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479.0000 Family Solanaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 124 (1789), nom. cons.
96 genera, ca. 2900 spp. Phylogeny: Olmstead et al. (2008), Cole et al. (2020)
Species listed in database: 2780; hybrids: 19
= Atropaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 57 (1820)
= Browalliaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 243 (1820)
= Cestraceae Schltdl.; Linnaea 8: 250 (1833)
= Daturaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 243 (1820)
= Duckeodendraceae Kuhlm.; Arq. Serv. Florest. 3: 7 (1950)
= Goetzeaceae Miers; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 27: 191 (1870)
= Hyoscyamaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 272, 294 (1818)
= Lyciaceae Raf.; Autik. Bot. 1: 15 (1840)
= Nicotianaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 416 (1820)
= Nolanaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 244 (1820), nom. cons.
= Salpiglossidaceae Hutch.; Evol. Phylogeny Fl. Pl. 631 (1969)
= Sclerophylacaceae Miers; London J. Bot. 7: 58 (1848)
479.7331 Genus Mandragora L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 181 (1753)
Distribution: Eurasia from Iberian Peninsula to SW-China, Himalayas and Burma, N-Africa; 1 C-Asia
Species listed in database: 3
= Mairella H.Lév.; Cat. Pl. Yun-Nan 199 (1916)
species :
Mandragora caulescens C.B.Clarke; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 242 (1883)
subspecies :
subsp. caulescens
Distribution: China (SE-Qinghai, W-Sichuan, NW-Yunnan); E-Tibet; Nepal; Bhutan; N-India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Sikkim, Chumbi); Myanmar
36 CHI TIB 40 BHU IND NEP 41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Anisodus caulescens (C.B.Clarke) Diels; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 12: 480 (1922)
= Anisodus humilis Hook.f. ex C.B.Clarke; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 242 (1883)
= Anisodus mariae Pascher; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 7: 227 (1909)
= Mairella yunnanensis H.Lév.; Cat. Pl. Yun-Nan 199 (1916)
= Mandragora chinghaiensis Kuang & A.M.Lu; Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 67(1): 159 (1978)
= Mandragora tibetica Grubov; Rast. Tsentral. Azii 5: 108 (1970)
subspecies :
subsp. brevicalyx Grierson & D.G.Long; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 36(1): 144 (1978)
Distribution: Tibet
36 TIB
subspecies :
subsp. flavida Grierson & D.G.Long; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 36(1): 143 (1978)
Distribution: Tibet; Nepal; Bhutan; N-India (Sikkim, Chumbi, Darjeeling)
36 TIB 40 BHU IND NEP
subspecies :
subsp. purpurascens Grierson & D.G.Long; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 36(1): 143 (1978)
Distribution: China; Nepal; Bhutan; N-India (Sikkim, Chumbi, Assam, Darjeeling); Myanmar
36 CHI 40 BHU IND NEP 41 MYA
species :
Mandragora officinarum L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 181 (1753)
Name: Echte Alraune (DE); Mandrake (EN)
Distribution: Portugal; Spain; Gibraltar; ?Baleares [I]; Sardinia; N-Italy; Sicily; Isole Pelagie (Lampedusa); Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Greece (coastal S-Peloponnisos, widespread Kiklades, Kithira, Andikithira); Crete; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; East Aegaean Isl. (Chios, Fourni, Samos, Dodecanese, Kos, Nisyros, Tilos, Simi, Kasos, Karpathos, Rhodos); Turkey (SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); Cyprus (E-Cyprus, N-Cyprus, S-Cyprus, W-Cyprus); Lebanon (C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel, N-Negev Desert); Jordania (S-Jordania, W-Jordania)
12 GIB POR SAR SPA 13 BIH CRO GRC ITA KRI PEL SIC 20 ALG MOR TUN 34 CYP EAI ISR JOR LEB TUR
Remarks: Contains sympatric spring- and autumn-flowering populations, which deserve varietal rather than specific rank (Dimopoulos et al. 2013). The spring-flowering variety is true M. officinarum, whereas the widespread autumn-flowering variety is M. autumnalis Bertol.
Synonyms: hidden
= Atropa acaulis Stokes; Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 396 (1812), nom. superfl.
= Atropa acaulis var. angustifolia Stokes; Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 397 (1812)
= Atropa humilis Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 132 (1796), nom. superfl.
= Atropa mandragora L.; Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 2: 933 (1759), nom. superfl.
= Mandragora acaulis Gaertn.; Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 236 (1791)
= Mandragora autumnalis Bertol.; Elench. Pl. Hort. Bot. Bon. 6 (1820)
= Mandragora autumnalis subsp. microcarpa (Bertol.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 525 (1881)
= Mandragora foemina Garsault; Fig. Pl. Med. t. 363 (1764), Descr. Pl. Anim. 221 (1767), Thell. in Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 8: 793 (1908)
= Mandragora haussknechtii Heldr.; Mitt. Geogr. Ges. (Thüringen) Jena 4: 77 (1886)
= Mandragora hispanica Vierh.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 65: 132 (1915)
= Mandragora mas Garsault; Fig. Pl. Med. t. 363 (1764), Descr. Pl. Anim. 221 (1767), Thell. in Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 8: 793 (1908)
= Mandragora microcarpa Bertol.; Novi Comment. Acad. Sci. Inst. Bononiensis 2: 391 (1836)
= Mandragora neglecta G.Don; Hort. Brit. [Loudon] 71 (1830)
= Mandragora officinalis Mill. ex A.DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 3: 610 (1805), nom. superfl.
= Mandragora officinarum f. hispanica Vierh.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 65: 132 (1915)
= Mandragora officinarum subsp. haussknechtii (Heldr.) Vierh.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 65: 135 (1915)
= Mandragora praecox Sweet; Brit. Fl. Gard. [Sweet] 2: t. 198 (1827)
= Mandragora vernalis Bertol.; Giorn. Arcadico Sci. 21: 191 (bis) (1824)
= Mandragora ×hybrida Hausskn. & Heldr.; Mitt. Geogr. Ges. (Thüringen) Jena 4: 77 (1886)
species :
Mandragora turcomanica Mizg.; Trudy Turkmensk. Fil. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., No. 2: 165 (1942)
Distribution: Turkmenistan
32 TKM
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.04 (April 17th, 2025)

Covering 356,375 accepted species,
8,782 hybrids, 48,090 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,002,897 synonyms,
in total 1,416,144* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life