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282.0000 Family Malvaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 271 (1789), nom. cons.
249 genera, ca. 5400 spp.
Species listed in database: 5512; hybrids: 40
= Berryaceae Doweld; Tent. Syst. Pl. Vasc.: xxxvii (2001), Family
= Bombacaceae Kunth; Malvac., Büttner., Tiliac. 5 (1822), nom. cons.
= Brownlowiaceae Cheek; Kew Bull. 61: 443 (2006)
= Byttneriaceae R.Br.; Voy. Terra Austral. 2: 540 (1814), nom. cons.
= Chiranthodendraceae A.Gray; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 22: 303 (1887)
= Dombeyaceae Desf.; Tabl. Ecole Bot., ed. 3: 252 (1829), nom. cons.
= Durionaceae Cheek; Kew Bull. 61: 443 (2006)
= Grewiaceae Doweld & Reveal; Bot. Rev. (Lancaster) 71: 100 (2005)
= Helicteraceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 264 (1858), Family
= Hermanniaceae Marquis; Esq. Règne Vég. 52 (1820)
= Hibiscaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 275 (1858)
= Lasiopetalaceae Rchb.; Mag. Aesth. Bot. 1(2): ad t. 37 (1823)
= Mansoniaceae A.Chev.; Just´s Bot. Jahresber. 38(1): 852 (1913)
= Melochiaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 271 (1858)
= Pentapetaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 222 (1820)
= Philippodendraceae A.Juss.; Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat. 9: 735 (1847)
= Plagianthaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 272 (1858)
= Sidaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 222 (1820)
= Sparrmanniaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 260 (1858)
= Sterculiaceae Vent.; Parad. Lond. 2: ad t. 69 (1807), nom. cons.
= Theobromataceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 264 (1858)
= Tiliaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 289 (1789), nom. cons.
282.9617 Genus Abelmoschus Medik.; Malvenfam. 45 (1787)
Distribution: Tropical Africa, S- and Southeast Asia, Indonesia, Philippines, and Australia
Species listed in database: 12; hybrids: 1
= Laguna Cav.; Diss. 3, Tertia Diss. Bot. 175 (t. 71, f. 1) (1787)
= Bamia R.Br. ex Sims; Bot. Mag. 41: sub t. 1702 (1815)
= Hymenocalyx Zenker; Pl. Ind. 8 (1835)
species :
Abelmoschus angulosus Wall. ex Wight & Arn.; Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. [Wight & Arnott] 53 (1834)
Distribution: Pakistan; India (Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu); Sri Lanka; Myanmar; N-Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; Sumatra; Java
40 IND PAK SRL 41 CBD LAO MYA THA VIE 42 JAW SUM
Synonyms: hidden
= Abelmoschus angulosus var. grandiflorus Thwaites; Enum. Pl. Zeyl. [Thwaites] 26 (1858)
= Abelmoschus angulosus var. mahendragiriensis R.C.Misra; Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 65(3): 997 (2017)
= Abelmoschus angulosus var. purpureus Thwaites; Enum. Pl. Zeyl. [Thwaites] 26 (1858)
= Bamia angulosa Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 1927 (1829)
= Hibiscus angulosus (Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 758 (1840)
= Hibiscus angulosus (Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) Steud. ex Mast.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 1: 341 (1874)
= Hibiscus angulosus var. grandiflorus (Thwaites) Mast.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 1: 341 (1875)
= Hibiscus angulosus var. purpureus (Thwaites) Mast.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 1: 341 (1875)
= Hibiscus molochinus Alston; Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: Suppl., 29 (1931)
= Hibiscus primulinus Alston; Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: Suppl., 29 (1931)
= Hibiscus setinervis Dunn; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1914: 324 (1914)
= Hymenocalyx variabilis Zenker; Pl. Ind. 9 (1835)
species :
Abelmoschus crinitus Wall.; Pl. Asiat. Rar. [Wallich] 1: 39, t. 44 (1830)
Distribution: South Africa [I]; China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Yunnan); Pakistan (Hazara, N. W. Frontier Prov., Pakistani Punjab, Rawalpindi); Nepal; Bhutan; India (widespread); Bangladesh; Myanmar (Bago, Mandalay, Yangon); Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia; Philippines (Mindoro); Java (incl. Madura Isl.)
27 saf 36 CHI 40 BAN BHU IND NEP PAK 41 CBD LAO MYA THA VIE 42 JAW MLY PHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Abelmoschus cancellatus (Wall. ex Roxb.) Voigt; Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 119 (1845)
= Abelmoschus fusiformis Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 87, 1921 (1829), nomen
= Abelmoschus hainanensis S.Y.Hu; Fl. China, Fam. 153, Malvaceae 37, t. 8-1 (1955)
= Abelmoschus racemosus Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 87, 1929 (1829)
= Abelmoschus theiodes Voigt; Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 120 (1845)
= Bamia cancellata Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] 53, no. 1920 (1829), nomen
= Bamia crinita Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] 53, no. 1922 (1829), nomen
= Bamia fusiformis Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 1921 (1829), nomen
= Hibiscus bodinieri H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 184 (1913)
= Hibiscus cancellatus Roxb.; (Hort. Bengal. 51 (1814), nomen), Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 3: 201 (1832)
= Hibiscus cavaleriei H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12(317-321): 184 (1913)
= Hibiscus crinitus (Wall.) G.Don; Gen. Hist. 1: 480 (1831)
= Hibiscus fusiformis (Wall.) Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 759 (1840), nom. inval.
= Hibiscus sulphureus Wall. ex Voigt; Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 120 (1845), nom. illeg.
species :
Abelmoschus enbeepeegearensis K.J.John, Scariah, Nissar, K.V.Bhat & S.R.Yadav; Nordic J. Bot. 30: 3-EV, fig. 1 (2013)
Distribution: India (Kerala)
40 IND
Remarks: status unconfirmed
species :
Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench; Methodus [Moench] 617 (1794)
Name: Okra (DE); Gumbo (EN)
Distribution: Croatia [I]; Albania [I]; Romania [I]; Bulgaria [I]; Greece [I]; E-European Russia [I]; Ukraine [I]; Crimea [I]; Morocco [c]; Algeria [c]; Egypt [I]; Cape Verde Isl. [I] (Santo Antao Isl. [I], Ilha de Sao Tiago [I]); Mauritania [c]; Gambia [I]; Guinea [I]; Burkina Faso [I]; Togo [I]; Benin [I]; Cameroon [I]; Bioko Isl. [Fernando Poo] [I]; Principe Isl. [I]; São Tomé [I]; Gabon [I]; Congo [Brazzaville] [I]; Central African Republic [I]; SW-Chad [I]; Sudan [I]; South Sudan [I]; Angola [I]; Zambia [I]; Zimbabwe [I]; Mozambique [I]; South Africa [I]; Madagascar [I]; Mauritius [I]; La Réunion [I]; Agalega Isl. [I]; Northern Caucasus [I]; East Aegaean Isl. [I] (Rhodos [I]); Turkey [I]; Afghanistan [I]; Saudi Arabia [I]; China [I] (Guangdong [I], Hebei [I], Hubei [I], Hunan [I], Jiangsu [I], Shandong [I], Yunnan [I], Zhejiang [I], Hainan [I]); Taiwan [I]; Pakistan [I]; Nepal [I]; Bhutan [I]; India [c]; Sri Lanka [I]; Bangladesh [I]; Andaman Isl. [I]; Nicobar Isl. [I]; Myanmar [I]; Thailand [I]; Laos [I]; Cambodia [I]; Vietnam [I]; Borneo [I]; Philippines [I]; Java [I]; Rotuma Isl. [I]; Niue [I]; Fiji [I]; Palau [I] (Koror [I], Truk [I], Dublon [I], Pohnpei [I]); Guam [I]; Marshall Isl. [I] (Jaluit [I]); USA [I] (Connecticut [I], District of Columbia [I], Florida [I], Illinois [I], Kentucky [I], Louisiana [I], Maryland [I], Michigan [I], Mississippi [I], North Carolina [I], South Carolina [I], Virginia [I]); Mexico [I]; Guatemala [I]; Belize [I]; El Salvador [I]; Honduras [I]; Nicaragua [I]; Costa Rica [I]; Panama [I]; Bahamas [I]; Turks & Caicos Isl. [I]; Cuba [I]; Jamaica [I]; Dominican Republic [I]; Haiti [I]; Puerto Rico [I]; Virgin Isl. [I]; St. Martin/St. Maarten [I]; St. Barthélémy [I]; Saba [I]; St. Eustatius [I]; St. Kitts [I]; Antigua [I]; Barbuda [I]; Guadeloupe [I]; Martinique [I]; Barbados [I]; Tobago [I]; Trinidad [I]; Colombia [I]; Venezuela [I]; Galapagos [I]; Peru [I]; Bolivia [I]; Brazil [I]
13 alb bul cro grc rom 14 kry rus ukr 20 alg egy mor 21 cvi 22 ben bkn gam gui mtn tog 23 bio caf cmn con gab pri sao 24 cha ssu sud 26 ang moz zam zim 27 saf 29 aga mau mdg reu 33 ncs 34 afg eai tur 35 sau 36 chi 38 tai 40 ban bhu ind nep pak srl 41 and cbd lao mya ncb tha vie 42 bor jaw phi 60 fij nue rot 62 gum mrs plu 74 usa 75 usa 78 usa 79 mex 80 blz cos els gua hon nic pan 81 aba bah bbd cub gdl his jam mar pue sab sba ste stk stm tci trt vir 82 clm ven 83 bol gal per 84 bra
Synonyms: hidden
= Abelmoschus bammia (O.Targ.Tozz.) Webb; Fragm. Fl. Aethiop.-Aegypt. 48 (1854)
= Abelmoschus esculentus var. deltoidefolius T.K.Paul & M.P.Nayar; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 24: 215 (1982)
= Abelmoschus esculentus var. praecox (Forssk.) A.Chev.
= Abelmoschus longifolius (Willd.) Kostel.; Allg. Med.-Pharm. Fl. 5: 1859 (1936)
= Abelmoschus praecox (Forssk.) Sickenb.; Mém. Inst. Égypt. 4: 192 (1901)
= Abelmoschus tuberculatus Pal & Singh; Bot. Gaz. (Crawfordsville) 113: 458 (1952)
= Abelmoschus tuberculatus var. deltoidefolius T.K.Paul & M.P.Nayar; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 24: 215 (1982 publ. 1983)
= Hibiscus bammia O.Targ.Tozz.; Ann. Mus. Imp. Fis. Firenze 2: 51 (1810)
= Hibiscus esculentus L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 696 (1753)
= Hibiscus esculentus var. praecox (Forssk.) A.Chev.; Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 20: 323 (1940)
= Hibiscus esculentus var. textilis A.Chev.; Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 20: 325 (1940)
= Hibiscus esculentus var. vavilovii Berliand; Zemledel. Turtsiya [Zhukovsky] 562, 887 (1933)
= Hibiscus esculentus var. zhukovskyi Berliand; Zemledel. Turtsiya [Zhukovsky] 562, 887 (1933)
= Hibiscus ficifolius Mill.; Gard. Dict., ed. 8: no. 15 (1768)
= Hibiscus hispidissimus A.Chev.; Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 20: 326 (1940), nom. illeg.
= Hibiscus longifolius Roxb.; Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 2: 210 (1832), nom. illeg.
= Hibiscus longifolius Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 3: 827 (1800)
= Hibiscus praecox Forssk.; Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 125 (1775)
species :
Abelmoschus ficulneus (L.) Wight & Arn. ex Wight; Cat. Ind. Pl. [Wight]: 14 (1833)
Distribution: ?Niger; NE-Nigeria; W-Chad; Sudan; South Sudan; Ethiopia; Eritrea; S-Somalia; SE-Tanzania; NE-Zambia; NE-Mozambique; Madagascar; Mauritius; Pakistan (Pakistani Punjab, Peshawar); India (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Kerala, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Myanmar; Java; Lesser Sunda Isl. New Guinea (Papua New Guinea); Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland)
22 NGA 24 CHA ERI ETH SOM SSU SUD 25 TAN 26 MOZ ZAM 29 MAU MDG 40 BAN IND PAK SRL 41 MYA 42 JAW 50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Abelmoschus alborubens Benth.; Fl. Austral. [Bentham] 1: 209 (1863), nom. inval.
= Abelmoschus alboruber F.Muell.; Fragm. [Mueller] 1: 67 (1859)
= Abelmoschus strictus Voigt; Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 119 (1845)
= Hibiscus ficulneus L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 695 (1753)
= Hibiscus ficulneus var. alboruber (F.Muell.) Domin; Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 402 (1928)
= Hibiscus mauritianus Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 4(2): 258 (1827)
= Hibiscus prostratus Roxb.; Hort. Bengal. 52 (1814), nomen, Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 3: 208 (1832)
= Hibiscus sinuatus Cav.; Diss. 4, Tertia Diss. Bot.: 147 t. 52, f. 2 (1787)
= Hibiscus strictus Roxb.; Hort. Bengal. 52 (1814), nomen, Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 3: 206 (1832)
= Laguna aculeata Cav.; Diss. 4, Tertia Diss. Bot.: 173, t. 71, f. 1 (1787)
= Laguna angulata G.Don; Gen. Hist. 1: 505 (1831)
= Laguna sinuata (Cav.) Hornem.; Hort. Bot. Hafn. [Hornemann] 2: 645 (1815)
species :
Abelmoschus hostilis (Wall. ex Mast.) M.S.Khan & M.S.Hussain; Bangladesh J. Pl. Taxon. 8(2): 115 (2001)
Distribution: Bangladesh; Myanmar
40 BAN 41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Hibiscus hostilis Wall. ex Mast.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 1: 342 (1874)
species :
Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik.; Malvenfam. 46 (1787)
subspecies :
subsp. manihot
Name: Cafe brasilero
Distribution: Europe [I]; Guinea [I]; Togo [I]; Cameroon [I]; Central African Republic [I]; Mozambique [I]; La Réunion [I]; China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan); South Korea [I]; Ryukyu Isl.; Taiwan; Laos; Java [I]; Australia [I] (Queensland [I]); New Caledonia [I]; Santa Cruz Isl. [I]; Rotuma Isl. [I]; Niue [I]; Fiji [I]; Cook Isl. [I] (Rarotonga [I], Atiu [I]); Fed. States of Micronesia [I] (Pohnpei [I]); Mexico [I]; Costa Rica [I]; Panama [I]; Venezuela [I]; Ecuador [I]; Galapagos [I]; Peru [I]; Bolivia [I]; Brazil [I]
22 gui tog 23 caf cmn 26 moz 29 reu 36 CHI 38 kor NNS TAI 41 LAO 42 jaw 50 aus 60 fij nue nwc rot scz 61 coo 62 mic 79 mex 80 cos pan 82 ven 83 bol ecu gal per 84 bra
Synonyms: hidden
= Abelmoschus manihot var. timorensis (DC.) Hochr.; Candollea 2: 87 (1924)
= Abelmoschus pentaphyllus (Roxb.) Voigt; Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 119 (1845)
= Abelmoschus platidactylus (Bakh.) Nakai; Bull. Tokyo Sci. Mus. 22: 35 (1948)
= Abelmoschus pseudomanihot (DC.) Endl.; Cat. Horti Vindob. 2: 353 (1842)
= Abelmoschus venustus Walp.; Repert. Bot. Syst. [Walpers] 1: 309 (1842)
= Hibiscus bartlingianus Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 758 (1840)
= Hibiscus japonicus Miq.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1: 19 (1863)
= Hibiscus maculatus Bartl.; Index Sem. (Göttingen) 1837: 4 (1837), nom. illeg.
= Hibiscus manihot L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 696 (1753)
= Hibiscus manihot var. palmatus DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 1: 448 (1824)
= Hibiscus manihot var. timorensis (DC.) Hochr.; Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 4: 154 (1900)
= Hibiscus manihot var. zenkeri (Gürke) A.Chev.; Rev. Int. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 20: 322 (1940)
= Hibiscus palmatus Cav.; Diss. 4, Tertia Diss. Bot.: 168, t. 63, f. 1 (1787)
= Hibiscus papyriferus Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 384 (1796), nom. superfl.
= Hibiscus pentaphyllus Roxb.; Hort. Bengal. 52 (1814), nomen, Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 3: 212 (1832)
= Hibiscus pseudomanihot DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 1: 448 (1824)
= Hibiscus ricinoides Zipp. ex Span.; Linnaea 15: 170 (1841), pro syn.
= Hibiscus timorensis DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 1: 448 (1824)
= Hibiscus zenkeri Gürke; Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 1: 241 (1897)
variant :
var. pungens (Roxb.) Hochr.; Candollea 2: 87 (1924)
Distribution: China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan); Taiwan; Pakistan (Baluchistan); Nepal; Bhutan; India (Assam, Bihar, Manipur, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, West Bengal); Bangladesh; Myanmar (Bago, Mandalay); Thailand; Laos; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia; Sulawesi; Moluccas; Lesser Sunda Isl.; Christmas Isl. [Austr.]
36 CHI 38 TAI 40 BAN BHU IND NEP PAK 41 LAO MYA THA VIE 42 LSI MLY MOL SUL XMS
Synonyms: hidden
= Abelmoschus multilobatus Merr.; Philipp. J. Sci. 1: Suppl. 208 (1906)
= Abelmoschus pungens (Roxb.) Wall. ex Voigt; Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 119 (1845)
= Abelmoschus pungens var. mizoramensis K.J.John, Krishnaraj & K.Pradheep; Rheedea 30: 459 (2020)
= Abelmoschus pungens Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] 87, no. 1924 (1829)
= Abelmoschus vriesianus (Hassk.) Hassk.; Tijdschr. Natuurl. Gesch. Physiol. 10: 134 (1843)
= Bamia pungens Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 53, no. 1924 (1829), nomen
= Hibiscus forrestii Diels; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 5: 252 (1912)
= Hibiscus manihot var. pungens (Roxb.) Hochr.; Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 4: 155 (1900)
= Hibiscus pungens Roxb.; (Hort. Bengal. 52 (1814), nomen), Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 3: 213 (1832)
= Hibiscus vestitus Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 1924 (1828), nomen
= Hibiscus vriesianus Hassk.; Tijdschr. Natuurl. Gesch. Physiol. 5: 263 (1839)
subspecies :
subsp. tetraphyllus (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Borss.Waalk.; Blumea 14: 97 (1966)
Distribution: India (Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Rajasthan); Myanmar (Bago); Sulawesi; Philippines (Luzon, etc.); Moluccas; New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea); Bismarck Arch. (New Ireland); Australia (Queensland)
40 IND 41 MYA 42 MOL NWG PHI SUL 43 BIS 50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Abelmoschus ficulneoides (Lindl.) Walp.; Repert. Bot. Syst. [Walpers] 1: 309 (1842)
= Abelmoschus luzonensis Merr.; Philipp. J. Sci. 1: Suppl. 207 (1906)
= Abelmoschus manihot var. luzonensis (Merr.) Hochr.; Candollea 2: 87 (1924)
= Abelmoschus manihot var. mindanaensis (Warb.) Hochr.; Candollea 2: 87 (1924)
= Abelmoschus manihot var. tetraphyllus (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Hochr.; Candollea 2: 87 (1924)
= Abelmoschus mindanaensis Warb. ex Perkins; Fragm. Fl. Philipp. [Perkins] 1: 111 (1904)
= Abelmoschus tetraphyllus (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 87, 1925 (1829), nomen
= Abelmoschus warreensis Dalzell; Hooker´s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: 123 (1851)
= Erebennus canaranus Alef.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 13: 14 (1863)
= Hibiscus canaranus Miq. ex Mast.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 1: 341 (1874), nom. inval.
= Hibiscus ficulneoides Lindl.; Bot. Reg. 11: t. 938 (1825)
= Hibiscus manihot var. tetraphyllus (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Hochr.; Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 4: 155 (1900)
= Hibiscus tetraphyllus Roxb.; Hort. Bengal. (52) (1814), nomen, Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 3: 211 (1832)
variant :
var. megaspermus Hemadri; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 11 (3-4): 338 (1969 publ. 1972)
Distribution: India (Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra)
40 IND
species :
Abelmoschus moschatus (L.) Medik.; Malvenfam. 146 (1787)
subspecies :
subsp. moschatus
Name: Gumbo Mis, Musk Ochro, Wild Ochro (Trinidad & Tobago); Coimashi
Distribution: Guinea [I]; Burkina Faso [I]; Benin [I]; Bioko Isl. [Fernando Poo] [I]; São Tomé [I]; Angola [I]; Madagascar [I]; Seychelles [I]; China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Hainan); Ryukyu Isl.; Bonin Isl. (Chichijima); Volcano Isl. (Iwojima); Taiwan ; Pakistan [I]; India (widespread); Maldives; Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Andaman Isl. (Middle Andaman Isl., South Andaman Isl.); Myanmar (Magway, Mandalay, Shan, Yangon); Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (Perak, Selangor, Melaka); Singapore [I]; Borneo; Sulawesi; Philippines; Java; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali, etc.); Moluccas; Solomon Isl. [I]; New Caledonia [I]; Santa Cruz Isl. [I]; Vanuatu [I]; Rotuma Isl. [I]; Tonga [I] (´Eua [I], Vava´u [I], Late Isl. [I]); Niue [I]; Fiji; American Samoa [I] (Tutuila [I], Ta´u [I]); [Western] Samoa [I] (Aleipata Isl. [I], ´Upolu [I], Savai´i [I]); Cook Isl. [I] (Rarotonga [I], Mangaia [I], Aitutaki [I], Mauke [I], Mitiaro [I]); Society Isl. (Tahiti, Tahaa, Raiatea); Austral Isl. [I] (Tubuai [I]); Palau [I] (Babeldaob [I], Peleliu [I], Yap [I], Ulithi [I], Fais [I], Ifalik [I], Moen [I], Dublon [I], Tol [I], Fefan [I], Uman [I], Pohnpei [I], Kosrae [I]); Northern Marianas [I] (Anatahan [I], Saipan [I], Guam [I]); Hawaii [I] (Kauai [I]); Mexico [I]; Guatemala [I]; Belize [I]; El Salvador [I]; Honduras [I]; Nicaragua [I]; Costa Rica [I]; Panama [I]; Jamaica [I]; Dominican Republic [I]; Haiti [I]; Puerto Rico [I]; St. Barthélémy [I]; Saba [I]; Guadeloupe [I]; Dominica [I]; Martinique [I]; St. Lucia [I]; St. Vincent [I]; Grenada [I]; Barbados [I]; Tobago [I]; Trinidad [I]; Colombia [I]; Ecuador [I]; Galapagos [I]; Peru [I]; Bolivia [I]
22 ben bkn gui 23 bio sao 26 ang 29 mdg sey 36 CHI 38 KZN NNS OGA TAI 40 BAN IND MDV pak SRL 41 AND CBD LAO MYA THA VIE 42 BOR JAW LSI MLY MOL PHI sng SUL 43 sol 60 asa FIJ nue nwc rot sam scz ton van 61 aui coo SCI 62 mrn plu 63 haw 79 mex 80 blz cos els gua hon nic pan 81 bbd dom gdl gre his jam mar pue sab sba stl stv trt 82 clm 83 bol ecu gal per
Synonyms: hidden
= Abelmoschus abelmoschus (L.) H.Karst.; Deut. Fl. [Karsten], ed. 2: 2: 157 (1895), nom. inval.
= Abelmoschus betulifolius Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 87 (1829), nomen
= Abelmoschus chinensis (Roxb.) Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] 87, no. 1916 (1829)
= Abelmoschus chinensis Voigt; Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 119 (1845)
= Abelmoschus ciliaris (C.Presl) Walp.; Repert. Bot. Syst. [Walpers] 2: 308 (1843)
= Abelmoschus haenkeanus C.Presl; Reliq. Haenk. 2: 134 (1835)
= Abelmoschus lanyunatus (S.S.Ying) S.S.Ying; Coloured Ill. Fl. Taiwan 4: 496 (1992)
= Abelmoschus magnificus Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] 87, no. 1919 (1829), nomen
= Abelmoschus marianus C.Presl; Reliq. Haenk. 2: 134 (1835)
= Abelmoschus moschatus var. betulifolius (Mast.) Hochr.; Candollea 2: 86 (1924)
= Abelmoschus moschatus var. haenkeanus (C.Presl) Merr.; Enum. Philipp. Fl. Pl. 3: 40 (1923)
= Abelmoschus moschatus var. lanyunatus S.S.Ying; Coloured Ill. Fl. Taiwan 3: 414 (1987)
= Abelmoschus moschatus var. multiformis (Mast.) Hochr.; Candollea 2: 86 (1924)
= Abelmoschus multiformis Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] 52, 87 (1829), nomen
= Abelmoschus officinalis Endl.; Cat. Horti Vindob. 2: 353 (1842), nom. superfl.
= Abelmoschus pseudabelmoschus (Blume) Walp.; Repert. Bot. Syst. [Walpers] 1: 308 (1842)
= Abelmoschus sublobatus C.Presl; Reliq. Haenk. 2: 134 (1835)
= Bamia abelmoschus (L.) R.Br. ex Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 52, no. 1915 (1829)
= Bamia chinensis (Roxb.) Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 1916 (1829)
= Hibiscus abelmoschus L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 696 (1753)
= Hibiscus abelmoschus var. betulifolius Mast.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 1: 342 (1874)
= Hibiscus abelmoschus var. multiformis Mast.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 1: 342 (1874)
= Hibiscus cardiophyllus Baill.; Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 509 (1885), nom. illeg.
= Hibiscus chinensis Roxb.; Hort. Bengal. 51 (1814) ex Mast., Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 1(2): 342 (1874)
= Hibiscus ciliaris C.Presl; Reliq. Haenk. 2: 133 (1835)
= Hibiscus flavescens Cav.; Diss. 4, Tertia Diss. Bot.: 164, t. 70, f. 3 (1787)
= Hibiscus haenkeanus (C.Presl) Fern.-Vill.; Fl. Filip. [Blanco], ed. 3, 4(13A): 25 (1880)
= Hibiscus haenkeanus (C.Presl) Hochr.; Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 4: 152 (1900), isonym
= Hibiscus moschatus (L.) Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 384 (1796)
= Hibiscus moschatus (Medik.) Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 384 (1796), nom. superfl.
= Hibiscus multiformis Wall. ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 759 (1840)
= Hibiscus pseudabelmoschus Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 70 (1825)
= Hibiscus ricinifolius Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 1915 (1829), nomen
= Hibiscus roxburghii Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 760 (1840)
= Hibiscus sublobatus (C.Presl) Hochr.; Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 4: 156 (1900)
subspecies :
subsp. biakensis (Hochr.) Borss.Waalk.; Blumea 14: 93 (1966)
Distribution: New Guinea (Biak Isl.); Australia (Western Australia)
42 NWG 50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Abelmoschus biakensis Hochr.; Nova Guinea 14: 165 (1924)
species :
Abelmoschus muliensis K.M.Feng; Fl. Yunnan. 4(1): 28 (1982)
Distribution: China (SW-Sichuan)
36 CHI
species :
Abelmoschus odishae Ramesh Misra; Phytotaxa 607(5): 293 (2023)
Distribution: India (Orissa)
40 IND
Remarks: status unconfirmed
species :
Abelmoschus palianus Sutar, K.V.Bhat & S.R.Yadav; Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 60(7): 1954, figs. 1-2 (2013)
Distribution: India (Chhattisgarh)
40 IND
Remarks: status unconfirmed
species :
Abelmoschus sagittifolius (Kurz) Merr.; Lingnaam Agric. Rev. 2: 40 (1924)
Distribution: China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Yunnan); Myanmar; Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia; Philippines; Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland)
36 CHI 41 CBD LAO MYA THA VIE 42 MLY PHI 50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Abelmoschus brevicapsulatus (Hochr.) Hochr.; Candollea 2: 86 (1924), et in Nova Guinea 14: 166 (1924)
= Abelmoschus coccineus S.Y.Hu; Fl. China, Fam. 153, Malvaceae 39, t. 18-5 (1955)
= Abelmoschus coccineus var. acerifolius S.Y.Hu; Fl. China, Fam. 153, Malvaceae 40, t. 18-9 (1955)
= Abelmoschus esquirolii (H.Lév.) S.Y.Hu; Fl. China, Fam. 153, Malvaceae 40 (1955)
= Abelmoschus moschatus subsp. quinquelobus (Gagnep.) Bân & Xuyen; Checkl. Pl. Sp. Vietnam 2: 557 (2003)
= Abelmoschus moschatus subsp. tuberosus (Span.) Borss.Waalk.; Blumea 14(1): 93 (1966)
= Abelmoschus moschatus var. rugosus (Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) Hochr.; Candollea 2: 86 (1924)
= Abelmoschus rhodopetalus F.Muell.; Fragm. [Mueller] 2: 113 (1860)
= Abelmoschus rugosus Wall. ex Wight & Arn.; Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. [Wight & Arnott] 1: 53 (1834)
= Abelmoschus sagittifolius var. septentrionalis (Gagnep.) Merr.; Rep. Sci. Invest. Group Hainan Island Taihoku Imp. Univ. 1: 94 (1942)
= Abelmoschus sharpei Copel. ex Merr.; Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17: 29 (1904)
= Abelmoschus todayensis Elmer; Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8: 2752 (1915)
= Abelmoschus vanoverberghii Merr.; Philipp. J. Sci., C 13: 29 (1918)
= Hibiscus abelmoschus var. rugosus (Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) Hochr.; Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 4: 152 (1900)
= Hibiscus bellicosus H.Lév.; Fl. Kouy-Tcheou 273 (1914)
= Hibiscus bodinieri var. brevicalyculata H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12(317-321): 184 (1913)
= Hibiscus brevicapsulatus Hochr.; Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 20: 160 (1917)
= Hibiscus esquirolii H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12(317-321): 184 (1913)
= Hibiscus hirtus Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.; Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 2: 203 (1832), nom. illeg.
= Hibiscus longifolius var. tuberosus Span.; Linnaea 15: 170 (1841)
= Hibiscus moschatus Roxb. ex Wight & Arn.; Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. [Wight & Arnott] 1: 53 (1834), nom. inval.
= Hibiscus rhodopetalus (F.Muell.) F.Muell. ex Benth.; Fl. Austral. [Bentham] 1: 209 (1863)
= Hibiscus rhodopetalus f. angustisectus Domin; Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 402 (1928)
= Hibiscus rhodopetalus var. angustisectus Domin; Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 402 (1928)
= Hibiscus rhodopetalus var. chillagoensis Domin; Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 402 (1928)
= Hibiscus rugosus (Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) Roxb. ex Mast.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 1: 342 (1874)
= Hibiscus rugosus (Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 2: 760 (1840)
= Hibiscus sagittifolius Kurz; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 40: 46 (1871)
= Hibiscus sagittifolius var. quinquelobus Gagnep.; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 1: 385 (1907)
= Hibiscus sagittifolius var. septentrionalis Gagnep.; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 1: 435 (1910)
= Hibiscus sharpei (Copel. ex Merr.) Hochr.; Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 20: 161 (1917)
= Hibiscus subnudus Craib; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911: 19 (1911)
= Hibiscus todayensis (Elmer) Hochr.; Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 20: 162 (1917)
species :
Abelmoschus ×caillei (A.Chev.) Stevels; Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia, Ser. 4, 10(2): 138 (1988)
Distribution: Cameroon; Gabon; Mozambique; etc.
23 CMN GAB 26 MOZ
Remarks: A. esculenta x A. manihot
Synonyms: hidden
= Hibiscus manihot var. caillei A.Chev.; Rev. Int. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 20: 322 (1940)
= Abelmoschus ×glutinotextile Kagawa; (1944)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.04 (April 1st, 2025)

Covering 356,269 accepted species,
8,782 hybrids, 48,090 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,002,497 synonyms,
in total 1,415,638* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life