirong); Nepal; Bhutan; N-India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Kumaon); Myanmar
36 TIB 40 BHU IND NEP 41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus rupestris Royle; Ill. B. Him. 169 (1835), nomen
= Rhamnus roylei K.Koch; Hort. Dendrol. 205, no. 32 (1853)
species :
Rhamnus prostrata
Jacq.; J. 2: 346 (1841)
Distribution: Iran (EC-Iran, S-Iran); Afghanistan (Wakhan, Balkh, Bamyan, Ghazni, Kabul, Kunar / Nuristan, Logar, Wardak, Paktia / Khost, Parwan); W-Tibet; NW-India (Nubra, Dras, Ladakh, Zanskar, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand); Nepal
34 AFG IRN 36 TIB 40 IND NEP PAK
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus darii Govaerts; ined.
= Rhamnus prostrata Jacquem. ex R.Parker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1921: 217 (1921), nom. illeg.
species :
Rhamnus pulogensis
Merr.; Philipp. J. Sci. 5: 359 (1910)
Distribution: Philippines
42 PHI
species :
Rhamnus punctata
Boiss.; Diagn. ser. 1, 2: 4 (1843)
Distribution: Turkey (S-Anatolia); Lebanon (C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria); Israel (Rift Valley, N-Israel); Jordania (W-Jordania); ?Pakistan (?Baluchistan)
34 ISR JOR LEB SYR TUR
Remarks: lycioides agg.
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus graeca Kotschy ex Boiss.; Fl. Orient. 2: 14 (1872), nomen
= Rhamnus punctata var. angustifolia Post; Fl. Syria: 202 (1896)
species :
Rhamnus purandharensis
Bhandari & Bhansali; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 5(4): 911 (1984)
Distribution: India (Maharashtra)
40 IND
species :
Rhamnus purpurea
Edgew.; Tr. Linn. S. 20: 44 (1846)
Distribution: Pakistan (Kurram, Swat, Hazara, Murree); Nepal; NW-India (Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Uttarakhand)
40 IND NEP PAK
species :
Rhamnus pyrella
O.Schwarz; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 51: 32, f. 3 (1944)
Distribution: Turkey (SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia)
34 TUR
Remarks: lycioides agg.
species :
Rhamnus qianweiensis
Z.Y.Zhu; Acta Bot. Boreal.-Occid. Sin. 6(2): 135 (1986)
Distribution: China (Sichuan)
36 CHI
Remarks: provisionally accepted name
species :
Rhamnus rahiminejadii
Alijanpoor & Assadi; Phytotaxa 521(3): 142 (2021)
Distribution: Iran
34 IRN
species :
Rhamnus rosei
M.C.Johnst. & L.A.Johnst.; Fl. Neotrop. 20: 18 (1978)
Distribution: Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango, Zacatecas)
79 MEX
Remarks: new placement in Frangula highly likely
species :
Rhamnus rosthornii
E.Pritz.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29(3-4): 459 (1900)
Distribution: China (W-Hubei, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangxi, Gansu, Shaanxi)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus cavaleriei H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 148 (1911), nom. illeg.
= Rhamnus leveilleana Fedde; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 272 (1911)
= Rhamnus serpyllifolia H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12(325-330): 282 (1913)
species :
Rhamnus rugulosa
Hemsl.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 23(153): 129 (1886)
Distribution: Russian Far East (Amur, Khabarovsk, Primorye); China (S-Gansu, S-Shaanxi, S-Shanxi, Henan, Anhui, Jingxi, Hunan, Hubei, Guangdong, E-Sichuan); North Korea; South Korea
31 RFE 36 CHI 38 KOR NKO
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus chekiangensis W.C.Cheng; Contrib. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China 9: 200, f. 20 (1934)
= Rhamnus diamantiaca Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 31: 98 (1917)
= Rhamnus obovatilimba Merr. & F.P.Metcalf; Lingnan Sci. J. 16: 168 (1937)
= Rhamnus rugulosa var. chekiangensis (W.C.Cheng) Y.L.Chen & P.K.Chou; Bull. Bot. Lab. N. E. Forest. Inst., Harbin 5: 82 (1979)
= Rhamnus rugulosa var. glabrata Y.L.Chen & P.K.Chou; Bull. Bot. Lab. N.-E. Forest. Inst., Harbin 5: 82 (1979)
species :
Rhamnus salixiophylla
S.S.Ying; New Taxa New Names 6: 318 (2023)
Distribution: Taiwan
38 TAI
Remarks: provisionally accepted name
species :
Rhamnus sargentiana
C.K.Schneid.; Pl. Wils. 2(1): 235 (1914)
Distribution: China (Gansu, Hubei, Yunnan, Sichuan); Tibet; Myanmar (Kachin)
36 CHI TIB 41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus blinii var. sargentiana (C.K.Schneid.) Rehder; J. Arnold Arbor. 15: 16 (1934)
species :
Rhamnus saxatilis
Jacq.; Enum. Stirp. Vindob.: 39 (1762)
subspecies :
subsp. saxatilis
Name: Felsen-Kreuzdorn
Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern); Switzerland; ?Liechtenstein; Austria; Slovakia; Hungary; NE-Spain; Andorra; France; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; NW-Greece (rare)
11 AUT GER HUN SLO SWI 12 ADO FRA SPA 13 ALB BUL CRO GRC ITA NMA ROM SLV
Synonyms: hidden
= Cervispina saxatilis (Jacq.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. L. Lyon, N. S. 16: 356 (1868)
= Cervispina villarsii (Jord.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. L. Lyon, N. S. 16: 356 (1868)
= Frangula saxatilis (Jacq.) Cramer; Disp. Syst. Pl.: 41 (1803)
= Girtanneria saxatilis (Jacq.) Neck.; Elem. Bot. 2: 121 (1790), opus utique oppr.
= Lithoplis saxatilis (Jacq.) Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 32 (1838)
= Rhamnus carniolica A.Kern.; Zeitschr. Ferdinand. Tirol. III. 15: 282 (1870)
= Rhamnus dumosa Dippel; Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 520 (1892)
= Rhamnus infectoria subsp. saxatilis (Jacq.) Bonnier & Layens; Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France: 64 (1894)
= Rhamnus longifolia Mill.; Gard. Dict. ed. VIII. n. 3 (1768)
= Rhamnus saxatilis f. angustifolia (Rouy) Fiori; Fiori et al., Fl. Anal. Italia 4: 154 (1907)
= Rhamnus saxatilis proles villarsii (Jord.) Rouy; Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 4: 168 (1897)
= Rhamnus saxatilis subsp. villarsii (Fourr.) P.Fourn.; Quatre Fl. France: 644 (1937)
= Rhamnus saxatilis var. angustifolia Rouy; Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 4: 166 (1897)
= Rhamnus saxatilis var. corbariensis Timb.-Lagr.; Rev. Bot. Bull. Mens. 10: 182 (1892)
= Rhamnus villarsii Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 7: 18 (1849), nom. illeg.
subspecies :
subsp. prunifolia
(Sm.) Aldén; Strid, Mount. Fl. Greece 1: 586 (1986)
Distribution: Croatia; Greece (scattered mountains of mainland); Crete (mountains); East Aegaean Isl. (Chios, Samos)
13 CRO GRC KRI 34 EAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus boissieri Heldr. ex Boiss.; Fl. Orient. 2: 18 (1873)
= Rhamnus prunifolia Sm.; Sibth. & Sm., Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1: 157 (1806)
= Sarcomphalus prunifolius (Sm.) Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 29 (1838)
subspecies :
subsp. rhodopea
(Velen.) Aldén; Strid, Mount. Fl. Greece 1: 587 (1986)
Distribution: North Macedonia; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (NC- & NE-Greece, Thasos); East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos); Turkey (NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, N-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia)
13 BUL GRC NMA TUE 34 EAI TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus anatolica Grubov; Bot. Mater. Gerb Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk SSSR 14: 238. (1951)
= Rhamnus bithynica Bornm.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 29: 36 (1931)
= Rhamnus heldreichii var. ancyrensis Bornm.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 89(1): 145 (1938)
= Rhamnus macedonica Diap.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 33: 338 (1934)
= Rhamnus petiolaris var. velutina Boiss.; Fl. 2: 18 (1872)
= Rhamnus rhodopea f. longipetiolata I.Ganchev; Fl. Nar. Republ. Bulgariya 7: 494 (1979)
= Rhamnus rhodopea subsp. anatolica (Grubov) Browicz & Ziel.; Arbor. Kórnickie 22: 307 (1977)
= Rhamnus rhodopea Velen.; Fl. Bulg.: 119 (1891), et in Sitz. Boehm. Ges. Wiss. (1893) 37: 19
= Rhamnus rhodopeus f. longipetiolata Gancev; Fl. Nar. Republ. Bulgariya 7: 494 (1979)
= Rhamnus rhodopeus subsp. anatolicus (Grubov) Browicz & Ziel.; Arbor. Kornickie 22: 307 (1977)
subspecies :
subsp. tinctoria
(Waldst. & Kit.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 146 (1878)
Distribution: Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Bulgaria; European Russia
13 BIH BUL CRO KOS MNT NMA SRB 14 RUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus baphicocca Rothm.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 49: 276 (1940)
= Rhamnus cardiocarpa Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.; Syst. 5: 276 (1819)
= Rhamnus cardiosperma Willd. ex DC.; Prod. 1: 24 (1824)
= Rhamnus tinctoria Waldst. & Kit.; Descr. Icon. Pl. Hung. 3: 283 (1812), nom. illeg.
= Rhamnus transsilvanica Schur; Verh. Siebenb. Ver. Naturw. 4: 21 (1853)
species :
Rhamnus schlechteri
Lauterb.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 57: 333 (1922)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
species :
Rhamnus schneideri
H.Lév. & Vaniot; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 6(119-124): 265 (1909)
Distribution: China (Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shanxi)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus glabra (Nakai) Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 31: 99 (1917)
= Rhamnus globosa var. glabra Nakai; (1913)
variant :
var. manshurica
(Nakai) Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 31: 274 (1917)
Distribution: China (Hebei, Jilin, Liaoning, E-Shandong, Shanxi); North Korea; South Korea
36 CHI 38 KOR NKO
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus glabra var. manshurica Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 31: 99 (1917)
= Rhamnus yoshinoi var. manshurica (Nakai) T.B.Lee; Ill. Woody Pl. Korea 310 (1966)
species :
Rhamnus seravschanica
(Kom.) Kamelin; A. L. Takht. edit., Redkie Izchez. Vidy Fl. SSSR (Rare & Vanishing Pl. USSR), ed. 2: 154 (1981)
Distribution: Tajikistan
32 TZK
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus cathartica var. seravschanica Kom.; Trudy S.-Peterburgsk. Obshch. Estestvoisp., Otd. Bot. 26: 161 (1896)
species :
Rhamnus serpyllacea
Greuter & Burdet; Willdenowia 19: 48 (1989), nom. nov.
Distribution: Morocco
20 MOR
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus serpyllifolia Emb. & Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 24: 207 (1933) (non Léveille 1913, syn. subst.)
species :
Rhamnus songorica
Gontsch.; Act. Inst. Bot. Acad. Sci. URSS ser. 1, 2: 243 (1936)
Distribution: Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; China (W-Xinjiang)
32 KAZ KGZ TZK UZB 36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus cathartica var. coriacea Regel; Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 4(2): 322 (1876)
= Rhamnus coriacea (Regel) Kom.; Trudy S.-Peterburgsk. Obshch. Estestvoisp., Otd. Bot. 26: 161 (1896), nom. illeg.
= Rhamnus ketmenica Lipsky ex Gontsch.; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 2: 243 (1936)
species :
Rhamnus staddo
A.Rich.; Tent. Fl. Abyss. 1: 138 (1847)
Distribution: Rwanda; Burundi; Ethiopia; Eritrea; ?Djibouti; Somalia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Zimbabwe; Saudi Arabia (Hejaz, C-Saudi Arabia, Asir); Yemen (Aden Desert, N-Inner Yemen, W-Yemen)
23 BUR RWA 24 ERI ETH SOM 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 ZIM 35 SAU YEM
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus deflersii Schweinf. ex Fiori; Agric. Colon., It. 5: Suppl., 15 (1912)
= Rhamnus holstii Engl.; Abh. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. (1894) 69, et in Engl. Pflanzenw. Ost-Afr. C 255 (1895)
= Rhamnus inebrians R.Br.; Salt, Ethiopia. App. 64 (1814)
= Rhamnus infusionum Delile; Voy. Abyssinie: 11 (1848), nom. superfl.
= Rhamnus rhodesica Suess.; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 6: 181 (1953)
= Rhamnus staddo var. deflersii (Schweinf. ex Fiori) Engl.; Veg. der Erde 3 2: 312 (1921)
= Rhamnus uhligii Engl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 40: 552 (1908)
species :
Rhamnus subapetala
Merr.; J. Arnold Arbor. 23(2): 179-180 (1942)
Distribution: China (S-Yunnan, W-Guangxi); Vietnam
36 CHI 41 VIE
species :
Rhamnus sumatrensis
Ridl.; J. As. Soc. Mal. 1: 57 (1923)
Distribution: Sumatra
42 SUM
species :
Rhamnus sumbawana
Lauterb.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 57: 331 (1922)
Distribution: Lesser Sunda Isl. (Sumbawa)
42 LSI
species :
Rhamnus tangutica
J.Vassil.; Not. Syst. Inst. Bot. Acad. Sci. URSS 8: 127, f. 15 a-c (1940)
Distribution: China (S-Gansu, Qinghai, C-Shaanxi, W-Henan, W-Sichuan); E-Tibet
36 CHI TIB
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus leptophylla var. scabrella Rehder; J. Arnold Arbor. 9: 93 (1928)
= Rhamnus potaninii J.J.Vassil.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 8: 127 (1940)
= Rhamnus virgata var. parvifolia Maxim.; Fl. Tangut. 203 (1889)
species :
Rhamnus taquetii
(H.Lév. & Vaniot) H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 431 (1912)
Distribution: South Korea
38 KOR
Synonyms: hidden
= Prunus taquetii H.Lév. & Vaniot; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 7: 197 (1909)
= Rhamnus globosa var. taquetii (H.Lév. & Vaniot) Nakai; Chosen Shokubutsu 213 (1914)
species :
Rhamnus thymifolia
Bornm.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 29: 33 (1931)
Distribution: Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, SSW-Anatolia)
34 TUR
Remarks: lycioides agg.
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus oleoides subsp. tauricola Davis; Not. Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 21: 113 (1953)
species :
Rhamnus tonkinensis
Pit.; Lecomte, Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 1: 928 (1912)
Distribution: N-Vietnam
41 VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus napalensis var. tonkinensis (Pit.) Tardieu; (1946)
species :
Rhamnus tortuosa
Sommier & Levier; Bull. Soc. Bot. It. Ser. 2, 1: 26 (1894)
Distribution: Northern Caucasus
33 NCS
variant :
var. awarica
(Sachokia) Galushko; Galushko & Kudryashova. Der. i Kust. Sev. Kavkaza: 394 (1967)
Distribution: Northern Caucasus
33 NCS
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus awarica Sachokia; Not. Syst. Geogr. Inst. Bot. Tphilis., Fasc. 16, 65 (1951)
= Rhamnus pallasii var. awarica (Sachokia) Galushko; Fl. Severn. Kavkaza 2: 212 (1980)
species :
Rhamnus triquetra
(Wall.) M.A.Lawson; Fl. Br. Ind. 1: 639 (1875)
Distribution: Pakistan (Pakistani Punjab, Hazara, Murree, Mirpur); Nepal; NW-India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Maharashtra, Punjab, Uttarakhand)
40 IND NEP PAK
Synonyms: hidden
= Ceanothus triqueter Wall.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 2: 376 (1824)
= Colubrina triquetra Wall. ex G.Don; Gen. Syst. 2: 37 (1832)
species :
Rhamnus tzekweiensis
Y.L.Chen & P.K.Chou; Bull. Bot. Lab. N.-E. Forest. Inst., Harbin 5: 81 (1979)
Distribution: China (W-Hubei)
36 CHI
species :
Rhamnus ussuriensis
J.J.Vassil.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Acad. Nauk SSSR 8: 115 (1940)
Distribution: China (Jilin, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, N-Hubei, Shandong); North Korea
36 CHI 38 NKO
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus cathartica var. intermedia Maxim.; Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersbourg, Ser. 7, 10: 9 (1866)
species :
Rhamnus utilis
Decne.; Compt. Rend. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 44: 1141 (1857)
Name: Chinese buckthorn
Distribution: Russian Far East (Amur, Khabarovsk, Primorye); China (Gansu, Shaanxi, Henan, Hebei, Shanxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou); North Korea; South Korea; Japan [I] (Kyushu [I]); Vietnam; USA [I] (Iowa [I], Illinois [I], Michigan [I], Ohio [I])
31 RFE 36 CHI 38 jap KOR NKO 41 VIE 74 usa 75 usa
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus macrophylla Carrière; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 48: 159 (1876)
= Rhamnus shozoensis Nakai; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 27: 130 (1913)
= Rhamnus sieboldiana Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 26: 392 (1912)
= Rhamnus utilis f. glaber Rehder; J. Arnold Arbor. 14(4): 349 (1933)
= Rhamnus utilis var. multinervis Y.Q.Zhu & D.K.Zang; Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 18: 9 (1998)
variant :
var. chingshuiensis
(T.Shimizu) T.Yamaz.; J. Jap. Bot. 48(5): 141 (1973)
Distribution: Taiwan
38 TAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus chingshuiensis T.Shimizu; J. Fac. Textile Sci. Technol. Shinsu Univ., E 36: 12 (1963)
= Rhamnus chingshuiensis var. tashanensis Y.C.Liu & C.M.Wang; Bull. Exp. Forest Natl. Taiwan Univ. 12: 17 (1990)
variant :
var. hypochrysa
(C.K.Schneid.) Rehder; J. Arnold Arbor. 14(4): 348 (1933)
Distribution: China (Shanxi, Henan, Gansu, Hubei, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus hypochrysa C.K.Schneid.; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 5: 76 (1908)
variant :
var. szechuanensis
Y.L.Chen & P.K.Chou; Bull. Bot. Lab. N.-E. Forest. Inst., Harbin 5: 80 (1979)
Distribution: China (N-Sichuan, S-Gansu)
36 CHI
species :
Rhamnus velutina
Boiss.; Elench. Pl. Nov.: 29 (1838)
subspecies :
subsp. velutina
Distribution: S-Spain; Morocco; Tunisia
12 SPA 20 MOR TUN
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus lycioides f. velutina (Boiss.) Laguna; Fl. Forest. Españ. 2: 365 (1890)
= Rhamnus lycioides subsp. velutina (Boiss.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 146 (1878)
= Rhamnus lycioides var. velutina (Boiss.) Lange; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willk. & Lange] 3: 483 (1877)
= Rhamnus oleoides subsp. velutina (Boiss.) Maire; Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 7: 179 (1924)
subspecies :
subsp. almeriensis
Rivas Mart. & J.M.Pizarro; Int. J. Geobot. Res. 1(1): 58 (2011)
Distribution: SE-Spain (Sa. de Gador etc.)
12 SPA
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus lycioides var. stenophylla Boiss. ex Lange; Vidensk. Meddel. Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1865: 123 (1866)
species :
Rhamnus virgata
Roxb.; Hort. Bengal. 17 (1814), nomen, Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 2: 351 (1824), Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 1: 604 (1832)
Distribution: Afghanistan (Kunar / Nuristan, Nangarhar, Paktia / Khost); China (SW-Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou); E-Tibet; Pakistan (Sind, Kurram, Chitral, Swat, Hazara, Murree); Nepal; Bhutan; N-India (Poonch, Jammu & Kashmir, Darjeeling, Sikkim); Myanmar (Kachin, Shan)
34 AFG 36 CHI TIB 40 BHU IND NEP PAK 41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus cachemirica Gand.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 60: 458 (1913)
= Rhamnus leptophylla var. milensis C.K.Schneid.; Sarg., Pl. Wilson. 2: 250 (1914)
variant :
var. flavida
(Momiy.) Momiy.; Fl. E. Him. 3: 80 (1975)
Distribution: Nepal
40 NEP
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus flavida Momiy.; Bull. Univ. Mus. Univ. Tokyo 2: 76 (1971)
variant :
var. hirsuta
(Wight & Arn.) Y.L.Chen & P.K.Chou; Bull. Bot. Lab. N.-E. Forest. Inst., Harbin 5: 80 (1979)
Distribution: China (SW-Sichuan, NW-Yunnan); E-Tibet
36 CHI TIB
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus davurica var. hirsuta (Wight & Arn.) M.A.Lawson; Fl. Brit. India [J. D. Hooker] 1: 639 (1875)
= Rhamnus hirsuta Wight & Arn.; Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 165 (1834)
species :
Rhamnus wightii
Wight & Arn.; Prodr. Fl. Ind. Or. 164 (1834)
Distribution: Nepal; India (Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu); Sri Lanka
40 IND NEP SRL
Synonyms: hidden
= Ceanothus wightiana Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] 150, n. 4264 (1831), nomen
species :
Rhamnus wilsonii
C.K.Schneid.; Pl. Wils. 2(1): 240-241 (1914)
Distribution: China (Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus wilsonii var. lancifolius S.C.Li & X.M.Liu; J. Anhui Agric. Coll. 14: 10 (1987)
variant :
var. pilosa
Rehder; J. Arnold Arbor. 8(3): 167 (1927)
Distribution: China (Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian)
36 CHI
species :
Rhamnus wumingensis
Y.L.Chen & P.K.Chou; Bull. Bot. Lab. N.-E. Forest. Inst., Harbin 5: 84 (1979)
Distribution: China (Guangxi)
36 CHI
species :
Rhamnus xizangensis
Y.L.Chen & P.K.Chou; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 18(2): 248-249, f. 1: 1-4 (1980)
Distribution: China (NW-Yunnan); SE-Tibet
36 CHI TIB
species :
Rhamnus yoshinoi
Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 18: 97 (1904)
Distribution: Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)
38 JAP
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus chugokuensis Hatus.; J. Geobot. 21(2): 34 (1973)
= Rhamnus kiusiana Hatus.; J. Phytogeogr. Taxon. 33(2): 71 (1985)
= Rhamnus yoshinoi var. velvetina T.Shimizu; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 18: 163 (1960)
species :
Rhamnus ×bermejoi
P.Fraga & Rosselló; Flora Montiber. 40: 48 (2008)
Distribution: Baleares
12 BAL
Remarks: Rhamnus alaternus x ludovici-salvatoris
species :
Rhamnus ×calcicola
Hatus.; Sci. Bull. Agric. & Home Econ. Div. Univ. Ryukyus, Okinawa, no. 3 2: (1956) [non Rech. 1933]
Distribution: Ryukyu Isl.
38 NNS
Remarks: Rhamnus kanagusukii x liukiuensis
species :
Rhamnus ×colmeiroi
D.Rivera, Obón & Selma; Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 45(2): 558 (1988 publ. 1989)
Distribution: Spain
12 SPA
Remarks: Rhamnus infectoria x saxatilis
species :
Rhamnus ×gayeri
Kárpáti ex Soó; Bot. Centralbl., n.f. 23: 120 (1933)
Distribution: Europe
Remarks: Rhamnus cathartica x saxatilis
species :
Rhamnus ×intermedia
Steud. & Hochst.; Flora (Regensburg) 10: 74 (1827)
subspecies :
subsp. intermedia
Distribution: Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; North Macedonia; Albania
13 ALB BIH CRO MNT NMA SLV
Remarks: Rhamnus orbiculata x saxatilis
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus ×adriatica Jord. ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 145 (1878), nomen
subspecies :
subsp. istriaca
(Beck) Rottenst.; Fritschiana 22: 22 (2012) [nothossp.]
Distribution: Slovenia; Croatia
13 CRO SLV
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus prunifolia var. istriaca Beck; Glasn. Zemaljsk. Muz. Bosni Hercegovini 33: 16 (1921)
species :
Rhamnus ×jacobi-salvadorii
O.Bolòs & Vigo; But. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., 38 Bot. 1: 82 (1974)
Distribution: Baleares
12 BAL
Remarks: Rhamnus alaternus x ludovici-salvadorii
species :
Rhamnus ×mehreganii
Alijanpoor & Khodayari; Phytotaxa 521(3): 152 (2021)
Distribution: Iran
34 IRN
Remarks: Rhamnus kurdica x persica
species :
Rhamnus ×pissjaukovae
O.A.Popova; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 92(4): 556 (2007)
Distribution: Siberia (Chita)
30 SIB
Remarks: Rhamnus davurica x erythroxylum
species :
Rhamnus ×spathulifolia
Fisch. & C.A.Mey.; Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 4: 46 (1838)
Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; NE-Turkey; NW-Iran
33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 IRN TUR
Remarks: Rhamnus cathartica var. caucasica x pallasii
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus cathartica var. spathulifolia (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Regel; Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 4(2): 329 (1876)
= Rhamnus pallasii var. spathulifolia (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Maxim.; Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 10(11): 8 (1866)
species :
Rhamnus ×woloszczakii
Kárpáti; Bot. Közlem. 34: 194 (1937)
Distribution: Croatia
13 CRO
Remarks: Rhamnus cathartica x intermedia
